Consumer Perception of the Performance of Online Catering Food Safety Regulations: The Case of Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Key Food Safety Issues Relevant to the Online Catering Sector
2.2. Food Safety Regulation Studies: Implications for the Online Catering Sector
2.3. Factors Influencing the Performance of Food Safety Regulations in Online Catering
2.4. Summary
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Data
3.2. Estimation Approach and Empirical Specification
3.3. Variable Selection
3.4. Sample Description
4. Ordered Logit Estimation Results and Marginal Effects
4.1. Ordered Logit Results
4.2. Marginal Effects
4.2.1. Ingredient Freshness
4.2.2. Ingredient Traceability
4.2.3. Foreign Matter Control
4.2.4. Food Temperature Maintenance
4.2.5. Hygiene and Inner Packing Material
4.2.6. Satisfaction with Food Safety
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Characteristics | Sample Size | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Male | 388 | 36.95 |
Female | 662 | 63.05 |
Registered in Shanghai | 662 | 63.05 |
Not registered in Shanghai | 388 | 36.95 |
23–40 years old | 687 | 65.43 |
Other ages | 363 | 34.57 |
Junior college or less | 220 | 20.95 |
Bachelor’s degree | 683 | 65.05 |
Master’s degree or higher | 147 | 14.0 |
Business management or technical research and development position | 524 | 49.91 |
Other position | 526 | 50.09 |
Monthly income | ||
Less than RMB 2000 | 130 | 12.38 |
RMB 2001–4000 | 90 | 8.57 |
RMB 4001–6000 | 158 | 15.05 |
RMB 6001–8000 | 192 | 18.29 |
RMB 8001–12,000 or more | 480 | 45.71 |
Name | Definition and Units | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | |||||
Ingredient freshness (Y1) | Fresh appearance of ingredients a | 1.659 | 0.631 | 1 | 3 |
Ingredient traceability (Y2) | Records of food source a | 1.57 | 0.693 | 1 | 3 |
Foreign matter control (Y3) | Level of control for food debris and foreign objects a | 1.642 | 0.677 | 1 | 3 |
Food temperature maintenance (Y4) | Food temperature a | 1.867 | 0.741 | 1 | 3 |
Hygiene and environmental protection level of inner packaging (Y5) | Hygienic inner packaging and protection from elements a | 1.928 | 0.763 | 1 | 3 |
Food safety satisfaction (Y6) | Overall satisfaction with food safety in online catering a | 1.78 | 0.618 | 1 | 3 |
Explanatory Variables | |||||
Gender (X1) | Gender: 1 = male, 0 = female | 0.37 | 0.483 | 0 | 1 |
Household registration (X2) | 1 = Shanghai, 0 = other area | 0.63 | 0.483 | 0 | 1 |
Age (X3) | 1 = 23–40 years old, 0 = other age | 0.654 | 0.476 | 0 | 1 |
Occupation (X4) | 1 = business management or technical research and development; 0 = other | 0.499 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 |
Education (X5) | 1 = junior college and below; 2 = bachelor’s degree; 3 = master’s degree or higher | 1.93 | 0.587 | 1 | 3 |
Monthly income (X6) | 1 = RMB 2000 or less; 2 = RMB 2001–4000; 3 = RMB 4001–6000; 4 = RMB 6001–8000; 5 = RMB 8001–12,000 or more | 3.764 | 1.418 | 1 | 5 |
Number of government-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X7) | Number of food safety regulations and measures issued by the government for online food ordering a | 1.93 | 0.661 | 1 | 3 |
Effectiveness of government-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X8) | Effectiveness of food safety regulations and measures issued by the government for online food ordering a | 1.964 | 0.696 | 1 | 3 |
