Veterinary Sciences

21 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Escherichia coli Strains Originating from Raw Sheep Milk, with Special Reference to Their Genomic Characterization, Such as Virulence Factors (VFs) and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Genes, Using Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS)

by Theodora Skarlatoudi, Glykeria-Myrto Anagnostou, Vasileios Theodorakis, Loulouda Bosnea and Marios Mataragas

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080744 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The objective of this work was to deliver a comprehensive genetic characterization of a collection of E. coli strains isolated from raw sheep milk. To complete our purpose, the technique of whole-genome sequencing, coupled with bioinformatics and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance, was [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to deliver a comprehensive genetic characterization of a collection of E. coli strains isolated from raw sheep milk. To complete our purpose, the technique of whole-genome sequencing, coupled with bioinformatics and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance, was performed. These Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. Genetic analysis was carried out on all strains (phylogram, sequence types, VFs, AMR genes, and pangenome). The results showed the presence of various genetic traits that are related to virulence factors contributing to their pathogenic potential. In addition, genes conferring resistance to antibiotics were also detected and confirmed using phenotypic tests. Finally, the genome of the E. coli strains was characterized by the presence of several mobile genetic elements, thus facilitating the exchange of various genetic elements, associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance, within and beyond the species, through horizontal gene transfer. Contaminated raw sheep milk with pathogenic E. coli strains is particularly alarming for cheese production in artisan dairies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens in Primary Animal Food Production)

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12 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Evaluating a Targeted Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and Its Temporal Association with Resistance Trends in a Veterinary Referral Hospital

by Tomoki Motegi, Rei Fukuoka, Yuzo Tsuyuki, Dai Nagakubo, Shingo Maeda, Tomohiro Yonezawa, Ryohei Nishimura and Yasuyuki Momoi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080743 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing concern in companion animal practice; however, effective mitigation strategies in veterinary referral hospitals remain underexplored. This study investigated whether antimicrobial stewardship interventions guided by hospital-specific resistance patterns and prescribing data could improve resistance outcomes in a secondary care [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing concern in companion animal practice; however, effective mitigation strategies in veterinary referral hospitals remain underexplored. This study investigated whether antimicrobial stewardship interventions guided by hospital-specific resistance patterns and prescribing data could improve resistance outcomes in a secondary care veterinary setting. Using data from 2016 to 2018 at the University of Tokyo Veterinary Medical Center, a targeted intervention was developed and implemented in early 2019, and its impact was evaluated until 2024. The intervention included Gram staining-based presumptive pathogen estimation, antibiogram-guided antimicrobial selection, clinician education, and regular feedback on prescribing practices. By 2020, overall antimicrobial use had reduced by over 50%, with marked reductions in the use of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. By 2022, the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. decreased from 53% to 24% and 78% to 7%, respectively. However, methicillin-resistant staphylococci remained prevalent in approximately 50% of cases. These findings suggest that hospital-tailored antimicrobial stewardship programs may be associated with meaningful reductions in resistance among gram-negative pathogens, although causality cannot be confirmed due to the observational study design. Moreover, additional strategies are necessary to address persistent resistance in gram-positive organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infectious Diseases of Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 5790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Surveillance and Whole Genomic Characterization of Bovine Rotavirus A G6P[1] Reveals Interspecies Reassortment with Human and Feline Strains in China

by Ahmed H. Ghonaim, Mingkai Lei, Yang Zeng, Qian Xu, Bo Hong, Dongfan Li, Zhengxin Yang, Jiaru Zhou, Changcheng Liu, Qigai He, Yufei Zhang and Wentao Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080742 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a leading causative agent of diarrhea in both young animals and humans. In China, multiple genotypes are commonly found within the bovine population. In this study, we investigated 1917 fecal samples from calves with diarrhea between 2022 and [...] Read more.

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a leading causative agent of diarrhea in both young animals and humans. In China, multiple genotypes are commonly found within the bovine population. In this study, we investigated 1917 fecal samples from calves with diarrhea between 2022 and 2025, with 695 testing positive for RVA, yielding an overall detection rate of 36.25%. The highest positivity rate was observed in Hohhot (38.98%), and annual detection rates ranged from 26.75% in 2022 to 42.22% in 2025. A bovine rotavirus (BRV) strain, designated 0205HG, was successfully isolated from a fecal sample of a newborn calf. Its presence was confirmed through cytopathic effects (CPEs), the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), electron microscopy (EM), and high-throughput sequencing. Genomic characterization identified the strain as having the G6-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 genotype constellation. The structural proteins VP2 and VP7, along with nonstructural genes NSP1–NSP4, shared high sequence identity with Chinese bovine strains, whereas VP1, VP4, and NSP5 clustered more closely with human rotaviruses, and VP3 was related to feline strains. These findings highlight the genetic diversity and interspecies reassortment of BRVs in China, underlining the importance of continued surveillance and evolutionary analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Phenotypic and Microbiome Studies Uncover an Association Between Reduced Feed Efficiency in Sheep During Mycoplasmal Pneumonia and Microbial Crosstalk Within the Rumen-Lung Axis

by Lianjun Feng, Yukun Zhang, Xiaoxue Zhang, Fadi Li, Kai Huang, Deyin Zhang, Zongwu Ma, Chengqi Yan, Qi Zhang, Mengru Pu, Ziyue Xiao, Lei Gao, Changchun Lin, Weiwei Wu, Weimin Wang and Huibin Tian

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080741 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mycoplasmal pneumonia of sheep (MPS), caused by Mesomycoplasma (Mycoplasma) ovipneumoniae, profoundly impacts ovine productivity and survival. Although gut–lung microbiota interactions are increasingly recognized in respiratory diseases, whether similar crosstalk occurs between the lung and rumen microbiota in MPS-affected sheep remains unknown. To [...] Read more.

