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Review

Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review

by
Saeedeh Vanaei
1,*,
Mahdi Hashemi
2,
Atefeh Solouk
3,
Mohsen Asghari Ilani
4,
Omid Amili
1,
Mohamed Samir Hefzy
1,
Yuan Tang
5 and
Mohammad Elahinia
1
1
Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
2
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
3
Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran
4
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
5
Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100983 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 August 2024 / Revised: 31 August 2024 / Accepted: 3 September 2024 / Published: 29 September 2024

Abstract

This paper aims to review the State of the Art in metal self-expanding stents made from nitinol (NiTi), showing shape memory and superelastic behaviors, to identify the challenges and the opportunities for improving patient outcomes. A significant contribution of this paper is its extensive coverage of multidisciplinary aspects, including design, simulation, materials development, manufacturing, bio/hemocompatibility, biomechanics, biomimicry, patency, and testing methodologies. Additionally, the paper offers in-depth insights into the latest practices and emerging trends, with a special emphasis on the transformative potential of additive manufacturing techniques in the development of metal stents. By consolidating existing knowledge and highlighting areas for future innovation, this review provides a valuable roadmap for advancing nitinol stents.
Keywords: self-expanding metallic stents; shape memory alloy; additive manufacturing; biomimicry; biomaterials; patency rate self-expanding metallic stents; shape memory alloy; additive manufacturing; biomimicry; biomaterials; patency rate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vanaei, S.; Hashemi, M.; Solouk, A.; Asghari Ilani, M.; Amili, O.; Hefzy, M.S.; Tang, Y.; Elahinia, M. Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100983

AMA Style

Vanaei S, Hashemi M, Solouk A, Asghari Ilani M, Amili O, Hefzy MS, Tang Y, Elahinia M. Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(10):983. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100983

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanaei, Saeedeh, Mahdi Hashemi, Atefeh Solouk, Mohsen Asghari Ilani, Omid Amili, Mohamed Samir Hefzy, Yuan Tang, and Mohammad Elahinia. 2024. "Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review" Bioengineering 11, no. 10: 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100983

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