Veterinary Sciences

16 pages, 10990 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Preoperative and Postoperative Ozone Therapy in Cats Presenting Extensive Wounds Treated by Reconstructive Surgery Methods—A Short Case Series

by Nicușor Valentin Oros, Călin Cosmin Repciuc, Lucia Victoria Bel, Iulia Melega, Andreea Niculina Pertea and Liviu Ioan Oana

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080786 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The therapeutic management of extensive skin wounds in cats can be time-consuming and require multiple therapeutic interventions, which can have significant financial implications for pet owners. Reconstructive surgery is often necessary to close skin defects with tissue loss to provide a quicker patient [...] Read more.

The therapeutic management of extensive skin wounds in cats can be time-consuming and require multiple therapeutic interventions, which can have significant financial implications for pet owners. Reconstructive surgery is often necessary to close skin defects with tissue loss to provide a quicker patient recovery. Conventional therapies like systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and local dressings are not always successful due to antibiotic resistance or a poor response, such as no or delayed healing. For more than a century, ozone has been utilized as an excellent disinfectant, but caution should be taken due to its oxidizing properties. Only in the past decade have numerous studies established therapeutic dose ranges for a wider medical use of ozone. The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate ozone therapy as a complementary treatment supporting and completing plastic and reconstructive surgery in 4 cats with extensive skin defects. The results obtained, following the local application of ozone therapy before and after skin reconstruction in our patients, encourage the use of ozone as a complementary therapy in the management of extensive skin wounds treated surgically by different reconstructive techniques. Full article

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20 pages, 4832 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthetic Collagen-Analog Hydrogels Stimulate Endogenous Regrowth of Rabbit Corneas: A Pilot Study

by Iris Timmerman, Marie-Claude Robert, Claire Vergneau-Grosset, Tristan Juette, Javier Benito, Marta Garbin, Mostafa Zamani-Roudbaraki, Mona Moradi, Hamid Goodarzi, Christos Boutopoulos, Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano, May Griffith and Maria Vanore

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080785 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Pro-regenerative corneal implants are being developed to improve corneal healing for companion animals in clinical practice. This pilot study evaluated early corneal tissue and nerve regeneration using biosynthetic collagen-analog hydrogels (CAH) in liquid and solid forms. Their efficacy was compared to each other [...] Read more.

Pro-regenerative corneal implants are being developed to improve corneal healing for companion animals in clinical practice. This pilot study evaluated early corneal tissue and nerve regeneration using biosynthetic collagen-analog hydrogels (CAH) in liquid and solid forms. Their efficacy was compared to each other and to allografts on nine white New Zealand rabbits, divided in three groups of three. Each rabbit cornea underwent keratectomy followed by grafting with either a control allograft cornea, liquid injectable, or solid CAH implant. Corneal healing was assessed over 16 weeks using clinical exams, esthesiometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography. One rabbit per group was euthanized at 3, 10, and 16 weeks for histopathological analysis. Both liquid and solid implants enabled corneal re-epithelialization and regeneration of stromal tissue and corneal nerves. Esthesiometric values indicated faster nerve regeneration in rabbits grafted with biosynthetic implants compared to allografts (p < 0.005). By 16 weeks, regenerated neocorneas achieved transparency comparable to allografts. Solid and liquid CAH implants supported complete corneal tissue and nerve regeneration in the studied rabbits. These results suggest that with further research and development, the current gold standard for corneal transplantation could be replaced by high-performing, easily produced biosynthetic alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision in Focus: Advances in Veterinary Ophthalmology)

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11 pages, 238 KB

Open AccessReview

Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Diseases in Non-Human Primates

by Bruno Pires Miranda, Amanda Figueira da Silva, Júlia de Castro Ascenção, Rhagner Bonono dos Reis, Marcio Vinícius Marins Teixeira, Marcos Tobias de Santana Miglionico and Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080784 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Background: Periodontal disease in non-human primates (NHPs) has gained relevance due to its similarities with human pathology and its potential to influence systemic health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and the development of systemic conditions [...] Read more.