Mycoplasmal pneumonia of sheep (MPS), caused by Mesomycoplasma (Mycoplasma) ovipneumoniae, profoundly impacts ovine productivity and survival. Although gut–lung microbiota interactions are increasingly recognized in respiratory diseases, whether similar crosstalk occurs between the lung and rumen microbiota in MPS-affected sheep remains unknown. To investigate alterations in the lung and rumen microbiota of sheep with MPS, the crosstalk between these microbial communities, and their impacts on growth phenotypes. From a cohort of 414 naturally infected six-month-old male Hu sheep, we selected 10 individuals with severe pulmonary pathology and 10 healthy controls for detailed phenotypic and microbiome analyses. Assessment of 359 phenotypic traits revealed that MPS significantly impairs feed efficiency and growth rate (p < 0.05). Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found that MPS significantly altered the pulmonary microbiota community structure (p < 0.01), with a noticeable impact on the rumen microbiota composition (p = 0.059). Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 was significantly depleted in both the rumen and lungs of diseased sheep (p < 0.05) and strongly associated with reduced average daily feed intake (p < 0.05). In addition, pulmonary Pasteurella and ruminal Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 were significantly enriched in MPS-affected sheep, showed a strong positive correlation (p < 0.05), and were both negatively associated with feed efficiency (p < 0.05). Notably, Pasteurella multocida subsp. gallicida may act as a keystone species influencing feed efficiency. These findings point to a previously unrecognized rumen-lung microbial axis that may modulate host productivity in sheep affected by MPS. This work provides new insights into the pathogenesis of MPS and offers potential targets for therapeutic intervention and management. Full article

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10 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Persistence of Xylazine and Ketamine in Cattle Tissue Following a Simulated Rendering Process

by Scott A. Fritz, Michael D. Kleinhenz, Steve M. Ensley, Patrick J. Gorden, Yuntao Zhang, Johann F. Coetzee and Michael D. Apley

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080740 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Humane euthanasia is an endpoint for production animals succumbing to disease or trauma. Euthanasia performed with barbiturates or other anesthetic/sedative drugs observes zero withdrawal time, and drug residues may remain in tissues. Carcasses may be submitted for rendering, and rendered products can be [...] Read more.

Humane euthanasia is an endpoint for production animals succumbing to disease or trauma. Euthanasia performed with barbiturates or other anesthetic/sedative drugs observes zero withdrawal time, and drug residues may remain in tissues. Carcasses may be submitted for rendering, and rendered products can be used to manufacture pet foods. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of two drugs, xylazine and ketamine, that may be used during the euthanasia process of food animals and to determine the fate of these drugs following a simulated rendering process using a commercial autoclave. Twelve cattle were administered xylazine or xylazine and ketamine prior to euthanasia via penetrating captive bolt, and samples of muscle, fat, liver, and kidney were collected. The tissue samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, both raw and following rendering. The parent compounds xylazine and ketamine were detected in all tissues, both before and after rendering. The highest concentrations were found in rendered kidney for both drugs, and the lowest in rendered and raw fat for xylazine and ketamine, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

12 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antibodies in Dairy Herds of Bangladesh

by Md. Saifullah Mahmud Sajeeb, Md. Shaffiul Alam, Md. Nazmul Islam, Md. Monirul Islam, Bishwo Jyoti Adhikari, Shanta Islam, Md. Siddiqur Rahman and A. K. M. Anisur Rahman

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080739 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bangladesh from January 2023 to December 2024 to assess the prevalence of BVDV antibodies and associated risk factors in dairy herds. Initially, 138 bulk milk samples were collected from herds across 14 districts and screened using a [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bangladesh from January 2023 to December 2024 to assess the prevalence of BVDV antibodies and associated risk factors in dairy herds. Initially, 138 bulk milk samples were collected from herds across 14 districts and screened using a commercial ELISA for BVDV antibodies. Subsequently, 767 individual milk samples were tested from cows in herds that screened positive. The overall herd-level seroprevalence was 72.5% (95% CI: 64.1–79.6), while the cow-level seroprevalence was 93.3% (95% CI: 91.3–94.9%). Within-herd seroprevalence varied from 81.8% to 100%. Herds with more than 70 cows had 31.95 times higher odds of BVDV seropositivity than those with 13–23 cows. BVD seroprevalence was significantly higher in the third, fifth, and eighth semen sources compared to the reference source. Cows older than 8 years had 4.53 times higher odds of seropositivity than those aged up to 4 years. Cows in thin physical condition had 13.02 times higher odds of seropositivity than those in normal condition. Conversely, cows producing over 8.8 kg of milk daily had a significantly lower seroprevalence of BVDV compared to those producing less than 8.8 kg, with an odds ratio of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.17–0.98). These findings suggest that BVDV exposure is widespread in dairy herds in Bangladesh. Regular serological screening, the use of semen from BVD-free bulls, and prioritizing surveillance for thin cows and low milk producers are essential. Improving nutrition, herd management, and targeted monitoring may help reduce BVDV transmission and improve herd productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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7 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia in Cats: A Retrospective Case Series

by Elena Lardone, Alessandra Landi, Greta Martinelli and Paolo Franci

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080738 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is widely used in human medicine to provide effective perioperative analgesia, yet its application in veterinary species—particularly cats—remains underexplored. This retrospective case study describes the use of TEA in nine client-owned cats undergoing major surgeries. All cats received a [...] Read more.

Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is widely used in human medicine to provide effective perioperative analgesia, yet its application in veterinary species—particularly cats—remains underexplored. This retrospective case study describes the use of TEA in nine client-owned cats undergoing major surgeries. All cats received a single epidural injection of 0.2 mL/kg of 0.5% ropivacaine combined with 0.1 mg/kg morphine at the T12–T13 interspace using a 25 G × 25 mm Quincke needle. Intraoperative physiological parameters were continuously monitored, and postoperative analgesia was assessed using a validated pain scale. Only one cat exhibited inadequate analgesic coverage, likely due to TEA failure. Of the nine cats, seven required minimal to no intraoperative rescue analgesia, while five received postoperative opioids on the day following surgery. Hemodynamic stability was observed in most cases, with no significant complications reported. These findings suggest that TEA is a feasible and effective technique for perioperative pain management in cats undergoing major surgery. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these initial findings and investigate the safety of the technique in a larger population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

42 pages, 1252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibody Titer Testing in Dogs: Evaluation of Three Point-of-Care Tests for Canine Core Vaccine Antigens Compared to Virus Neutralization

by Lena Janowitz, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, Uwe Truyen, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann and Andrea Monika Spiri

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080737 - 6 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Antibody titer testing can be useful in controlling successful puppy immunization and can reduce unnecessary vaccinations in adult dogs. We evaluated three commercially available point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV-1 and/or [...] Read more.

