Bioengineering

13 pages, 1292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal and Stability Outcomes of Different Osteotomy Techniques and Implant Macrogeometries in Type IV Bone: An In Vitro Study

by F. Gülfeşan Çanakçi, Merve Çakır, Gül Merve Yalcin-Ülker and Gonca Duygu

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111155 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Achieving reliable implant stability in type IV (D4) bone remains a clinical challenge due to its thin cortical plates and low trabecular density, which increase the risk of early failure. Novel osteotomy techniques such as osseodensification and the OsseoShaper have been proposed, yet [...] Read more.

Achieving reliable implant stability in type IV (D4) bone remains a clinical challenge due to its thin cortical plates and low trabecular density, which increase the risk of early failure. Novel osteotomy techniques such as osseodensification and the OsseoShaper have been proposed, yet their effects when combined with different implant macrogeometries are not fully understood. This in vitro study evaluated forty osteotomies in standardized polyurethane foam blocks simulating D4 bone density. Three site preparation protocols—conventional osteotomy, osseodensification, and OsseoShaper—were combined with two implant macrogeometries (parallel-walled conical and tri-oval tapered designs). Insertion torque (IT) was measured using a calibrated digital torque meter, and implant stability was assessed by resonance frequency analysis (ISQ). Intraoperative thermal changes were monitored with infrared thermography under constant irrigation. Statistically significant differences were observed among groups (p < 0.05). Osseodensification with parallel-walled implants achieved the highest stability, whereas osseodensification with tri-oval implants showed the lowest. Although osseodensification produced the greatest thermal increase, all values remained below the 47 °C osteonecrosis threshold. Within the study’s limitations, both the osteotomy technique and implant macrogeometry significantly affected stability and thermal outcomes, with osseodensification plus parallel-walled implants providing the most predictable performance in D4 bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Reconstruction and Biomechanical Evaluation, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Tuning Method for Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Based on Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm

by Yuanqing Zhang, Baolin Xiong, Le Feng, Liang Li, Wenbo Cheng and Yuguo Tang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111154 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Quadrupole mass spectrometers are highly sensitive and specific analytical instruments, widely used in pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnostics, and other fields. Their performance depends on a tuning process to optimize key parameters, which has traditionally relied on engineers’ expertise or simple univariate search methods. This [...] Read more.

Quadrupole mass spectrometers are highly sensitive and specific analytical instruments, widely used in pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnostics, and other fields. Their performance depends on a tuning process to optimize key parameters, which has traditionally relied on engineers’ expertise or simple univariate search methods. This paper proposes an automatic tuning method using an improved differential evolution algorithm. This algorithm introduces a ranking and subpopulation classification for individuals, enabling distinct mutation strategies. Validation on the CEC-2017 benchmark functions confirms the superiority of the improved algorithm. In automatic tuning experiments, it achieved a 25.3% performance gain over the univariate search method and also surpassed both the classical differential evolution algorithm and standard particle swarm optimization algorithm. This method proves to be an effective approach for enhancing the performance of quadrupole mass spectrometers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Machine Learning and Biomedicine: Updates and Directions, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Monitoring of Muscle Oxygenation in Endurance Athletes During Incremental Cycling: Experimental Validation of a Wearable Continuous-Wave NIRS Sensor Using Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

by Evan Peikon, Jennifer L. Corso, Nikola Otic, Olivia Kierul, Maria A. Franceschini and Mitchell Robinson

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111153 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Individuals often lack field-based tools to monitor exercise effectiveness. New sensing methods may allow for an improved measurement of the individualized response to exercise by monitoring oxygen kinetics directly in muscle tissue. This study aimed to validate a non-invasive wearable sensor capable of [...] Read more.

Individuals often lack field-based tools to monitor exercise effectiveness. New sensing methods may allow for an improved measurement of the individualized response to exercise by monitoring oxygen kinetics directly in muscle tissue. This study aimed to validate a non-invasive wearable sensor capable of measuring muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) using continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) against a laboratory-validated frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) device. Ten physically fit adults performed an incremental cycling test until voluntary exhaustion. Devices were placed on contralateral rectus femoris muscles. SmO₂ was simultaneously measured continuously for the duration of the protocol. Time series alignment was performed using linear interpolation to enable direct comparison between devices at matched time points. Z-score normalization accounted for inter-individual differences in a group-level analysis. Individual subject validation showed strong correlations between the two devices (r = 0.792, range: 0.69–0.88, p < 0.001) with an RMSD < 5% for most subjects, a mean bias of 0.005 and low proportional bias (−0.199) between all paired measurements. Group-level analysis demonstrated a correlation of r = 0.788. Bland–Altman analysis revealed that 95% of all measurements fell between −8.1% and 7.6% SmO₂. The CW-NIRS device delivered reliable performance compared to the FDNIRS device, offering potential applications for real-time physiological monitoring during exercise and performance assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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12 pages, 6190 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Stretched Radial Trajectory Design for Efficient MRI with Enhanced K-Space Coverage and Image Resolution

by Li Song Gong, Zihan Zhou, Qing Li, Yurui Qian, Yang Yang, Kawin Setsompop, Zhitao Li, Xiaozhi Cao and Congyu Liao

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111152 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present a stretched radial trajectory design that enhances image resolution in MRI by expanding k-space coverage without increasing readout duration or scan time. The method dynamically modulates gradient amplitudes as a function of projection angle, achieving square k-space coverage in 2D and [...] Read more.