Background: Periodontal disease in non-human primates (NHPs) has gained relevance due to its similarities with human pathology and its potential to influence systemic health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and the development of systemic conditions in NHPs, aiming to understand the mechanisms involved and their clinical significance. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted using the PICO strategy, including observational studies, experimental research, and integrative reviews that examined periodontal disease in NHPs and its association with systemic diseases. Results: A total of eleven studies were analyzed, revealing consistent associations between periodontal disease and systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The reviewed studies identified inflammatory pathways, including elevated cytokines, acute-phase proteins and immune responses, as key mediators linking periodontal disease to systemic dysfunction. Oral pathogens and chronic inflammation were shown to impact distant organs, suggesting a broader role of oral health in systemic disease. Conclusions: The findings support the hypothesis that periodontal disease in NHPs contributes to systemic disease progression and is not merely a localized condition. Full article

9 pages, 241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploratory Study of the Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio in Apparently Healthy Horses

by Simona Kovarikova, Jana Blahova, Veronika Steffenova, Natalie Vaskova and Petr Jahn

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080783 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Currently, there is relatively little published information on the urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio in horses, a parameter commonly used in dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to determine the reference range of UPC in urine samples of apparently healthy horses [...] Read more.

Currently, there is relatively little published information on the urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio in horses, a parameter commonly used in dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to determine the reference range of UPC in urine samples of apparently healthy horses and to assess the influence of age and sex. Urinalysis and the determination of urinary protein and creatinine concentrations and ratios were performed. A total of 118 urine samples from apparently healthy horses were included in the study: 10 from foals younger than 6 months and 108 from horses older than 1 year. The median UPC for foals younger than 6 months and horses aged 1–4 years, 5–10 years, 11–17 years and older than 18 years were 0.074, 0.073, 0.070, 0.083, and 0.070, respectively. Using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, statistically significant differences were found between the youngest age group and both groups of adult horses (i.e., 5–10 years and 11–17 years); however, these differences were not confirmed by the General Linear Model, likely due to the small sample sizes in some categories. There was no effect of sex on UPC. The indicative reference range was set for the group of horses aged 5–17 years as 0.02–0.18. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Clinical Pathology: Focus on Hematology and Biochemical Diagnostics)

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12 pages, 9670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometric Characterization and Zoometric Indices of High-Andean Creole Cows from Southern Peru

by Ruth Ccalta, Rito Felipe Huayta Arizaca, Elvis Lizandro Salcedo Quispe, Anthony Valverde, Hernán Carlos Cucho Dolmos, Ali William Canaza-Cayo, Alex Yony Acuña Leiva and Richard Estrada

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080782 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

High-Andean Creole cattle represent a genetic resource with significant adaptive value in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, 151 Creole cows from the provinces of Canas and Quispicanchis (Cusco, Peru) were evaluated to characterize their morphometry, calculate zoometric indices, and establish functional biotypes. Ten [...] Read more.

High-Andean Creole cattle represent a genetic resource with significant adaptive value in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, 151 Creole cows from the provinces of Canas and Quispicanchis (Cusco, Peru) were evaluated to characterize their morphometry, calculate zoometric indices, and establish functional biotypes. Ten morphometric parameters were measured, and eight structural indices were calculated. Four differentiated biotypes were identified through the multivariate analysis and hierarchical clustering of quantitative variables (BI, BII, BIII, and BIV). Morphological differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and associated with different productive orientations. Biotype I showed greater thoracic development and a compact structure, which is compatible with intermediate beefaptitude; Biotype II exhibited more elongated proportions and a lower weight, indicating a dairy tendency; Biotype III stood out for its muscle mass, thoracic depth, and pelvic width, evidencing a clear beef orientation; and Biotype IV combined a higher weight, rectangular conformation, and wide pelvis, showing potential for beef production and ease of calving. Functional differentiation was supported by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA tests. Correlations between morphometric variables and zoometric indices revealed anatomical patterns consistent with the productive functions proposed. The results highlight the morpho-functional diversity of Andean Creole cattle and their potential for conservation and improvement programs in extensive highland systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Histology and Morphology)

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20 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessReview

Diagnosis of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: A Narrative Review

by Claudia Vitturini, Matteo Cerquetella, Andrea Spaterna, Marilena Bazzano and Andrea Marchegiani

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080781 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Many recent progresses in the overall quality of life have allowed for an increase in life expectancy, both in humans and in dogs. In addition, long-lived individuals may develop neurodegenerative disorders, and one of the most important in human medicine is Alzheimer’s disease [...] Read more.