Antibody titer testing can be useful in controlling successful puppy immunization and can reduce unnecessary vaccinations in adult dogs. We evaluated three commercially available point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV-1 and/or -2), comparing them to the reference virus neutralization (VN) assay. Sera from 200 client-owned dogs (13 healthy, 63 chronically diseased, 124 acute) and 60 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs, including 20 sera with maternally derived antibodies (MDA), were tested. All three POCTs demonstrated high sensitivity (79.0–100%) and specificity (97.8–100%) for CPV-2. In contrast, specificity for CDV and CAV was lower with POCT-1 (43.5% and 55.3%) and POCT-2 (42.4% and 79.2%), despite high sensitivity (CDV in both POCTs 98.7%; CAV POCT-1: 99.4%, POCT-2: 90.8%). POCT-3, by comparison, showed high specificity (CDV: 94.1%; CAV: 84.4%) but very low sensitivity (CDV: 17.4%; CAV: 33.1%). Only POCT-1 for CPV-2 detected MDA reliably, whereas the other two POCTs, and POCT-1 for CDV and CAV, did not. When compared to VN, the agreement in vaccination recommendations was 82% for POCT-1 and POCT-2, and 62% for POCT-3. In conclusion, all three POCTs reliably detected antibodies against CPV-2, including MDA with POCT-1. However, the lower specificity for CDV and CAV antibody detection in POCT-1 and POCT-2 raises concerns about misclassifying unprotected dogs as immune, while false-negatives with POCT-3 could lead to unnecessary vaccinations. Further optimization of all three POCTs for CDV and CAV is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)

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26 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessReview

Feline Mammary Tumors: A Comprehensive Review of Histological Classification Schemes, Grading Systems, and Prognostic Factors

by Joana Rodrigues-Jesus, Hugo Vilhena, Ana Canadas-Sousa and Patrícia Dias-Pereira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080736 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

As the body of knowledge on feline mammary tumors (FMTs) continues to grow, their histological classification and grading systems have undergone revisions and updates to better reflect the biological behavior of these tumors. In this review, the historical evolution of these frameworks is [...] Read more.

As the body of knowledge on feline mammary tumors (FMTs) continues to grow, their histological classification and grading systems have undergone revisions and updates to better reflect the biological behavior of these tumors. In this review, the historical evolution of these frameworks is traced and later revisited in the context of their prognostic relevance. Numerous studies have investigated clinicopathological prognostic factors in feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs); however, the heterogeneity in assessment methods, inclusion criteria for survival analysis, and the clinical endpoints considered can often complicate direct comparisons across different studies and may contribute to seemingly conflicting results. Furthermore, the small cohort size of many studies limits the robustness and transferability of their findings. This paper provides an updated overview of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological prognostic factors of these tumors, while also highlighting current challenges, methodological limitations, and areas for future improvement. Full article

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16 pages, 2413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Cannabidiol in Conjunction with Radiation Therapy on Canine Glioma Cell Line Transplanted in Immunodeficient Mice

by Masayasu Ukai, Jade Kurihara, Markos Antonakakis, Krista Banks, Steve Dow, Daniel L. Gustafson, Mary-Keara Boss, Amber Prebble and Stephanie McGrath

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080735 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 239

Abstract

Glioma is a type of neoplasia that spontaneously arises from the glial cells of the brain in humans and dogs, and its prognosis is grave. Current treatment options for glioma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or symptomatic treatment. Evidence has shown that cannabidiol [...] Read more.

Glioma is a type of neoplasia that spontaneously arises from the glial cells of the brain in humans and dogs, and its prognosis is grave. Current treatment options for glioma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or symptomatic treatment. Evidence has shown that cannabidiol (CBD) may have anticancer, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this in vivo murine experiment, the canine glioma cell line J3TBG was injected into the frontoparietal cortex of immunodeficient mice using xenogeneic tissue transplantation. A total of 20 mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups—Control group (C), CBD group (CBD), Radiation Therapy group (RT), and CBD plus Radiation Therapy group (CBD + RT). After transplantation of J3TBG, a single fraction of 5.5 Gy RT was administered to the RT and CBD + RT groups, and CBD was administered daily to the CBD and CBD + RT groups. Necropsies were performed to collect blood and brain tissue. Although there was not a statistically significant difference, the survival time among mice were longer in the CBD + RT group than the RT group. These results indicate that CBD may be used as an adjunctive therapy to enhance RT treatment. Larger cohort studies are required to substantiate the hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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20 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint

by Anargyros T. Karatrantos, Aikaterini I. Sideri, Pagona G. Gouletsou, Christina G. Bektsi and Mariana S. Barbagianni

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080734 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive overview of various ultrasound imaging techniques employed in the evaluation of the canine knee joint. It critically analyzes studies conducted on both human and animal subjects, with a focus on the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode ultrasound, Doppler examination, [...] Read more.

