Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Bread
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Test Samples and Preparation
2.3. Procedure
2.3.1. Cooked Rice Samples
2.3.2. Wheat Bread Samples
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice Samples
3.2. Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Wheat Bread Samples
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Age Group on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Wheat Bread Samples
4.2. Effects of Gender on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Wheat Bread Samples
4.3. Effects of Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Wheat Bread Samples
4.4. Implications and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Subcategory | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | 20 to 29 years old | 87 | 25.1 |
30 to 49 years old | 88 | 25.4 | |
50 to 69 years old | 89 | 25.7 | |
70 to 79 years old | 82 | 23.7 | |
Gender | Females | 172 | 49.7 |
Males | 174 | 50.3 | |
Consumption frequency of cooked rice per week | <7 times (Low) 1 | 50 | 14.5 |
7 times (Low) | 79 | 22.8 | |
8 to 13 times (Medium) | 38 | 11.0 | |
14 times (Medium) | 114 | 32.9 | |
15 to 20 times (High) | 25 | 7.2 | |
21 times (High) | 40 | 11.6 | |
Consumption frequency of wheat bread per week | <7 times (Low) | 178 | 51.4 |
7 times (Medium) | 71 | 20.5 | |
8 to 13 times (Medium) | 65 | 18.8 | |
14 times (High) | 10 | 2.9 | |
15 to 20 times (High) | 17 | 4.9 | |
21 times (High) | 5 | 1.4 |
Age Group (A) | Gender (G) | Consumption Frequency (C) | A × G | A × C | G × C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness | 6.44 (<0.001) | 8.12 (0.004) | 0.99 (0.37) | 0.91 (0.44) | 3.46 (0.002) | 1.00 (0.37) |
Stickiness | 1.74 (0.16) | 8.17 (0.004) | 4.01 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.80) | 1.54 (0.16) | 0.06 (0.94) |
Chewiness | 3.10 (0.03) | 9.47 (0.002) | 3.24 (0.04) | 0.85 (0.47) | 1.31 (0.25) | 0.47 (0.63) |
Overall liking | 6.51 (<0.001) | 2.87 (0.09) | 1.89 (0.15) | 0.43 (0.73) | 1.52 (0.17) | 0.48 (0.62) |
Age Group (A) | Gender (G) | Consumption Frequency (C) | A × G | A × C | G × C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness | 1.99 (0.12) | 1.80 (0.18) | 0.43 (0.65) | 2.47 (0.06) | 0.56 (0.76) | 0.37 (0.69) |
Stickiness | 10.43 (<0.001) | 0.27 (0.61) | 1.56 (0.21) | 1.35 (0.26) | 0.95 (0.46) | 0.07 (0.94) |
Chewiness | 8.69 (<0.001) | 0.19 (0.66) | 0.05 (0.95) | 0.56 (0.64) | 0.35 (0.91) | 0.10 (0.91) |
Overall liking | 12.74 (<0.001) | 6.08 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.97) | 0.59 (0.62) | 0.59 (0.74) | 0.76 (0.47) |
Model R2 (p-Value) | β Coefficient 1 (p-Value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Hardness | Stickiness | Chewiness | ||
Age group | |||||
20–29 years | 0.31 (<0.001) | 2.276 (<0.001) | 0.184 (0.003) | N.S. | 0.497 (<0.001) |
30–49 years | 0.38 (<0.001) | 1.049 (0.005) | 0.226 (<0.001) | 0.117 (0.048) | 0.508 (<0.001) |
50–69 years | 0.55 (<0.001) | 0.983 (0.001) | 0.150 (0.003) | 0.162 (0.013) | 0.604 (<0.001) |
70–79 years | 0.38 (<0.001) | 2.324 (<0.001) | N.S. | N.S. | 0.662 (<0.001) |
Gender | |||||