Many recent progresses in the overall quality of life have allowed for an increase in life expectancy, both in humans and in dogs. In addition, long-lived individuals may develop neurodegenerative disorders, and one of the most important in human medicine is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In veterinary medicine, the AD counterpart is Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS), which, generally, affects elderly dogs from 8 years of age. These cognitive disorders are becoming frequently encountered conditions and, despite researchers’ attention towards pathogenesis, treatment and diagnosis, more efforts are required to outline which clinical and laboratory evaluations must be carried out to reach a presumptive antemortem diagnosis of CCDS. The biggest need is the establishment of standardized protocols and guidelines for a correct clinical and diagnostic approach towards dogs with clinical signs referrable to CCDS. In this narrative review, we examined the up-to-date scientific literature on the topic, focusing our attention on sensitive and reliable markers for clinical antemortem CCDS diagnosis. Even if some parameters analyzed are interesting and promising, more investigations are needed to confirm the results obtained so far. This is crucial because a correct diagnosis is fundamental to determine the best treatment and, thus, to guarantee animals’ health and welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

15 pages, 8312 KB

Open AccessReview

Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

by Nicola J. Menzies-Gow

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080780 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common, slowly progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the older horse. Oxidative damage to the hypothalamic periventricular neurons results in loss of dopaminergic inhibition of the pars intermedia region of the pituitary gland. Consequently, there is increased production [...] Read more.

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common, slowly progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the older horse. Oxidative damage to the hypothalamic periventricular neurons results in loss of dopaminergic inhibition of the pars intermedia region of the pituitary gland. Consequently, there is increased production of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived hormones normally produced by this region, as well as initial melanocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, followed by adenomatous change. Clinical signs that are highly suggestive of the disease are generalised and regional hypertrichosis and delayed/abnormal coat shedding. Numerous clinical signs provide a moderate clinical suspicion, including hyperhidrosis, abnormal fat distribution/regional adiposity, epaxial muscle atrophy/loss of topline, laminitis, weight loss, recurrent infections, behavioural changes/lethargy, polyuria and polydipsia, a pot-bellied appearance, bulging supraorbital fat pads, reduced wound healing, lordosis and infertility. In all animals, a diagnosis of PPID is made based on the signalment, clinical signs and results of further diagnostic tests, with age being a crucial factor to consider. Currently recommended further diagnostic tests are measurement of basal adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations (all year) and evaluation of the ACTH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) using seasonally adjusted references intervals (non-autumn). Animals should also be tested for insulin dysregulation, as laminitis risk in PPID is associated with hyperinsulinaemia. PPID can be managed but not cured; it is a lifelong condition. The individual clinical signs can be managed, e.g., clipping the excessive haircoat and providing unrestricted access to water for individuals with polydipsia. Alternatively, pharmacological management can be employed, and the dopamine-2 receptor agonist pergolide is licensed/approved for the treatment of equine PPID. This should be prescribed in combination with dietary recommendations based on the body condition score and insulin sensitivity status of the individual animal. Full article

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7 pages, 202 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Liquid Hydrolyzed Fish Protein (Anchovy) in the Canine Diet: A Focus on Gut Fermentation and Fecal Quality

by Elisa Martello, Annalisa Costale, Fabrizio Ferrarini, Diana Vergnano, Gianandrea Guidetti and Giorgia Meineri

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080779 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Hydrolyzed protein is increasingly used in pet food, especially for animals with adverse reactions to food or gastrointestinal issues. This randomized, double-blind controlled trial evaluated the effects of a diet containing hydrolyzed anchovy protein on the gut health of healthy adult West Highland [...] Read more.