We present a stretched radial trajectory design that enhances image resolution in MRI by expanding k-space coverage without increasing readout duration or scan time. The method dynamically modulates gradient amplitudes as a function of projection angle, achieving square k-space coverage in 2D and cubic coverage in 3D imaging. Validation was conducted using phantom and in vivo experiments on GE and Siemens scanners at 0.55 T and 3 T. Point spread function analysis and reconstructed images demonstrated improved sharpness and clearer visualization of fine structures, including small phantom details and brain vasculature. The approach also increased T₁ and T₂ mapping accuracy in MRF acquisitions. The proposed strategy requires no additional scan time or gradient hardware capability, making it well-suited for MRI systems with moderate performance. It offers a simple and generalizable means to improve spatial resolution in both structural and quantitative imaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic MRI and Beyond: Emerging Technologies and Translational Biomedical Applications)

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18 pages, 1598 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inter-Segmental Coordination During Soccer Instep Kicking: A Vector-Coding Comparison Between Experienced Athletes and Novices

by Liwen Zhang, Meizhen Zhang and Hui Liu

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111151 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to characterize the inter-segmental coordination of hip, knee, and ankle movement of the kicking leg during instep kicking for experienced athletes and novices, using vector coding as a non-linear technique. Motion capture and electromyographic data were collected [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the inter-segmental coordination of hip, knee, and ankle movement of the kicking leg during instep kicking for experienced athletes and novices, using vector coding as a non-linear technique. Motion capture and electromyographic data were collected for 14 soccer-majored college students and 32 novices performing the instep kicking task. The percentage of time spent on the coordination patterns, defined based on hip–knee and knee–ankle coupling angles, was calculated and compared. The agonist–antagonist activity ratio was calculated and compared. The time percentages of the knee–ankle shank dominance of the experienced athletes during the whole kicking movement were significantly greater than those of the novices (p < 0.050). Athletes achieving greater maximum ball speed had more knee flexion dominant coordination patterns in the back swing and leg-cocking, and knee extension dominant coordination patterns in the leg acceleration phase. The lower activity ratio of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles contributed significantly to increasing kicking accuracy. These results underscore the value of vector coding in identifying key inter-segmental coordination features and directly support targeted soccer kick training. The dynamic stability exercises involving knee flexion and extension to optimize power transfer for speed, as well as activation and relaxation control exercises of the lower leg muscles to improve the kicking accuracy, may be effective ways to enhance instep kicking motor control ability and performance for soccer athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport and Motion Analysis)

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12 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Articular Injection of Bone Marrow Concentrate for Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis Treatment: Preliminary Results Using a New Tibial Endplate Sample Under Ultrasound Guidance

by Alain Silvestre, Sébastien Caudron, Aymeric Rouchaud, Vladimir Borodetsky, Lionel Pesquer, Carlos Ferrer González-Adrio and Benjamin Dallaudière

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111150 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) remains a therapeutic challenge with few effective non-surgical options. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary outcomes of ultrasound (US)-guided tibial endplate aspiration and intra-articular injection of bone marrow concentrate (BMC) in [...] Read more.

Introduction: Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) remains a therapeutic challenge with few effective non-surgical options. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary outcomes of ultrasound (US)-guided tibial endplate aspiration and intra-articular injection of bone marrow concentrate (BMC) in patients with isolated PFOA. Methods: In this retrospective case series, seven consecutive patients with symptomatic PFOA unresponsive to conservative therapy were treated with US-guided tibial endplate aspiration followed by intra-articular BMC injection. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) at baseline and 12 months. MRI with T2 mapping was performed to evaluate cartilage structure. BMC composition was analyzed, including colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assays. Results: The procedures were feasible in all cases, and no adverse events occurred. WOMAC scores improved significantly from 21.7 ± 17.3 at baseline to 9.0 ± 9.3 at 12 months (p = 0.030). MRI showed a mean relative increase of 25.4% ± 43.5% in healthy cartilage volume, though this was not statistically significant (p = 0.49). Correlation analyses revealed no consistent association between clinical response and cellular composition, including estimated MSC dose. Conclusions: This small retrospective series suggests that US-guided tibial endplate aspiration and intra-articular BMC injection are safe, technically feasible, and may provide clinical benefit in isolated PFOA. Larger controlled studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Behaviour in a Targeting Task in Children with ADHD: Linkage to a Level of Attention