Number of platform-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X9) | Number of food safety management measures for online food ordering issued by the delivery platform a | 1.745 | 0.717 | 1 | 3 |
Effectiveness of platform-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X10) | Effectiveness of food safety management measures for online food ordering issued by the delivery platform a | 1.698 | 0.669 | 1 | 3 |
Frequency of restaurant staff training on food safety by restaurant owners (X11) | Frequency of organizing food safety training for restaurant staff a | 1.536 | 0.659 | 1 | 3 |
Restaurant staff food safety awareness (X12) | Food safety awareness of restaurant staff a | 1.682 | 0.7 | 1 | 3 |
Cleanliness of courier delivery box (X13) | Cleanliness and hygiene of delivery boxes used by couriers a | 1.61 | 0.697 | 1 | 3 |
Courier personal hygiene (X14) | Personal hygiene and cleanliness of clothing of delivery couriers a | 1.703 | 0.726 | 1 | 3 |
Trust in platform services (X15) | Trust in food safety services provided by the delivery platform a | 1.864 | 0.73 | 1 | 3 |
Confidence in government supervision (X16) | Confidence in government supervision of food safety in online catering sector a | 1.63 | 0.483 | 1 | 2 |
Ologit | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freshness Level of Ingredients (Y1) | Traceability Level of Ingredients (Y2) | Foreign Object Control Level (Y3) | Food Warmth Maintenance Level (Y4) | Hygiene and Environmental Protection Level of Inner Packaging (Y5) | Food Safety Satisfaction (Y6) | |
Gender (X1) | −0.028 (0.136) | 0.009 (0.133) | −0.190 (0.134) | −0.348 *** (0.127) | −0.152 (0.127) | 0.114 (0.142) |
Household registration (X2) | 0.272 ** (0.137) | 0.322 ** (0.135) | 0.205 (0.135) | 0.040 (0.127) | 0.118 (0.128) | 0.132 (0.143) |
Age (X3) | 0.151 (0.158) | 0.291 * (0.155) | 0.132 (0.154) | 0.097 (0.146) | 0.161 (0.147) | −0.097 (0.164) |
Occupation (X4) | 0.185 (0.151) | 0.116 (0.146) | 0.097 (0.148) | −0.110 (0.139) | −0.014 (0.140) | −0.100 (0.157) |
Education (X5) | −0.154 (0.115) | −0.207 * (0.112) | −0.042 (0.113) | 0.069 (0.107) | 0.070 (0.107) | 0.099 (0.120) |
Monthly income (X6) | −0.010 (0.060) | −0.025 (0.058) | −0.056 (0.058) | 0.063 (0.056) | 0.008 (0.055) | 0.016 (0.062) |
Number of government-issued food safety regulations (X7) | 0.745 *** (0.127) | 0.249 ** (0.121) | 0.185 (0.123) | 0.275 ** (0.117) | 0.392 *** (0.116) | 0.403 *** (0.130) |
Effectiveness of government-issued food safety regulations (X8) | 0.293 ** (0.118) | −0.082 (0.115) | 0.267 ** (0.116) | 0.401 *** (0.109) | 0.198 * (0.111) | 0.041 (0.123) |
Number of platform-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X9) | 0.029 (0.113) | 0.171 (0.109) | 0.169 (0.111) | 0.022 (0.105) | 0.021 (0.104) | 0.172 (0.119) |
Effectiveness of platform-issued food safety regulations (X10) | 0.039 (0.119) | 0.243 ** (0.117) | 0.192 (0.118) | 0.087 (0.111) | −0.038 (0.115) | 0.221 * (0.127) |
Frequency of restaurant staff training on food safety by restaurant owners (X11) | 0.266 ** (0.120) | 0.063 (0.116) | 0.229 ** (0.115) | 0.237 ** (0.112) | −0.128 (0.112) | −0.068 (0.126) |
Restaurant staff food safety awareness (X12) | 0.055 (0.114) | 0.317 *** (0.109) | 0.380 *** (0.110) | −0.049 (0.106) | 0.205 * (0.106) | 0.235 ** (0.120) |