Hydrolyzed protein is increasingly used in pet food, especially for animals with adverse reactions to food or gastrointestinal issues. This randomized, double-blind controlled trial evaluated the effects of a diet containing hydrolyzed anchovy protein on the gut health of healthy adult West Highland white terriers (5 males, 25 females; 5.6–9 kg). The dogs were randomly assigned to a control group (CTR, n = 15), receiving a standard commercial diet, or a treatment group (TRT, n = 15), fed a diet partially replacing anchovy meal with hydrolyzed anchovy protein for 42 days. All the dogs underwent a veterinary health check at baseline (T0) and remained healthy throughout the study. The food and water intake were recorded daily. The body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS, 1–9), and fecal score (FS, 1–7) were assessed at days 0, 21, and 42. Fecal samples were collected at T0 and T42 to measure calprotectin, cortisol, and putrefactive compounds (indole and skatole). No significant differences were found between the groups in the BW, BCS, FS, calprotectin, or cortisol. However, the TRT group showed a significant reduction in fecal indole and skatole. The results suggest that hydrolyzed anchovy protein may improve gut fermentation and support better digestive health in dogs, leading to reduced fecal odor and increased owner satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

31 pages, 617 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review: Bovine Respiratory Disease, Current Insights into Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Vaccination

by Stephanie O’Donoghue, Sinéad M. Waters, Derek W. Morris and Bernadette Earley

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080778 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The aim of this comprehensive review is to synthesize current knowledge on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), enhance diagnostic strategies, and support effective prevention and management practises. BRD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle, driven by a complex interplay of [...] Read more.

The aim of this comprehensive review is to synthesize current knowledge on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), enhance diagnostic strategies, and support effective prevention and management practises. BRD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle, driven by a complex interplay of viral and bacterial pathogens, host factors, environmental stressors, and management conditions. Its prevalence (2.1% to 20.2%) varies across geographical regions, age groups, and diagnostic methods. BRD leads to significant economic losses through direct impacts such as mortality, reduced growth rates, and lighter carcass weights, as well as indirect costs like market restrictions and long-term productivity declines. Diagnosing BRD is challenging due to its non-specific clinical signs and frequent subclinical presentations. Traditional diagnostic tools like clinical respiratory scoring (CRS) systems provide structure but suffer from low sensitivity and subjectivity. Behavioural monitoring shows promise by detecting early changes in feeding, movement, and social behaviours. Thoracic auscultation is widely used but limited in accuracy. Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) stands out as a more sensitive method for detecting subclinical disease and correlating with growth outcomes. Combining CRS with TUS enhances early and accurate detection. Advancing diagnostic approaches is critical for improving animal health and minimizing economic losses in cattle production systems. Full article

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18 pages, 540 KB

Open AccessReview

The Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS): Beyond Cardiovascular Regulation

by Agnese Valentini, Romy M. Heilmann, Anna Kühne, Lucia Biagini, Danilo De Bellis and Giacomo Rossi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080777 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular function, fluid balance, and blood pressure. Recent research has revealed the RAAS’s influence extends beyond cardiovascular physiology, encompassing key roles in inflammation, fibrosis, immune regulation, cancer progression, and organ-specific disease mechanisms. This [...] Read more.

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular function, fluid balance, and blood pressure. Recent research has revealed the RAAS’s influence extends beyond cardiovascular physiology, encompassing key roles in inflammation, fibrosis, immune regulation, cancer progression, and organ-specific disease mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of classical and alternative RAAS pathways, focusing on the dual roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang 1–7), mediated through AT1R, AT2R, MasR, and MrgD receptors. We discuss molecular signaling cascades, including mitochondrial, nuclear, and caveolae-mediated mechanisms, and explore the impact of RAAS modulation on hepatic fibrosis, vascular remodeling, and autoimmune inflammation. Genetic models and emerging pharmacologic strategies illustrate tissue-specific RAAS actions, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of enhancing the ACE2/Ang 1–7/Mas axis while inhibiting the deleterious ACE/Ang II/AT1R signaling. Furthermore, we highlight implications for veterinary medicine, particularly in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies, where RAAS dysfunction may contribute to treatment resistance. Understanding RAAS complexity and inter-receptor crosstalk is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting cardiovascular, hepatic, and inflammatory diseases in both human and veterinary contexts. Full article

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16 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Among Shagya Arabian Horse Genealogical Lineages in Bulgaria Based on Microsatellite Genotyping

by Georgi Yordanov, Teodor Yordanov, Ivan Mehandjyiski, Georgi Radoslavov, Delka Salkova and Peter Hristov

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080776 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The Shagya Arabian horse breed was created to address the need of Imperial Hussars (Hungarian light horsemen) for a horse with the intelligence, essential characteristics, and endurance of the Arabian breed, but also of a bigger size and having a better weight-carrying capacity [...] Read more.