by Ondrej Jesina, Rudolf Psotta, Daniel Dostál and Ludvík Valtr

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111149 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit different oculomotor behavior compared to their typically developing peers. Research shows that eye movement patterns can provide important information about attention mechanisms. While eye movements have been examined in various cognitive contexts, this study [...] Read more.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit different oculomotor behavior compared to their typically developing peers. Research shows that eye movement patterns can provide important information about attention mechanisms. While eye movements have been examined in various cognitive contexts, this study investigated their role in a task designed to assess their potential as indicators of attention functioning in children with ADHD. Specifically, we assessed tonic attention, attentional focus, and selective attention. Seventy participants aged 9–12 years with DSM-5 ADHD-I and ADHD-C types participated in our research. We then included the results of 57 participants in our study. We used the d2-R attention test and the Reaction alertness test to determine the specifics we were looking for. We used Eye Tracking Glasses (ETG) 2w to capture eye movements. The results show that quiet eye (QE) duration does not reliably predict visuomotor performance in this population. Our findings further suggest that in children with ADHD, the QE phase is not the primary period for acquiring visual information important for movement planning; rather, relevant information is gathered earlier in the process. Conversely, prolonged onset and duration of QE were associated with poorer attentional efficiency, suggesting that in ADHD, longer QE may reflect slower or less efficient cognitive processing rather than increased control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Eye Movements: Insights into Learning and Autism Spectrum Disorders)

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15 pages, 1457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Regulation of Endocytosis and Adhesion Formation Governs Breast Cancer Cell Migration Under Confinement

by Emily T. Chan, Travis H. Jones, Cristopher M. Thompson, Hariharan Kannan, Malcolm W. D’Souza, Mushtaq M. Ali, Cömert Kural and Jonathan W. Song

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111148 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cell migration through confined spaces is a critical step in cancer metastasis, yet the spatial regulation of endocytosis and adhesion dynamics during this process remains poorly understood. To investigate this, we adapted a microfluidic platform that generates stable, spatially linear biochemical gradients across [...] Read more.

Cell migration through confined spaces is a critical step in cancer metastasis, yet the spatial regulation of endocytosis and adhesion dynamics during this process remains poorly understood. To investigate this, we adapted a microfluidic platform that generates stable, spatially linear biochemical gradients across 5 μm-tall migration channels. COMSOL simulations and optical calibration using FITC-dextran confirmed that gradients form reliably within 5 min. The microdevice also supports long-term live imaging and is compatible with both spinning disk confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence structured illumination microscopy modalities, enabling high-resolution visualization of adhesion and endocytic structures. By leveraging this platform for spatially restricted drug delivery, we locally applied the endocytic inhibitor Dyngo-4a to either the front or rear of migrating cells. This revealed that front-targeted endocytic inhibition preserved or increased leading-edge enrichment of paxillin and the clathrin adaptor AP-2, whereas rear-targeted inhibition eliminated paxillin polarity and reduced AP-2 polarity. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in cell migration speed under front-targeted inhibition, while rear-targeted inhibition had no significant effect on speed and neither treatment altered persistence. Together, these findings suggest that endocytic polarity regulates adhesion dynamics and cell migration under confinement, offering a mechanistic insight into processes relevant to cancer cell invasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanobiology in Biomedical Engineering—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 18470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topical over Dermal Versus Transdermal Application of Cyanoacrylate in Wound Synthesis and Its Effects on Healing—Experimental Study

by Inácio Silva Viana, Paula Alessandra Di Filippo, Gabriel João Unger Carra, Francielli Pereira Gobbi, Lara Souza Ribeiro, Rachel Bittencourt Ribeiro, Fernando Antônio M. Petri, Maria Luíza Favero, Luíza Maria Feitosa Ribeiro, Eulogio Carvalho Queiroz Carvalho and Paulo Aléscio Canola

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111147 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are commonly used for wound closure due to their short synthesis time, aesthetic outcomes, and minimal discomfort. However, reported adverse effects include the release of cytotoxic metabolites, inflammation, and foreign body reactions. This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of three [...] Read more.

Cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are commonly used for wound closure due to their short synthesis time, aesthetic outcomes, and minimal discomfort. However, reported adverse effects include the release of cytotoxic metabolites, inflammation, and foreign body reactions. This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of three cyanoacrylate-based adhesives for skin incision closure in Rattus norvegicus. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the type of monomer: G1 (n-2-ethyl-cyanoacrylate), G2 (n-2-butyl-cyanoacrylate), and G3 (n-2-octyl-cyanoacrylate). Each animal received two 2 cm paramedian incisions, which were closed using either a topical over dermal (OD) or a topical transdermal (TD) application, resulting in two subgroups per group. Wounds were evaluated on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 21 to compare the different monomers and application techniques. Assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate revealed differences in polynuclear cells between the TD and OD on days 3 and 7, while TD demonstrated improved results in mononuclear cells at all time points. Sustained inflammatory processes and foreign body reactions were observed. Quantification of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) indicated that TD maintained stability throughout the assessment periods, though it exhibited higher values than OD from days 7 to 21. These higher values were associated with a foreign body reaction and increased oxidative stress. Regarding tissue formation, OD produced more aligned wound edges, supporting the production of types I and III collagen and improving scar resolution compared to TD. Our findings indicate that the patch application technique has a greater impact on healing than the size of the cyanoacrylate monomer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Wound Repair and Regeneration)