This review presents a comprehensive overview of various ultrasound imaging techniques employed in the evaluation of the canine knee joint. It critically analyzes studies conducted on both human and animal subjects, with a focus on the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode ultrasound, Doppler examination, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and elastography in both normal and pathological conditions. The review underscores the necessity of strict adherence to the protocols of each ultrasound modality and emphasizes the importance of a thorough understanding of the anatomical region to achieve optimal outcomes. The findings suggest that these ultrasound techniques can significantly enhance the diagnostic process, providing valuable insights into anatomy, size, blood supply, and tissue elasticity. Additionally, in cases where advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are cost-prohibitive or less accessible, ultrasound serves as a reliable alternative, delivering high diagnostic accuracy and critical information regarding mechanical changes in the joint and neovascularization. Full article

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20 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges and Future Prospects of Pakistan’s Animal Industry: Economic Potential, Emerging Trends, and Strategic Directions

by Ejaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Rizwan, Yuqi Wang, Furqan Munir and Jinlian Hua

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080733 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Livestock, poultry, and fisheries play an important economic role in Pakistan’s animal industry. The pet industry is also emerging and contributing to the country’s economy and people’s emotional well-being. This review provides insight into the current challenges and future directions of the animal [...] Read more.

Livestock, poultry, and fisheries play an important economic role in Pakistan’s animal industry. The pet industry is also emerging and contributing to the country’s economy and people’s emotional well-being. This review provides insight into the current challenges and future directions of the animal industry in Pakistan. Livestock, poultry, and fisheries provide an economically beneficial source of milk, meat, and eggs; however, they face challenges such as disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, climate change, natural disasters, and a lack of proper policies. Likewise, humans benefit from companion animals that provide emotional attachment. Moreover, the pet food market has also shown potential growth, contributing to the country’s economy. Due to the close association between animals and humans, both are at risk for infectious disease transmission. Challenges such as the lack of strong animal welfare laws and the increasing number of stray dogs and cats threaten human safety and that of other animals. We highlight current problems and additional approaches to the management of livestock, poultry, fisheries, and pets, which need to be addressed to further advance the animal industry in Pakistan. Full article

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27 pages, 5730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Invasive Diagnostic Platform for Canine Leishmaniasis Using VOC Analysis and Distributed Veterinary Infrastructure

by Marius Iulian Mihailescu, Violeta Elena Simion, Alexandra Ursachi, Varanya Somaudon, Aylen Lisset Jaimes-Mogollón, Cristhian Manuel Durán Acevedo, Carlos Cuastumal, Laura-Madalina Lixandru, Xavier Llauradó, Nezha El Bari, Benachir Bouchikhi, Dhafer Laouini, Mohamed Fethi Diouani, Adam Borhan Eddine Bessou, Nazim Messaoudi, Fayçal Zeroual and Valentina Marascu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080732 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

This article describes a new software architecture for the non-invasive detection of canine leishmaniasis disease. The proposed platform combines gas-sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and modular cloud-based software components to identify disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in dog breath and hair samples. [...] Read more.

This article describes a new software architecture for the non-invasive detection of canine leishmaniasis disease. The proposed platform combines gas-sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and modular cloud-based software components to identify disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in dog breath and hair samples. The system, which has a multi-tier architecture that includes data collection, pre-processing, machine learning-based analysis, diagnosis-request processing, and user interfaces for veterinarians, faculty researchers, and dog owners, has been integrated into a Li-ion Power website plug-in. The primary goal of implementing the proposed platform is to detect parasites at any point they are infectious to a host. This includes detecting parasites at all stages of their life cycle, where they can infect a new host. In addition, this is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventing further transmission. Full article

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20 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 Expression as Predictive Markers in Rare Feline Mammary Tumors

by Maria Franco, Fernanda Seixas, Maria dos Anjos Pires, Anabela Alves, Andreia Santos, Carla Marrinhas, Hugo Vilhena, Joana Santos, Pedro Faísca, Patrícia Dias-Pereira, Adelina Gama, Jorge Correia and Fernando Ferreira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080731 - 3 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) exhibits aggressive behavior, with limited treatment options. Given the relevance of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis in human breast cancer immunotherapy, this study assessed PD-1 and its ligands in rare FMC histotypes (n = 48) using immunohistochemistry on tumor cells (TCs), [...] Read more.

Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) exhibits aggressive behavior, with limited treatment options. Given the relevance of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis in human breast cancer immunotherapy, this study assessed PD-1 and its ligands in rare FMC histotypes (n = 48) using immunohistochemistry on tumor cells (TCs), intratumoral lymphocytes (iTILs), and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs). PD-1 was expressed in 13% of TCs, 85% of iTILs, and 94% of sTILs, while PD-L1 was observed in 46% of TCs, 96% of iTILs, and 100% of sTILs. PD-L2 was expressed in 79% of TCs and 100% of both iTILs and sTILs, with PD-L1/PD-L2 co-expression in 42% of TCs. Higher PD-1 IHC scores in TCs were associated with a less aggressive biological behavior; PD-L1 in iTILs was linked to skin ulceration, whereas PD-L2 in TCs was associated with its absence. Our findings highlight the relevance of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 immune checkpoint in rare FMC subtypes and support further investigation into checkpoint-blockade therapies. Full article

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10 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study of Gluteus Medius Muscle Size in a Crossbred Pig Population

by Yu He, Chunyan Bai, Junwen Fei, Juan Ke, Changyi Chen, Xiaoran Zhang, Wuyang Liu, Jing Li, Shuang Liang, Boxing Sun and Hao Sun

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080730 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

The size of the gluteus medius muscle (GM) in swine significantly impacts both hindlimb conformation and carcass yield, while little is known about the genetic architecture of this trait. This study aims to estimate genetic parameters and identify candidate genes associated with this [...] Read more.