Females | 0.44 (<0.001) | 1.185 (<0.001) | 0.187 (<0.001) | 0.126 (0.002) | 0.562 (<0.001) |
Males | 0.38 (<0.001) | 1.882 (<0.001) | 0.179 (<0.001) | N.S. | 0.551 (<0.001) |
Consumption frequency | |||||
Low | 0.34 (<0.001) | 1.659 (<0.001) | 0.216 (<0.001) | 0.101 (0.043) | 0.448 (<0.001) |
Medium | 0.46 (<0.001) | 1.433 (<0.001) | 0.195 (<0.001) | N.S. | 0.626 (<0.001) |
High | 0.43 (<0.001) | 1.749 (<0.001) | N.S. | 0.190 (0.007) | 0.596 (<0.001) |
Hardness | Stickiness | Chewiness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Too Little 1 | Too Much 2 | Too Little | Too Much | Too Little | Too Much | |
Age group | ||||||
20–29 years | 43.30% (0.98) | 11.83% (0.44) | 31.42% (0.39) | 24.52% (0.77) | 42.53% (0.95) | 13.03% (0.81) |
30–49 years | 36.74% (0.82) | 16.29% (0.87) | 34.47% (1.48) | 16.67% (0.59) | 43.18% (1.10) | 12.50% (-0.05) |
50–69 years | 33.33% (0.82) | 15.36% (0.71) | 33.33% (0.87) | 17.98% (0.36) | 36.70% (0.95) | 14.98% (0.12) |
70–79 years | 24.80% (0.96) | 20.33% (0.90) | 28.86% (1.10) | 16.26% (0.36) | 30.08% (1.08) | 19.92% (0.36) |
Gender | ||||||
Females | 34.11% (0.92) | 17.25% (0.75) | 34.11% (1.05) | 16.86% (0.53) | 39.92% (1.16) | 14.15% (0.51) |
Males | 35.25% (0.93) | 14.56% (0.74) | 30.08% (0.91) | 20.88% (0.59) | 36.59% (0.93) | 15.90% (0.08) |
Consumption frequency | ||||||
Low | 34.87% (1.16) | 17.95% (0.64) | 33.85% (0.93) | 19.49% (0.20) | 40.00% (1.08) | 18.46% (0.15) |
Medium | 33.59% (0.66) | 16.02% (0.98) | 28.68% (0.80) | 18.35% (0.54) | 37.73% (0.95) | 13.70% (0.39) |
High | 35.53% (1.04) | 14.91% (0.65) | 34.21% (1.15) | 19.08% (0.73) | 37.94% (1.14) | 14.69% (0.29) |
Age Group (A) | Gender (G) | Consumption Frequency (C) | A × G | A × C | G × C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness | 3.32 (0.02) | 4.03 (0.045) | 1.43 (0.24) | 4.30 (0.005) | 1.23 (0.29) | 0.27 (0.76) |
Moistness | 16.14 (<0.001) | 19.88 (<0.001) | 6.46 (0.002) | 3.40 (0.02) | 2.02 (0.06) | 1.26 (0.28) |
Chewiness | 3.06 (0.03) | 18.55 (<0.001) | 1.86 (0.16) | 2.35 (0.07) | 0.75 (0.61) | 2.35 (0.10) |
Softness | 7.16 (<0.001) | 23.10 (<0.001) | 3.39 (0.03) | 2.61 (0.05) | 0.95 (0.46) | 2.53 (0.08) |
Overall liking | 7.05 (<0.001) | 24.24 (<0.001) | 6.96 (<0.001) | 1.01 (0.39) | 0.52 (0.80) | 2.50 (0.08) |
Age Group (A) | Gender (G) | Consumption Frequency (C) | A × G | A × C | G × C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness | 9.74 (<0.001) | 0.22 (0.64) | 0.14 (0.87) | 0.37 (0.78) | 2.09 (0.05) | 2.15 (0.12) |
Moistness | 20.04 (<0.001) | 1.82 (0.18) | 1.53 (0.22) | 1.19 (0.31) | 3.67 (0.002) | 0.17 (0.84) |
Chewiness | 10.37 (<0.001) | 1.19 (0.28) | 0.10 (0.90) | 0.47 (0.70) | 2.56 (0.02) | 0.73 (0.48) |
Softness | 16.40 (<0.001) | 0.71 (0.40) | 1.28 (0.28) | 2.10 (0.10) | 3.24 (0.004) | 0.18 (0.84) |
Overall liking | 20.49 (<0.001) | 1.56 (0.21) | 0.10 (0.91) | 0.64 (0.59) | 3.71 (0.001) | 0.07 (0.93) |
Model R2 (p-Value) | β Coefficient 1 (p-Value) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | Hardness | Moistness | Chewiness | Softness | ||
Age group | ||||||
20–29 years | 0.66 (<0.001) | 1.781 (<0.001) | −0.187 (<0.001) | 0.418 (<0.001) | 0.186 (<0.001) | 0.355 (<0.001) |