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19 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessReview

Evolution of Anchor Polymer Systems Used in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery—A Comprehensive Review

by Eun-Ji Yoon, Kyeong-Eon Kwon and Jong-Ho Kim

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111146 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery has undergone significant evolution over the past decades, particularly in the materials used for suture anchors. The transition from metallic to bioabsorbable polymer anchors has revolutionized soft tissue-to-bone repair procedures, offering distinct advantages in terms of biocompatibility, imaging compatibility, and [...] Read more.

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery has undergone significant evolution over the past decades, particularly in the materials used for suture anchors. The transition from metallic to bioabsorbable polymer anchors has revolutionized soft tissue-to-bone repair procedures, offering distinct advantages in terms of biocompatibility, imaging compatibility, and reduced complications. This comprehensive review examines the current state-of-the-art in anchor polymers used in arthroscopic shoulder surgery and their biocomposite formulations. Additionally, we explore the role of biostable polymers and emerging technologies in anchor design. The review synthesizes clinical outcomes, degradation kinetics, biocompatibility profiles, and mechanical properties of various anchor polymer systems. We also discuss the challenges associated with each material type, including osteolysis, cyst formation, premature degradation, and osseointegration. Recent advances in biocomposite anchors demonstrate promising solutions to address these limitations, offering controlled degradation rates and enhanced osteoconductivity. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of anchor polymer technologies, their clinical applications, and future directions in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Nevertheless, potential publication bias and heterogeneity among studies should be considered when interpreting comparative data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Materials for Bone, Cartilage, and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration)

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10 pages, 214 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Handheld Device Use on Hand Biomechanics

by Melinda J. Choi, Valeria P. Bustos, Kyle Y. Xu, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Paulo G. Coelho and Kashyap K. Tadisina

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111145 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cell phone use has become ubiquitous in everyday life for many, yet the potential long-term impacts on hand biomechanics remain unknown. A review was performed on the topic of handheld device use and biomechanics of the hand to identify common findings as well [...] Read more.

Cell phone use has become ubiquitous in everyday life for many, yet the potential long-term impacts on hand biomechanics remain unknown. A review was performed on the topic of handheld device use and biomechanics of the hand to identify common findings as well as gaps in the literature. A literature search was performed using several databases and a comprehensive search strategy using controlled keywords was designed. A total of 1556 studies were screened, and 28 studies examining handheld device use were included. A total of 2173 individuals participated in the included studies where cell phone (n = 23) and tablet (n = 5) usage were examined, focusing on the kinematics (n = 17), muscles (n = 13), joints (n = 2), nerves (n = 4), and tendons (n = 1) of the hand. Handheld device use placed the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints in extreme positions of abduction, as well as wrist extension and ulnar deviation. Increased muscle activity of the first dorsal interossei, extensor digitorum communis, and abductor pollicis brevis was demonstrated while using a handheld cellular device. Studies also suggested that handheld device use is powered by the thumb CMC and MCP joints, as well as intrinsic musculature. Thus, individuals could consider operating handheld devices with a two-hand grip, minimizing device size/weight, or using the index finger or voice texting to decrease muscular fatigue and offload joints. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of cell phone use on the hand and wrist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomechanics and Sports Medicine)

17 pages, 1118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Specific Biomechanical Characterization of Upper Limb Movements in Stroke

by Lei Li, Wei Peng, Jingcheng Chen, Shaoming Sun and Junhong Wang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111144 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Stroke often leads to persistent upper limb dysfunction that impairs activities of daily living, yet objective biomechanical indicators for precise assessment remain limited. This study aimed to characterize phase-specific impairments in energy output, torque stability, and muscle coordination during the hand-to-mouth (HTM) task [...] Read more.