The size of the gluteus medius muscle (GM) in swine significantly impacts both hindlimb conformation and carcass yield, while little is known about the genetic architecture of this trait. This study aims to estimate genetic parameters and identify candidate genes associated with this trait through a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 439 commercial crossbred pigs, possessing both Landrace and Yorkshire ancestry, were genotyped using the Porcine 50K chip. The length and width of the GM were directly measured, and the area was then calculated from these values. The heritabilities were estimated by HIBLUP (V1.5.0) software, and the GWAS was conducted employing the BLINK model implemented in GAPIT3. The heritability estimates for the length, width, and area of the GM were 0.43, 0.40, and 0.46, respectively. The GWAS identified four genome-wide significant SNPs (rs81381267, rs697734475, rs81298447, and rs81458910) associated with the gluteus medius muscle area. The PDE4D gene was identified as a promising candidate gene potentially involved in the regulation of gluteus medius muscle development. Our analysis revealed moderate heritability estimates for gluteus medius muscle size traits. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying porcine muscle development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Innovative Breeding in Pigs—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BRAF Mutation Analysis: A Retrospective Evaluation of 8365 Diagnostic Samples with a Special View on Canine Breeds (2018–2024)

by Marielle Appenzeller, Alexandra Kehl, Katrin Törner, Katharina Charlotte Jensen, Robert Klopfleisch and Heike Aupperle-Lellbach

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080729 - 2 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The BRAF V595E mutation analysis in canine urothelial carcinomas (UCs) has found its way into routine diagnostics, but no data analysis has been published until now. The present study aimed to estimate the distribution of age, sex, and breed in 8365 canine diagnostic [...] Read more.

The BRAF V595E mutation analysis in canine urothelial carcinomas (UCs) has found its way into routine diagnostics, but no data analysis has been published until now. The present study aimed to estimate the distribution of age, sex, and breed in 8365 canine diagnostic samples submitted for BRAF mutation analysis during 2018–2024. The specimens included 8215 urine samples, 17 cytological, and 133 histopathological specimens, and were submitted in cases of suspected UC, to rule out UC, or for screening purposes. All samples were tested for the BRAF V595E mutation using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The data were statistically analysed and logistic regression models (Odds Ratio (OR)) were calculated. Compared to samples from mixed-breed dogs, the specimens from Scottish Terriers (OR: 4.21), Shetland Sheepdogs (OR: 2.65), Beagles (OR: 2.33), Fox Terriers (OR: 1.92), Staffordshire Bull Terriers (OR: 1.86), Magyar Vizslas (OR: 1.77), Chihuahuas (OR: 1.70), and West Highland White Terriers (OR: 1.43) had a significantly increased probability of the presence of BRAF mutation indicating UC. The youngest BRAF-positive dogs of these predisposed breeds (n = 4) were 5 years old. In conclusion, screening tests in predisposed breeds may be recommended from the age of 5 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 3160 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System Caused by Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 (BTV-3) in Two Calves

by Phuong Do Duc, Solveig Reeh, Pauline Pöpperl, Tom Schreiner, Natascha Gundling, Andreas Beineke, Peter Wohlsein and Martina Hoedemaker

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080728 - 1 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Since the first emergence of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) in 2006 in Northern Europe, there has been a reported association between BTV Serotype 8 (BTV-8) and brain malformations in calves. The first BTV-3 outbreak in Germany was registered in October 2023. Since then, [...] Read more.

Since the first emergence of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) in 2006 in Northern Europe, there has been a reported association between BTV Serotype 8 (BTV-8) and brain malformations in calves. The first BTV-3 outbreak in Germany was registered in October 2023. Since then, numbers have increased steadily. In a suckler cow herd in the Lower Saxony region, two Angus calves with clinical signs of diffuse encephalopathy, including ataxia, abnormal gait, and central blindness, were born in autumn 2024. Both calves were submitted for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and pathological examination, revealing hydranencephaly and internal hydrocephalus, respectively. BTV-3 was detected in blood and tissue samples of both calves using BTV-specific real-time PCR. The presented findings demonstrate that there seems to be an association between transplacental BTV-3 infections and congenital malformations in calves, as previously reported for BTV-8 and -10. Full article

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11 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of clbF in the Pathogenicity of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

by Meng Wu, Haitao Wu, Ling Li, Pan Hao and Peili Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080727 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

The genotoxin colibactin, a complex secondary metabolite, targets eukaryotic cell cycle machinery and contributes to neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) XM, which produces this genotoxin, is an agent of poultry diseases with zoonotic potential. In this study, we confirmed [...] Read more.

The genotoxin colibactin, a complex secondary metabolite, targets eukaryotic cell cycle machinery and contributes to neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) XM, which produces this genotoxin, is an agent of poultry diseases with zoonotic potential. In this study, we confirmed that clbF was necessary for the APEC XM strain to produce colibactin, but it did not affect the growth, adhesion, or invasion of cells. Deletion of clbF substantially diminished both virulence and systemic dissemination, but it also changed the gene expression of the antiserum survival factor, adherence and invasion, iron acquisition genes, and the secretion system. In conclusion, clbF is necessary for the synthesis of the genotoxin colibactin and affects the development of APEC meningitis in mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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16 pages, 5245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histopathological Picture of Lung Organs Towards Combination of Java Cardamom Seed Extract and Turmeric Rhizome as Anti-Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens

by Tyagita Hartady, Mohammad Ghozali and Charles Parsonodihardjo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080726 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 160

Abstract

Colibacillosis is a poultry disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study is an experimental cross-sectional study using herbal-based test materials from Javanese cardamom and turmeric rhizome as treatments to replace the role of antibiotics that experience [...] Read more.

Colibacillosis is a poultry disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study is an experimental cross-sectional study using herbal-based test materials from Javanese cardamom and turmeric rhizome as treatments to replace the role of antibiotics that experience drug resistance in several types of bacteria. A total of 32 samples were utilized in this study, separated into two control groups and six treatment groups. The analysis was carried out by an histopathological examination of the lung organs using H&E and ImageJ staining to calculate the area of the slide image. The data results were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA method and qualitatively. The outcome of the statistical test showed that the differences were not statistically significant p value = 0.922 [p > 0.05] in all groups, and findings from qualitative histopathology showed morphological differences in the alveoli, parabronchi, and vasculature in the lung organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Histology and Morphology)

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14 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Graft and H-Button Stabilization System for Intra-Articular Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Cadaveric Study

by Menna Nahla, Yara Abouelela, Mohammed Amer, Marwa Ali, Abdelbary Prince, Ayman Tolba and Ayman Mostafa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080725 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, leading to stifle joint instability and progressive osteoarthritis. This study aimed to develop and biomechanically evaluate a novel intra-articular reconstruction system designed to mimic the natural ligament and restore joint stability [...] Read more.

Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, leading to stifle joint instability and progressive osteoarthritis. This study aimed to develop and biomechanically evaluate a novel intra-articular reconstruction system designed to mimic the natural ligament and restore joint stability following CrCL excision. The system consisted of a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) graft, cerclage wire, and H-button fixation. Fourteen pelvic limbs from mature mixed-breed cadaveric dogs were used. The inclination angle, dimensions, volume, tensile strength, and elongation of the native CrCL were measured. Seven CrCL-deficient stifles were reconstructed using the proposed system and tested biomechanically. The native CrCL showed a significantly higher tensile strength than the TPU graft; however, the TPU demonstrated a greater flexibility. The reconstruction system successfully stabilized the joint and provided repeatable fixation. Significant correlations were found between CrCL volume and both age and body weight. These findings support the mechanical suitability of the proposed system for ex vivo stifle stabilization and highlight the potential of 3D-printed TPU in ligament reconstruction. Further in vivo studies are recommended to assess long-term performance, including implant integration, tissue remodeling, and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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9 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in the Microbiome of Horses Affected with Fecal Water Syndrome

by Madison M. Porter, Daniel J. Davis, Zachary L. McAdams, Kile S. Townsend, Lynn M. Martin, Christopher Wilhite, Philip J. Johnson and Aaron C. Ericsson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080724 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 131

Abstract

Fecal water syndrome (FWS) in horses is characterized by two-phase defecation, including both solid and liquid phases. While satisfactory explanations for FWS are unavailable, bacterial dysbiosis has been suggested as a contributing or causative factor. The objectives of this study were to determine [...] Read more.

Fecal water syndrome (FWS) in horses is characterized by two-phase defecation, including both solid and liquid phases. While satisfactory explanations for FWS are unavailable, bacterial dysbiosis has been suggested as a contributing or causative factor. The objectives of this study were to determine whether fecal bacterial dysbiosis is associated with FWS in horses in the midwestern USA. Fecal samples were collected from horses with FWS and from unaffected horses at the same location. In total, 16S rRNA amplicon libraries produced from fecal bacterial DNA were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Significant differences in beta diversity were detected between affected and control horses (p = 7 × 10⁻⁴, F = 1.51), and differential abundance testing identified several features enriched in affected and control horses. These results agree with prior work regarding specific features in the bacterial microbiome associated with FWS, including Alloprevotella spp., and suggest fecal dysbiosis is associated with FWS. Full article

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21 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline, and Betaine Supplementation on Ewes’ Pregnancy and Reproductive Outcomes

by Basiliki Kotsampasi, Eleni Tsiplakou, Maria-Anastasia Karatzia, Stavroula Oikonomou, Christina Mitsiopoulou, Dimitris Kalogiannis, Eleni Dovolou, Aristotelis Lymperopoulos, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Maria Anastasiadou, George Zervas and Stella Chadio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080723 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 367

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation with rumen-protected methionine (RPM), alone or combined with rumen-protected choline (RPC) and betaine (RPB), during the periconceptional and prepartum periods on reproductive outcomes and offspring performance in Chios ewes. One hundred synchronized ewes were assigned [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation with rumen-protected methionine (RPM), alone or combined with rumen-protected choline (RPC) and betaine (RPB), during the periconceptional and prepartum periods on reproductive outcomes and offspring performance in Chios ewes. One hundred synchronized ewes were assigned to three groups—control (no supplementation), M (5.50 g RPM/day), and MCB (3.50 g RPM, 1.60 g RPC, 0.49 g RPB/day)—from day −14 to +14 relative to mating. Blood was collected on days −14, 0, and +14 for ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ferric-reducing ability (FRAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA), on days 18 and 21 for progesterone, and on day 26 for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) detection. Thirty days before and up to lambing, the ewes were further divided into C-C, C-M, C-MCB, M-M, M-C, MCB-MCB, and MCB-C subgroups. Embryonic loss did not differ between groups. FRAP was higher (p < 0.001) in MCB ewes, and ABTS was lower (p < 0.05) in M ewes, in the periconceptional period. Offspring in the C-M, C-MCB, M-M, M-C, and MCB-MCB groups had higher birth weights (p < 0.01), along with increased MDA levels (p < 0.05). The results suggest that maternal methyl donor supplementation during early and/or late gestation enhances antioxidant status, supports embryonic development, and increases birth weight. Full article

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13 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Depth of Anesthesia Sleep Quality in Swine Undergoing Hernia Repair: Effects of Romifidine/Ketamine-Diazepam Protocols with and Without Tramadol and the Potential Role of Serotonin as a Biomarker

by Fabio Bruno, Fabio Leonardi, Filippo Spadola, Giuseppe Bruschetta, Patrizia Licata, Veronica Cristina Neve and Giovanna Lucrezia Costa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080722 - 31 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Sedation and anesthesia are essential for ensuring animal welfare during surgical procedures such as hernia repair in swine. However, the number of sedative and anesthetic agents officially approved for livestock use remained limited. This study evaluated the sedative efficacy and serotonergic effects of [...] Read more.