Cleanliness of courier delivery box (X13) | 0.285 ** (0.122) | 0.073 (0.122) | 0.344 *** (0.120) | 0.229 ** (0.113) | 0.507 *** (0.114) | 0.604 *** (0.130) |
Courier personal hygiene (X14) | 0.247 ** (0.114) | 0.223 ** (0.113) | 0.226 ** (0.113) | 0.311 *** (0.107) | 0.279 *** (0.108) | 0.524 *** (0.121) |
Trust in platform services (X15) | 0.254 ** (0.112) | 0.259 ** (0.109) | 0.243 ** (0.110) | 0.206 ** (0.104) | 0.135 (0.105) | 0.683 *** (0.120) |
Confidence in government supervision (X16) | 0.267 ** (0.110) | 0.203 * (0.109) | 0.128 (0.109) | 0.079 (0.104) | 0.338 *** (0.103) | 0.492 *** (0.117) |
cut1 | 4.081 *** | 3.146 *** | 3.819 *** | 2.729 *** | 2.841 *** | 4.974 *** |
(0.397) | (0.377) | (0.388) | (0.356) | (0.357) | (0.424) | |
cut2 | 7.343 *** | 5.222 *** | 6.455 *** | 4.928 *** | 4.949 *** | 9.061 *** |
(0.453) | (0.402) | (0.428) | (0.381) | (0.381) | (0.511) | |
N | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 |
Brant test p > chi2 | 0.457 | 0.442 | 0.056 | 0.895 | 0.269 | 0.125 |
Variable Name | Ingredient Freshness (Y1) | Ingredient Traceability (Y2) | Foreign Matter Control (Y3) | ||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
Gender (X1) | 0.00534 | −0.00342 | −0.00192 | −0.00191 | 0.00106 | 0.000845 | 0.0382 | −0.0214 | −0.0168 |
Household registration (X2) | −0.0527 ** | 0.0337 ** | 0.0190 ** | −0.0691 ** | 0.0385 ** | 0.0306 ** | −0.0412 | 0.0231 | 0.0181 |
Age (X3) | −0.0293 | 0.0187 | 0.0105 | −0.0625 * | 0.0348 * | 0.0277 * | −0.0265 | 0.0148 | 0.0116 |
Occupation (X4) | −0.0358 | 0.0229 | 0.0129 | −0.0249 | 0.0138 | 0.0110 | −0.0195 | 0.0110 | 0.00858 |
Education (X5) | 0.0298 | −0.0191 | −0.0107 | 0.0444 * | −0.0247 * | −0.0197 * | 0.00850 | −0.00477 | −0.00374 |
Monthly income (X6) | 0.00190 | −0.00122 | −0.000685 | 0.00543 | −0.00302 | −0.00241 | 0.0113 | −0.00632 | −0.00496 |
Number of government-issued food safety regulations (X7) | −0.144 *** | 0.0923 *** | 0.0519 *** | −0.0534 ** | 0.0297 ** | 0.0237 ** | −0.0373 | 0.0209 | 0.0164 |
Effectiveness of government-issued food safety regulations (X8) | −0.0567 ** | 0.0363 ** | 0.0204 ** | 0.0177 | −0.00986 | −0.00785 | −0.0536 ** | 0.0300 ** | 0.0235 ** |
Number of platform-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X9) | −0.00556 | 0.00356 | 0.00200 | −0.0368 | 0.0205 | 0.0163 | −0.0339 | 0.0190 | 0.0149 |
Effectiveness of platform-issued food safety regulations (X10) | −0.00751 | 0.00481 | 0.00270 | −0.0523 ** | 0.0291 ** | 0.0232 ** | −0.0386 | 0.0216 | 0.0169 |
Frequency of restaurant staff training on food safety by restaurant owners (X11) | −0.0515 ** | 0.0330 ** | 0.0185 ** | −0.0136 | 0.00755 | 0.00601 | −0.0460 ** | 0.0258 ** | 0.0202 ** |
Employee food safety awareness (X12) | −0.0107 | 0.00685 | 0.00385 | −0.0682 *** | 0.0380 *** | 0.0302 *** | −0.0763 *** | 0.0428 *** | 0.0335 *** |
Cleanliness of courier delivery box (X13) | −0.0553 ** | 0.0354 ** | 0.0199 ** | −0.0157 | 0.00874 | 0.00696 | −0.0692 *** | 0.0388 *** | 0.0304 *** |
Courier personal hygiene (X14) | −0.0479 ** | 0.0306 ** | 0.0172 ** | −0.0479 ** | 0.0267 ** | 0.0212 * | −0.0455 ** | 0.0255 ** | 0.0200 ** |
Trust in platform services (X15) | −0.0493 ** | 0.0315 ** | 0.0177 ** | −0.0557 ** | 0.0310 ** | 0.0247 ** | −0.0489 ** | 0.0274 ** | 0.0215 ** |
Confidence in government supervision (X16) | −0.0518 ** | 0.0331 ** | 0.0186 ** | −0.0436 * | 0.0243 * | 0.0193 * | −0.0258 | 0.0145 | 0.0113 |