Stroke often leads to persistent upper limb dysfunction that impairs activities of daily living, yet objective biomechanical indicators for precise assessment remain limited. This study aimed to characterize phase-specific impairments in energy output, torque stability, and muscle coordination during the hand-to-mouth (HTM) task and to explore their potential for improving rehabilitation evaluation. Motion data from 20 stroke patients and 20 healthy controls were recorded using wearable surface electromyography and inertial measurement unit systems. A musculoskeletal model was applied to calculate joint torque, mechanical work, torque smoothness, and a novel torque-based co-contraction index across four movement subphases. These phase-specific metrics demonstrated significant correlations with clinical motor impairment scores, confirming their clinical validity. Significant dynamic features were then selected to construct machine learning models for group classification. Stroke patients showed reduced output capacity, increased torque fluctuations, and abnormal co-contraction patterns that varied across subphases. Among the classifiers, the quadratic support vector machine achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 84.6% and an AUC of 0.853, surpassing models based on whole-task features. These findings demonstrate that phase-specific biomechanical features sensitively capture neuromuscular deficits in stroke survivors and highlight the potential of phase-specific biomechanics to inform future individualized rehabilitation assessment and treatment planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomechanics and Sports Medicine)

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22 pages, 1314 KB

Open AccessArticle

Capturing Compensatory Reserve in Sarcopenia: A Bioengineering Framework for Multidimensional Temporal Analysis of Center-of-Pressure Signals

by Qinghe Zhao, Qing Xiao, Yu Chen, Muyu Yang, Lunzhi Dai, Yan Xiong and Jirong Yue

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111143 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Conventional balance assessments often miss subtle deficits in sarcopenia patients due to compensatory strategies. This study develops a computational framework using multidimensional temporal analysis of center-of-pressure (COP) signals to quantify variations in compensatory reserve—the capacity to mask balance impairments—within these patients. COP data [...] Read more.

Conventional balance assessments often miss subtle deficits in sarcopenia patients due to compensatory strategies. This study develops a computational framework using multidimensional temporal analysis of center-of-pressure (COP) signals to quantify variations in compensatory reserve—the capacity to mask balance impairments—within these patients. COP data were collected from 82 older adults (sarcopenia vs. controls) during static standing on a standard clinical force platform (routine for geriatric balance testing). The framework integrates Dynamic Time Warping distances from a healthy template, fixed-weight LSTM embeddings, and statistical metrics, with feature selection and 5-fold cross-validation (SMOTE) to mitigate overfitting. Semi-tandem stance was most discriminative, achieving 0.84 ± 0.04 accuracy and 0.86 ± 0.05 ROC-AUC—outperforming conventional kinematic features. SHAP analysis identified DTW-based features as primary drivers, correlating with clinical severity indicators, while intra-group variability in prediction probabilities indicated a compensatory reserve gradient. This study introduces a feasible bioengineering methodology based on clinical COP platform analysis, laying the groundwork for future validation and translation into routine clinical assessment tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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56 pages, 9438 KB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Magnetic Hydrogel Fabrication, Its Basic Characteristics, and Potential Uses in Biomedical Engineering

by Udit Narayan Sharma, Serge Ostrovidov, Sudipto Datta and Hirokazu Kaji

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111142 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Magnetic hydrogels are stimulus-responsive hydrogels with rapid response when placed in a magnetic field. Their properties include those of conventional hydrogels such as biocompatibility, viscoelasticity, and a high content of water, with the addition of magnetic actuation, magnetothermal conductivity, and magnetic resonance conferred [...] Read more.

Magnetic hydrogels are stimulus-responsive hydrogels with rapid response when placed in a magnetic field. Their properties include those of conventional hydrogels such as biocompatibility, viscoelasticity, and a high content of water, with the addition of magnetic actuation, magnetothermal conductivity, and magnetic resonance conferred by the magnetic particles. Their use in the biomedical field is constantly growing, with various applications such as drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, theranostic, and tissue engineering. Since the research field of magnetic hydrogels is very dynamic, it is important to review the literature regularly to highlight the most recent insights of the field. In this review, we focused on the latest advances of magnetic hydrogels and give a large overview on their types, fabrication, properties, and applications in hyperthermia, drug delivery, wound healing, MRI, sensors, and tissue engineering (neural, cartilage, bone, and cardiac tissues). We concluded this review with challenges and future developments of magnetic hydrogels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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25 pages, 2357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Variability Patterns Reflect Yoga Intervention in Chronically Stressed Pregnant Women: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial

by Marlene J. E. Mayer, Nicolas B. Garnier, Clara Becker, Marta C. Antonelli, Silvia M. Lobmaier and Martin G. Frasch

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111141 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Prenatal maternal stress (PS) is a risk factor for adverse offspring neurodevelopment. Heart rate variability (HRV) complexity provides a non-invasive marker of maternal autonomic regulation and may be influenced by mind–body interventions such as Yoga. In this quasi-randomized controlled trial, 28 chronically stressed [...] Read more.