Sedation and anesthesia are essential for ensuring animal welfare during surgical procedures such as hernia repair in swine. However, the number of sedative and anesthetic agents officially approved for livestock use remained limited. This study evaluated the sedative efficacy and serotonergic effects of a romifidine/ketamine/diazepam protocol, with and without the addition of tramadol, in swine undergoing umbilical hernia repair. Sixty-six crossbred Large White swine were randomly allocated to three groups: LL (lidocaine 4 mg/kg by infiltration), LT (lidocaine 2 mg/kg by infiltration + tramadol 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and TT (lidocaine2 mg/kg by infiltration + tramadol 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The physiological parameters heart rate, arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, rectal body temperature, and respiratory rate were assessed. The depth of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative sedation was assessed using an ordinal scoring system (0–3). Plasma serotonin (5-HT) concentration was measured at baseline and 24 h post-surgery. Physiological parameters remained within species-specific reference ranges throughout the procedure. Anesthesia depth scores significantly decreased over time in all groups (p ≤ 0.001), with the tramadol-treated groups (LT and TT) showing more prolonged deeper anesthesia. Postoperative sedation was significantly higher in the TT group (p ≤ 0.001). Serotonin concentration decreased in LL, increased in LT, and remained stable in TT. These findings suggest that tramadol may enhance sedation and recovery, potentially through serotonergic modulation. Moreover, serotonin could serve as a physiological marker warranting further investigation in future studies of anesthetic protocols in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anesthesia and Pain Management in Large Animals)

15 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Chlorambucil Monotherapy in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy of Probable Immune Origin: A Preliminary Study

by Felipe Díaz-Soler, María José Bernal, Franco Gonzalez, Ismael Pereira, Francisco Abusleme and Daniela Siel

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080721 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) involves a heterogeneous group of pathologies leading to selective glomerular damage and development of renal disease. ICGN, the main cause of PLN, requires immunosuppressive treatment. However, the scientific evidence in veterinary medicine on immunosuppressive therapeutic schemes in this condition is [...] Read more.

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) involves a heterogeneous group of pathologies leading to selective glomerular damage and development of renal disease. ICGN, the main cause of PLN, requires immunosuppressive treatment. However, the scientific evidence in veterinary medicine on immunosuppressive therapeutic schemes in this condition is limited. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and paraclinical evolution of five dogs with PLN, presumably associated with ICGN, treated with chlorambucil as immunosuppressive monotherapy. Suspected IGCN was established by the presence of a urine protein–creatinine ratio (UPC) ≥ 3 without response to standard therapy, hypoalbuminemia < 2, or progressive azotemia. Patients were treated with a dosage range of chlorambucil from 0.16 to 0.4 mg/kg (mean 0.25 mg/kg) every 24 h as the sole immunosuppressant. In the end, 4/5 patients showed significant clinical improvement, 3/3 had resolution of the nephrotic syndrome, 5/5 had a sustained decrease in UPC values during follow-up and no relevant adverse effects were observed. In this report, chlorambucil proved to be a well-tolerated and potentially effective monotherapy for immune-mediated PLN in dogs. Full article

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8 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description and Complications of a New Modified Semi-Closed Castration Technique in Horses

by Marco Gandini, Cristina Bertone and Gessica Giusto

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080720 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

Castration remains a common surgical procedure in equids, yet postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and eventration persist, influencing surgical outcomes. This retrospective study introduced a novel modified semi-closed castration technique aimed at minimizing these complications. Eighty-five sexually intact mature male equids (including [...] Read more.

Castration remains a common surgical procedure in equids, yet postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and eventration persist, influencing surgical outcomes. This retrospective study introduced a novel modified semi-closed castration technique aimed at minimizing these complications. Eighty-five sexually intact mature male equids (including horses, ponies, and donkeys) underwent the described inguinal castration procedure under general anesthesia. The technique involved a carefully managed opening and subsequent secure closure of the parietal vaginal tunic, enabling direct inspection of tunic contents while reducing risks associated with fully open or closed approaches. The median surgery duration was 60 min (range, 45–95), with no intraoperative complications. Postoperatively, only two equids (2.35%) exhibited scrotal swelling, which was resolved rapidly with NSAIDs. No cases of hemorrhage, pyrexia, or infection occurred. Follow-up, conducted via owner interviews after a minimum of three months, confirmed complete recovery and primary intention healing in all patients, who returned to normal activity within two days post-surgery. Compared to previously documented complication rates ranging from 2% to 48%, the present approach demonstrates superior results. Additionally, this study proposes refining existing castration technique classifications, focusing explicitly on the vaginal tunic’s status post-procedure (open, semi-closed, closed) for clarity and consistency. This novel semi-closed inguinal technique effectively integrates inspection advantages with closed technique safety, offering significantly reduced complication rates and enhanced postoperative recovery profiles in equids undergoing castration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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29 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Genomic Loci, Transcript Levels, and Serum Profiles of Immune and Antioxidant Markers Associated with Bacteria-Induced Abortion in Sheep (Ovis aries)

by Attia Eissa, Ahmed A. Elsayed, Amin Tahoun, Adel M. El-Kattan, Islam M. Wassif, Amani A. Hafez, Ragab Mohamed, Ahmed I. Ateya, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd, Aiman A. Ammari, Manal A. Babaker, Mansour A. Alghamdi, Torsten Bohn, Ammar AL-Farga and Hossam M. Aljawdah

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080719 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 476

Abstract

Aboudeleik sheep are a prominent native breed in desert and semi-desert areas, known for their adaptability to harsh climates and their utility in both milk and meat production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altitude-Linked Distribution Patterns of Serum and Hair Mineral Elements in Healthy Yak Calves from Ganzi Prefecture

by Chenglong Xia, Yao Pan, Jianping Wu, Dengzhu Luorong, Qingting Yu, Zhicai Zuo, Yue Xie, Xiaoping Ma, Lan Lan and Hongrui Guo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080718 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 186

Abstract

Mineral imbalances in livestock can critically impair growth, immunity, and productivity. Yaks inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau face unique environmental challenges, including high-altitude-induced nutrient variability. This study investigated the status of mineral elements and their correlations with altitude in healthy yak calves across five [...] Read more.