Variable Name | Food Warmth Maintenance Level (Y4) | Hygiene and Environmental Protection Level of Inner Packaging (Y5) | Food Safety Satisfaction (Y6) | ||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
Gender (X1) | 0.0691 *** | −0.0165 ** | −0.0526 *** | 0.0288 | −0.00396 | −0.0248 | −0.0180 | 0.00993 | 0.00810 |
Household registration (X2) | −0.00794 | 0.00190 | 0.00605 | −0.0224 | 0.00308 | 0.0193 | −0.0210 | 0.0116 | 0.00945 |
Age (X3) | −0.0193 | 0.00461 | 0.0147 | −0.0305 | 0.00420 | 0.0263 | 0.0154 | −0.00849 | −0.00692 |
Occupation (X4) | 0.0219 | −0.00522 | −0.0167 | 0.00273 | −0.000376 | −0.00236 | 0.0158 | −0.00872 | −0.00711 |
Education (X5) | −0.0138 | 0.00329 | 0.0105 | −0.0133 | 0.00182 | 0.0114 | −0.0157 | 0.00865 | 0.00705 |
Monthly income (X6) | −0.0126 | 0.00301 | 0.00959 | −0.00150 | 0.000206 | 0.00129 | −0.00259 | 0.00143 | 0.00116 |
Number of government-issued food safety regulations (X7) | −0.0545 ** | 0.0130 ** | 0.0415 ** | −0.0741 *** | 0.0102 *** | 0.0639 *** | −0.0640 *** | 0.0352 *** | 0.0287 *** |
Effectiveness of government-issued food safety regulations (X8) | −0.0796 *** | 0.0190 *** | 0.0606 *** | −0.0373 * | 0.00514 * | 0.0322 * | −0.00648 | 0.00357 | 0.00291 |
Number of platform-issued food safety regulations for online catering (X9) | −0.00428 | 0.00102 | 0.00326 | −0.00391 | 0.000538 | 0.00337 | −0.0273 | 0.0150 | 0.0123 |
Effectiveness of platform-issued food safety regulations (X10) | −0.0173 | 0.00413 | 0.0132 | 0.00716 | −0.000985 | −0.00617 | −0.0351 * | 0.0193 * | 0.0157 * |
Frequency of restaurant staff training on food safety by restaurant owners (X11) | −0.0470 ** | 0.0112 ** | 0.0358 ** | 0.0242 | −0.00333 | −0.0209 | 0.0109 | −0.00598 | −0.00488 |
Employee food safety awareness (X12) | 0.00976 | −0.00233 | −0.00743 | −0.0388 * | 0.00534 * | 0.0335 * | −0.0374 ** | 0.0206 ** | 0.0168 * |
Cleanliness of courier delivery box (X13) | −0.0454 ** | 0.0108 * | 0.0345 ** | −0.0959 *** | 0.0132 *** | 0.0827 *** | −0.0960 *** | 0.0529 *** | 0.0431 *** |
Courier personal hygiene (X14) | −0.0617 *** | 0.0147 *** | 0.0470 *** | −0.0528 *** | 0.00726 ** | 0.0455 *** | −0.0833 *** | 0.0459 *** | 0.0374 *** |
Trust in platform services (X15) | −0.0408 ** | 0.00975 * | 0.0311 ** | −0.0256 | 0.00352 | 0.0221 | −0.108 *** | 0.0598 *** | 0.0487 *** |
Confidence in government supervision (X16) | −0.0156 | 0.00372 | 0.0119 | −0.0638 *** | 0.00878 ** | 0.0550 *** | −0.0781 *** | 0.0430 *** | 0.0351 *** |
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Liu, W.; Wu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Florkowski, W.J. Consumer Perception of the Performance of Online Catering Food Safety Regulations: The Case of Shanghai, China. Foods 2024, 13, 2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162568
Liu W, Wu Y, Sun Y, Florkowski WJ. Consumer Perception of the Performance of Online Catering Food Safety Regulations: The Case of Shanghai, China. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162568
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Weijun, Yige Wu, Yue Sun, and Wojciech J. Florkowski. 2024. "Consumer Perception of the Performance of Online Catering Food Safety Regulations: The Case of Shanghai, China" Foods 13, no. 16: 2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162568