Prenatal maternal stress (PS) is a risk factor for adverse offspring neurodevelopment. Heart rate variability (HRV) complexity provides a non-invasive marker of maternal autonomic regulation and may be influenced by mind–body interventions such as Yoga. In this quasi-randomized controlled trial, 28 chronically stressed pregnant women were followed from the second trimester until birth: 14 participated in weekly Hatha Yoga with electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, and 14 received standard obstetric care with monthly ECGs. Group allocation was based on availability, with participants unaware of their assignment at enrollment. HRV complexity was assessed first with Sample Entropy and Entropy Rate and then expanded to 94 HRV metrics spanning temporal, frequency, nonlinear, and information-theoretical domains. All metrics were covariate-adjusted (maternal age, BMI, gestational age), standardized, and analyzed using timepoint-specific principal component analysis (PCA). From this, a unified HRV index was derived. Analyses revealed that HRV metric relationships changed dynamically across pregnancy, with PCA loadings shifting from frequency toward complexity measures in late gestation. The mixed effects model identified a significant time x group interaction effect (p = 0.041). These findings suggest a restructuring of HRV signal-analytical domains with advancing pregnancy attributable to Yoga and highlight the utility of advanced HRV analysis frameworks for future, larger trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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11 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of CPITN Index in Relation to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Use in Patients with Deflective Occlusal Contacts

by Ximena Anca Nicolae, Elena Preoteasa, Cătălina Murariu Măgureanu, Ruxandra Moraru and Cristina Teodora Preoteasa

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111140 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Occlusal trauma does not initiate periodontitis but may accelerate its progression when inflammation is present. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash is widely used as an adjunct to periodontal therapy, although its effectiveness in patients with occlusal trauma is insufficiently documented. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Occlusal trauma does not initiate periodontitis but may accelerate its progression when inflammation is present. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash is widely used as an adjunct to periodontal therapy, although its effectiveness in patients with occlusal trauma is insufficiently documented. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CHX mouthwash on periodontal status in patients with deflective occlusal contacts, in the absence of occlusal adjustments. Materials and Methods: This observational prospective study analyzed data from 52 patients (20 males, 32 females; mean age 41.35 years). Periodontal status was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Patients were divided into groups based on CHX use and concentration. Statistical analysis evaluated intra- and intergroup variations. Results: Patients using CHX demonstrated statistically significant improvements in CPITN scores at 3 months for all sextants except sextant 5 (p < 0.05). Between 3 and 6 months, further significant improvement was observed only for sextant 6 and for the overall score. In contrast, patients without CHX showed a slight trend toward worsening CPITN values, with no statistically significant differences over the same period. Conclusions: CHX mouthwash significantly improved periodontal parameters in patients with occlusal trauma during the first three months of use. However, improvements plateaued after this period, highlighting the short-term benefits and limitations of CHX. These findings support the adjunctive role of CHX in managing periodontal disease associated with occlusal trauma but reinforce the necessity of mechanical occlusal correction for long-term stability. The CPITN index provides moderate clinical utility compared with full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Bioengineering to Implant Dentistry)

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22 pages, 2486 KB

Open AccessReview

Radiomics in Action: Multimodal Synergies for Imaging Biomarkers

by Everton Flaiban, Kaan Orhan, Bianca Costa Gonçalves, Sérgio Lúcio Pereira de Castro Lopes and Andre Luiz Ferreira Costa

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111139 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Radiomics has recently begun as a transformative approach in medical imaging, shifting radiology from qualitative description to quantitative analysis. By extracting high-throughput features from CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography), and CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography), radiomics [...] Read more.

Radiomics has recently begun as a transformative approach in medical imaging, shifting radiology from qualitative description to quantitative analysis. By extracting high-throughput features from CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography), and CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography), radiomics enables the characterization of tissue heterogeneity and the development of imaging biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive values. This narrative review explores the historical evolution of radiomics and its methodological foundations, including acquisition, segmentation, feature extraction and modeling, and platforms supporting these workflows. Clinical applications are highlighted in oncology, cardiology, neurology, and musculoskeletal and dentomaxillofacial imaging. Despite being promising, radiomics faces challenges related to standardization, reproducibility, PACS/RIS (Picture Archiving and Communication System/Radiology Information System) integration and interpretability. Professional initiatives, such as the Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative (IBSI) and guidelines from radiological societies, are addressing these barriers by promoting harmonization and clinical translation. The ultimate vision is a radiomics-augmented radiology report in which validated biomarkers and predictive signatures complement conventional findings, thus enhancing objectivity, reproducibility, and advancing precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging Analysis: Current and Future Trends)

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14 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Particle Release from Intraocular Lenses with a Combination of OptoFluidic Force Induction, μ-Raman and μ-FTIR

by Andreas F. Borkenstein, Leon Ranz, Christian Neuper, Eva-Maria Borkenstein and Harald Fitzek