Mineral imbalances in livestock can critically impair growth, immunity, and productivity. Yaks inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau face unique environmental challenges, including high-altitude-induced nutrient variability. This study investigated the status of mineral elements and their correlations with altitude in healthy yak calves across five regions in Ganzi Prefecture, located at elevations ranging from 3100 to 4100 m. Hair and serum samples from 35 calves were analyzed for 11 essential elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Se). The results revealed widespread deficiencies. Key deficiencies were identified: hair Na and Co were significantly below references value (p < 0.05), and Se was consistently deficient across all regions, with deficiency rates ranging from 35.73% to 56.57%. Serum Mg and Cu were generally deficient (Mg deficiency > 26% above 3800 m). S, Mn (low detection), and Co were also suboptimal. Serum selenium deficiency was notably severe in lower-altitude areas (≤59.07%). Significant correlations with altitude were observed: hair sodium levels decreased with increasing altitude (r = −0.72), while hair manganese (r = 0.88) and cobalt (r = 0.65) levels increased. Serum magnesium deficiency became more pronounced at higher elevations (r = 0.58), whereas selenium deficiency in serum was more severe at lower altitudes (r = −0.61). These findings indicate prevalent multi-element deficiencies in yak calves that are closely linked to altitude and are potentially influenced by soil mineral composition and feeding practices, as suggested by previous studies. The study underscores the urgent need for region-specific nutritional standards and altitude-adapted mineral supplementation strategies to support optimal yak health and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

7 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Update on the Prevalence of the PCV2 Major Genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d in German Fattening Farms in 2024

by Matthias Eddicks, Sarah Ladurner Avilés, Stefanie Frauscher, Roman Krejici, Sven Reese, Robert Fux and Mathias Ritzmann

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080717 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The occurrence of PCV2 genotypes in domestic pig production is a dynamic process that undergoes continuous change. Beginning with PCV2a as the first recognized genotype, PCV2b, and subsequently PCV2d, has become the most prevalent one over time. The present study provides an update [...] Read more.

The occurrence of PCV2 genotypes in domestic pig production is a dynamic process that undergoes continuous change. Beginning with PCV2a as the first recognized genotype, PCV2b, and subsequently PCV2d, has become the most prevalent one over time. The present study provides an update on the prevalence of the three major PCV2 genotypes in Germany in 2024. A total of 87 fattening farms were randomly selected, proportionally based on farm density within the respective federal states. On each farm, oral fluid samples (OFs) were collected from approximately 100 pigs aged 18 (±1) weeks. Oral fluids (OFs) were pooled and screened for PCV2 DNA by qPCR. Positive samples were subsequently examined by genotype specific qPCR. In total, 31.0% (27/87) of all farms were identified as PCV2-positive. PCV2a was detected in 8.0% (7/87) of farms, while 3.4% (3/87) tested positive for both PCV2a and PCV2d. Overall, 11.5% (10/87) of all farms were PCV2d-positive. No significant effect of vaccination status of the pigs on the viral load or frequency of detection of PCV2 DNA was detected. Full article

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28 pages, 17610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Assessment of Intestinal Changes Induced by Liquid Whey-Enriched Diets in Pigs

by Kamel Mhalhel, Mauro Cavallaro, Lidia Pansera, Leyanis Herrera Ledesma, Maria Levanti, Antonino Germanà, Anna Maria Sutera, Giuseppe Tardiolo, Alessandro Zumbo, Marialuisa Aragona and Giuseppe Montalbano

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080716 - 30 Jul 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 [...] Read more.

Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 crossbred pigs divided into control (fed 3% of their body weight pelleted feed) and LW (fed 3% of their body weight supplemented with 1.5 L of LW) groups. The results show a significantly increased body weight gain in LW pigs during the second half of the experiment. Moreover, an increased ileal villus height, deeper crypts, and a thicker muscularis externa in the duodenum and jejunum have been reported in LW-fed pigs. Goblet cell count revealed a significant abundance of these cells in duodenal villi and jejunal crypts of the LW group, suggesting enhanced mucosal defense in all segments of LW-fed pigs. While Cholecystokinin8 and Galanin showed the same expression pattern among both groups and SI segments, the leptin expression was significantly higher in LW swine. These findings indicate that LW promotes growth, gut mucosa remodeling, and neuroendocrine signaling, thus supporting LW use as a functional dietary strategy with attention to the adaptation period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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18 pages, 5970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isotonic Protein Solution Supplementation Enhances Growth Performance, Intestinal Immunity, and Beneficial Microbiota in Suckling Piglets

by Changliang Gong, Zhuohang Hao, Xinyi Liao, Robert J. Collier, Yao Xiao, Yongju Zhao and Xiaochuan Chen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080715 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Suckling is crucial for piglet intestinal development and gut health, as it improves resilience during the challenging weaning phase and promotes subsequent growth. IPS, comprising Na⁺/K⁺ ions, whey protein, and glucose, has been shown to have positive effects on animal [...] Read more.

Suckling is crucial for piglet intestinal development and gut health, as it improves resilience during the challenging weaning phase and promotes subsequent growth. IPS, comprising Na⁺/K⁺ ions, whey protein, and glucose, has been shown to have positive effects on animal growth and intestinal health. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of IPS consumption on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal growth and development, and microbiota structure of suckling piglets. A total of 160 newborn piglets were randomly divided into control and IPS groups, with IPS supplementation starting from 2 to 8 days after birth and continuing until 3 days before weaning. The findings revealed that IPS boosted the body weight at 24 days by 3.6% (p < 0.05) and improved the body weight gain from 16 to 24 days by 15.7% (p < 0.05). Additionally, the jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the IPS group were notably increased to 1.08 and 1.31 times (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control group. Furthermore, IPS elevated the plasma levels of IgA and IgM, reduced the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and enhanced the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in the jejunal mucosa of suckling piglets. Furthermore, IPS upregulated the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins GLP-2, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 in jejunal tissue, while downregulating the regulatory genes in the Toll-like pathway, including MyD88 and TLR-4 (p < 0.05). The analysis of gut microbiota indicated that IPS altered the relative abundance of gut microbes, with an increase in beneficial bacteria like Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that IPS supplementation enhances weaning weight, growth performance, immune function, and intestinal development in piglets, supporting the integration of IPS supplementation in the management of pre-weaning piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 61 articles

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