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Review

Modern Challenges in Type 2 Diabetes: Balancing New Medications with Multifactorial Care

1
Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
2
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
3
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092039 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 July 2024 / Revised: 1 September 2024 / Accepted: 5 September 2024 / Published: 7 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights)

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive beta cell dysfunction, presenting substantial global health and economic challenges. This review explores recent advancements in diabetes management, emphasizing novel pharmacological therapies and their physiological mechanisms. We highlight the transformative impact of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA), which target specific physiological pathways to enhance glucose regulation and metabolic health. A key focus of this review is tirzepatide, a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptors. Tirzepatide illustrates how integrating innovative mechanisms with established physiological pathways can significantly improve glycemic control and support weight management. Additionally, we explore emerging treatments such as glimins and glucokinase activators (GKAs), which offer novel strategies for enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucose production. We also address future perspectives in diabetes management, including the potential of retatrutide as a triple receptor agonist and evolving guidelines advocating for a comprehensive, multifactorial approach to care. This approach integrates pharmacological advancements with essential lifestyle modifications—such as dietary changes, physical activity, and smoking cessation—to optimize patient outcomes. By focusing on the physiological mechanisms of these new therapies, this review underscores their role in enhancing T2DM management and highlights the importance of personalized care plans to address the complexities of the disease. This holistic perspective aims to improve patient quality of life and long-term health outcomes.
Keywords: insulin resistance; SGLT2i; GLP1-RA; tirzepatide; GIP receptor agonists; diabetes management; comprehensive care approach; pharmacological therapies insulin resistance; SGLT2i; GLP1-RA; tirzepatide; GIP receptor agonists; diabetes management; comprehensive care approach; pharmacological therapies

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MDPI and ACS Style

Caturano, A.; Galiero, R.; Rocco, M.; Tagliaferri, G.; Piacevole, A.; Nilo, D.; Di Lorenzo, G.; Sardu, C.; Vetrano, E.; Monda, M.; et al. Modern Challenges in Type 2 Diabetes: Balancing New Medications with Multifactorial Care. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092039

AMA Style

Caturano A, Galiero R, Rocco M, Tagliaferri G, Piacevole A, Nilo D, Di Lorenzo G, Sardu C, Vetrano E, Monda M, et al. Modern Challenges in Type 2 Diabetes: Balancing New Medications with Multifactorial Care. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092039

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caturano, Alfredo, Raffaele Galiero, Maria Rocco, Giuseppina Tagliaferri, Alessia Piacevole, Davide Nilo, Giovanni Di Lorenzo, Celestino Sardu, Erica Vetrano, Marcellino Monda, and et al. 2024. "Modern Challenges in Type 2 Diabetes: Balancing New Medications with Multifactorial Care" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092039

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