30–49 years | 0.73 (<0.001) | 1.274 (0.006) | −0.157 (0.003) | 0.406 (<0.001) | 0.202 (<0.001) | 0.387 (<0.001) |
50–69 years | 0.62 (<0.001) | 1.919 (<0.001) | −0.245 (<0.001) | 0.372 (<0.001) | 0.281 (<0.001) | 0.314 (<0.001) |
70–79 years | 0.35 (<0.001) | 3.106 (<0.001) | −0.290 (<0.001) | 0.223 (<0.001) | 0.184 (0.002) | 0.358 (<0.001) |
Gender | ||||||
Females | 0.72 (<0.001) | 2.036 (<0.001) | −0.233 (<0.001) | 0.368 (<0.001) | 0.160 (<0.001) | 0.411 (<0.001) |
Males | 0.53 (<0.001) | 2.276 (<0.001) | −0.258 (<0.001) | 0.327 (<0.001) | 0.283 (<0.001) | 0.291 (<0.001) |
Consumption frequency | ||||||
Low | 0.61 (<0.001) | 2.340 (<0.001) | −0.277 (<0.001) | 0.345 (<0.001) | 0.216 (<0.001) | 0.346 (<0.001) |
Medium | 0.65 (<0.001) | 1.845 (<0.001) | −0.197 (<0.001) | 0.343 (<0.001) | 0.199 (<0.001) | 0.394 (<0.001) |
High | 0.66 (<0.001) | 2.365 (<0.001) | −0.277 (<0.001) | 0.429 (<0.001) | 0.331 (<0.001) | N.S. |
Hardness | Moistness | Chewiness | Softness | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Too Little 1 | Too Much 2 | Too Little | Too Much | Too Little | Too Much | Too Little | Too Much | |
Age group | ||||||||
20–29 years | 6.03% (1.19) | 52.30% (3.13) | 64.08% (3.07) | 4.02% (0.22) | 37.64% (2.03) | 17.82% (1.57) | 56.90% (2.89) | 5.17% (0.13) |
30–49 years | 8.05% (0.89) | 56.90% (2.94) | 67.82% (3.30) | 2.30% (−0.39) | 49.71% (2.77) | 12.36% (2.07) | 66.95% (3.55) | 5.17% (1.37) |
50–69 years | 12.22% (1.21) | 50.00% (2.56) | 56.39% (2.64) | 7.78% (0.17) | 42.50% (2.46) | 17.50% (1.38) | 54.17% (2.99) | 11.39% (1.03) |
70–79 years | 16.16% (0.98) | 33.84% (1.36) | 46.34% (1.55) | 9.45% (0.45) | 35.37% (1.64) | 19.21% (1.40) | 36.89% (1.84) | 16.16% (0.73) |
Gender | ||||||||
Females | 8.43% (1.26) | 52.76% (2.75) | 62.79% (2.98) | 5.09% (0.58) | 47.53% (2.45) | 14.97% (2.07) | 62.06% (3.14) | 7.12% (0.76) |
Males | 12.64% (1.01) | 44.25% (2.37) | 54.89% (2.34) | 6.61% (0.08) | 35.35% (2.05) | 18.39% (1.15) | 45.98% (2.54) | 11.64% (0.91) |
Consumption frequency | ||||||||
Low | 10.11% (1.25) | 49.16% (2.55) | 61.66% (2.58) | 4.92% (0.39) | 41.57% (2.25) | 16.71% (2.00) | 55.06% (2.77) | 8.43% (1.23) |
Medium | 11.03% (0.96) | 47.06% (2.63) | 56.62% (2.79) | 5.52% (0.59) | 42.10% (2.40) | 15.26% (1.24) | 53.68% (2.96) | 9.56% (0.78) |
High | 10.94% (0.95) | 50.78% (2.70) | 52.34% (2.69) | 12.50% (−0.42) | 37.50% (1.91) | 22.66% (0.67) | 49.22% (2.84) | 14.06% (−0.08) |
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Choi, W.-S.; Seo, H.-S. Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Bread. Foods 2023, 12, 1793. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091793
Choi W-S, Seo H-S. Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Bread. Foods. 2023; 12(9):1793. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091793
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Won-Seok, and Han-Seok Seo. 2023. "Effects of Age Group, Gender, and Consumption Frequency on Texture Perception and Liking of Cooked Rice or Bread" Foods 12, no. 9: 1793. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091793