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111138 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are among the most common medical implants that remain in the body long-term, with millions of IOLs implanted into patients every year. In addition, there are rapidly growing concerns about microplastic pollution, including particle emission from medical implants directly inside [...] Read more.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are among the most common medical implants that remain in the body long-term, with millions of IOLs implanted into patients every year. In addition, there are rapidly growing concerns about microplastic pollution, including particle emission from medical implants directly inside the body. Against this backdrop, we analyze the particle emission of seven common types of IOLs over a 30-day period under laboratory conditions. To accomplish both particle counting over a long period and chemical identification, we combine OptoFluidic Force Induction (OF2i), a novel online particle counting method, with micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (μ-FTIR-ATR) and Raman microscopy. Encouragingly, over the 30-day period, no significant particle emission from the IOLs was detectable. Neither was any increase in particle count detectable by OF2i, nor could any particle related to IOL material be found out of over 500 particles analyzed on non-control samples by FTIR and Raman microscopy. The most notable limitation of these results is the 30-day period, which is short compared to the time an IOL stays in the patient, which can be years or even decades. However, two of the tested IOLs were stored in liquid in their original packaging, the analysis of which represents a less-controlled long-term version of our study. Whilst microplastic contamination was found in these liquids, the FTIR and Raman analysis showed that it relates to the packaging materials (PE, PP) rather than the IOLs (acrylic), pointing to a high stability of the IOLs. Future work should try to assess longer time frames with accelerated aging (thermal/UV/oxidative conditions) to approximate long-term in vivo scenarios. Moreover, our findings highlight the need for manufacturers to ensure maximum stability of packaging materials and packaging methods to minimize potential microplastic contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Devices and Implants, 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 3246 KB

Open AccessReview

Biochar for Soil Amendment: Applications, Benefits, and Environmental Impacts

by Ujjwal Pokharel, Gururaj Neelgund, Ram L. Ray, Venkatesh Balan and Sandeep Kumar

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111137 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in environmental issues, including loss of soil fertility, eutrophication, increased soil acidity, alterations in soil characteristics, and disrupted plant–microbe symbiosis. Here, we synthesize recent studies available from up to 2025, focusing on engineered biochar and its [...] Read more.

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in environmental issues, including loss of soil fertility, eutrophication, increased soil acidity, alterations in soil characteristics, and disrupted plant–microbe symbiosis. Here, we synthesize recent studies available from up to 2025, focusing on engineered biochar and its application in addressing issues of soil nutrient imbalance, soil pollution from inorganic and organic pollutants, soil acidification, salinity, and greenhouse gas emissions from fields. Application of engineered biochar enhanced the removal of Cr (VI), Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Eu³⁺ by 85%, 73%, 57.2%, 12.7%, 99.3%, and 99.2%, respectively, while Cu²⁺ and V⁵⁺ removal increased by 4 and 39.9 times. Adsorption capacities for Sb⁵⁺, Tl⁺, and F⁻ were 237.53, 1123, and 83.05 mg g⁻¹, respectively, and the optimal proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal was 57%. Herbicides such as imazapyr were reduced by 23% and 78%. Low-temperature pyrolyzed biochar showed high cation exchange capacity (CEC) resulting from improved surface functional groups. Although biochar application led to a yield increase of 43.3%, the biochar–compost mix enhanced it by 155%. The analysis demonstrates the need for future studies on the cost-effectiveness of biochar post-processing, large-scale biochar aging studies, re-application impact, and studies on biochar–compost or biochar–fertilizer mix productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemical Engineering)

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39 pages, 1188 KB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review of AI-Based Approaches for Detecting Autism Traits Using Voice and Behavioral Data

by Hajarimino Rakotomanana and Ghazal Rouhafzay

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111136 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

This scoping review systematically maps the rapidly evolving application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostics, specifically focusing on computational behavioral phenotyping. Recognizing that observable traits like speech and movement are critical for early, timely intervention, the study synthesizes AI’s [...] Read more.

This scoping review systematically maps the rapidly evolving application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostics, specifically focusing on computational behavioral phenotyping. Recognizing that observable traits like speech and movement are critical for early, timely intervention, the study synthesizes AI’s use across eight key behavioral modalities. These include voice biomarkers, conversational dynamics, linguistic analysis, movement analysis, activity recognition, facial gestures, visual attention, and multimodal approaches. The review analyzed 158 studies published between 2015 and 2025, revealing that modern Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques demonstrate highly promising diagnostic performance in controlled environments, with reported accuracies of up to 99%. Despite this significant capability, the review identifies critical challenges that impede clinical implementation and generalizability. These persistent limitations include pervasive issues with dataset heterogeneity, gender bias in samples, and small overall sample sizes. By detailing the current landscape of observable data types, computational methodologies, and available datasets, this work establishes a comprehensive overview of AI’s current strengths and fundamental weaknesses in ASD diagnosis. The article concludes by providing actionable recommendations aimed at guiding future research toward developing diagnostic solutions that are more inclusive, generalizable, and ultimately applicable in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence in Public Health: Current Trends and Future Possibilities, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 4278 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Gingivitis and Periodontitis at Different Stages: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Short-Term Follow-Up

by Nansi López-Valverde, Norberto Quispe-López, Javier Flores Fraile, Antonio López-Valverde, Bruno Macedo de Sousa and José Antonio Blanco Rueda

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111135 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions that destroy the periodontal attachment apparatus. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has anti-inflammatory properties that make it a candidate for the adjuvant treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. Our objective was to observe the role of HA in the variability of [...] Read more.

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions that destroy the periodontal attachment apparatus. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has anti-inflammatory properties that make it a candidate for the adjuvant treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. Our objective was to observe the role of HA in the variability of clinical parameters indicative of gingivitis/periodontitis by comparing it with conventional treatments or placebo. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to Cochrane guidelines, and searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) to identify eligible studies. Review Manager 5.4.1 and SPSS Statistics 30.0^® were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The outcomes assessed were probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI). Sixteen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with 947 subjects were included. HA as an adjunct to periodontal treatment improves the clinical parameters of PPD in the short and medium term (1–24 months, 12.5 average) (−0.51; 95% CI [−0.85 to −0.17]; p = 0.004), BOP, CAL and GI. Plaque indices (PI) approached statistical significance. Despite limitations and heterogeneity, the evidence reveals that only two of the included studies on severe periodontitis reported significant improvements in CAL gain and PPD reduction, with attachmet gains greater than 1 mm at 12 months of follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontics and Implant Dentistry)

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8 pages, 1065 KB

Open AccessProtocol

Role of Vaginal Microbiota and Oral Lactobacillus Supplementation in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections of Menopausal Women: Protocol for the VaMirUTI Cohort Study

by Dimitri Barski, Patrick Finzer, Klaus Golka, Olga Renner, Ralph Wirtz, Thorsten Ecke and Thomas Otto

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111134 - 22 Oct 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are common among peri- and postmenopausal women, partly due to hormonal changes that disrupt the vaginal microbiota. A reduction in Lactobacillus dominance is associated with increased risk of rUTI. Although antibiotics remain the standard of care, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are common among peri- and postmenopausal women, partly due to hormonal changes that disrupt the vaginal microbiota. A reduction in Lactobacillus dominance is associated with increased risk of rUTI. Although antibiotics remain the standard of care, their use contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Probiotics may offer a non-antibiotic alternative; however, clinical evidence remains limited. (2) Methods: The VaMirUTI study is a prospective, monocentric, non-randomized cohort investigating the combined effect of oral probiotics and vaginal estriol on vaginal and urinary microbiota in peri- and postmenopausal women with recurrent UTIs. The primary endpoints are (i) change in Lactobacillus dominance at 3 months and (ii) UTI recurrence at 12 months. A total of 100 women (70 rUTI, 30 controls) will be followed for up to 12 months. Vaginal swabs and urine samples will be collected at baseline, during UTI episodes, and at study completion. Vaginal microbiota composition will be analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (3) Results: This protocol outlines the study design and methodology. The primary outcome is the change in vaginal Lactobacillus dominance following the intervention. Secondary outcomes include UTI recurrence rates and the identification of microbiota signatures associated with rUTI. (4) Conclusions: The VaMirUTI study will clarify the relationship between vaginal microbiota, oral probiotic supplementation, and rUTI in menopausal women, potentially informing future non-antibiotic preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemical Engineering)

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30 pages, 4593 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methane Concentration Prediction in Anaerobic Codigestion Using Multiple Linear Regression with Integrated Microbial and Operational Data

by Iván Ostos, Iván Ruiz, Diego Cruz and Luz Marina Flórez-Pardo

Bioengineering 2025, 12(11), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111133 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Anaerobic codigestion of organic residues is a proven strategy for enhancing methane recovery. However, the complexity of microbial interactions and variability in operational conditions make it difficult to estimate methane concentration in real time, particularly in rural contexts. This study developed a multiple [...] Read more.

Anaerobic codigestion of organic residues is a proven strategy for enhancing methane recovery. However, the complexity of microbial interactions and variability in operational conditions make it difficult to estimate methane concentration in real time, particularly in rural contexts. This study developed a multiple linear regression model to predict methane concentration using operational data and microbial community profiles derived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The system involved the codigestion of cassava by-product and pig manure in a two-phase anaerobic reactor. Predictor variables were selected through a hybrid approach combining statistical correlation with microbial functional relevance. The final model, trained on 70% of the dataset, demonstrated satisfactory generalization capability on the other 30 test set, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.92 and a mean relative error (MRE) of 6.50%. Requiring only a limited set of inputs and minimal computational resources, the model offers a practical and accessible solution for estimating methane levels in decentralized systems. The integration of microbial community data represents a meaningful innovation, improving prediction by capturing biological variation not reflected in operational parameters alone. This approach can support local decision making and contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 7 by promoting reliable and affordable technologies for clean energy generation in rural and resource-constrained settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Digestion Advances in Biomass and Waste Treatment)

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Bioengineering, Volume 12, Issue 11 (November 2025) – 23 articles

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