The Shagya Arabian horse breed was created to address the need of Imperial Hussars (Hungarian light horsemen) for a horse with the intelligence, essential characteristics, and endurance of the Arabian breed, but also of a bigger size and having a better weight-carrying capacity and jumping ability. The present study aimed to explore the genetic variability and population structure of the uninvestigated Shagya Arabian horse population in Bulgaria based on genotyping at 15 equine microsatellite markers. A total of 140 horses belonging to six genealogical lines (Dahoman, Gazal, Ibrahim, Kuhailan Zaid, O’Bajan, and Shagya) were included in the survey. Genetic distances, analysis of molecular variance, principal coordinates analysis, and a Bayesian method were applied. The mean number of alleles in the individual subpopulations ranged from 3.67 in the Shagya to 5.13 in the Ibrahim sire line. The F_IS index was negative or close to 0 for the entire population and was −0.202. The overall F_ST was 0.014, indicating a low level of genetic differentiation between the subpopulations. The results of the principal components and the STRUCTURE analysis showed some level of admixture among the subpopulations in almost all genealogical lines. However, structural analysis also indicated a genetic similarity between the Ibrahim, Kuhailan Zaid, and Shagya lineages, while it showed a completely different genetic profile regarding the other three sire lines. Due to the higher admixture and the discovery of more distinct genetic clusters, it can be assumed that there is a higher gene flow from one lineage to another in the Shagya Arabian horse population in Bulgaria and that there is sufficient genetic variability and diversity to suggest adequate measures for preserving this rare breed. In addition, this study may highlight the risk of the loss of gene diversity in this population and help to implement suitable breeding programs to preserve genetic diversity. Full article

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20 pages, 2822 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity of Paederia foetida Linn. Leaf Extract and Its Effect on Bovine Sperm Quality

by Sasitorn Phankhieo, Jiraporn Laoung-on, Ranida Quiggins, Pimchanok Nuchniyom and Paiwan Sudwan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080775 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Paederia foetida Linn. (P. foetida) is a wild vegetable native to both temperate and tropical regions of Asia, including Thailand. Traditionally, its leaves are believed to offer various health benefits, including promoting longevity and enhancing sexual performance. The purpose of the [...] Read more.

Paederia foetida Linn. (P. foetida) is a wild vegetable native to both temperate and tropical regions of Asia, including Thailand. Traditionally, its leaves are believed to offer various health benefits, including promoting longevity and enhancing sexual performance. The purpose of the present study is to examine the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant efficacy and determine the influence on bovine sperm quality of aqueous leaf extracts. The powder of leaves was extracted with distilled water at 80 °C and analyzed for phytochemicals using HPLC for antioxidant properties and effects on sperm. Sperm samples were divided into five groups and treated with extract concentrations of 0.1375, 0.275, 0.55, 1.10, and 2.20 mg/mL and compared with a control (Krebs solution). The extract contained phenolic compounds and flavonoids. It exhibited potent scavenging efficacy against DPPH and ABTS radicals and inhibited LPO but showed low reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and low inhibition of AOPP formation. No significant changes in sperm quality were observed with 0.1375, 0.275, 0.55, and 1.10 mg/mL, while 2.20 mg/mL caused a significant increase in abnormal sperm. In conclusion, P. foetida leaf extract has antioxidant potential and at concentrations up to 1.10 mg/mL is not detrimental to sperm quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Cardiac Biomarkers in Lambs with White Muscle Disease

by Gencay Ekinci, Murat Eren, Kübra Yağlı, Celil Bendeş, Görkem Ekebaş, Emre Tüfekçi, Sefa Güzel, Latife Çakır Bayram, Ali Cesur Onmaz, Vehbi Güneş, Mehmet Çitil and İhsan Keleş

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080774 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

White muscle disease (WMD) is a degenerative condition of the skeletal and/or cardiac muscle associated with selenium (Se) and/or vitamin E deficiency, which can present in acute, subacute, or chronic forms, and is most commonly observed in young, rapidly growing animals, though it [...] Read more.

White muscle disease (WMD) is a degenerative condition of the skeletal and/or cardiac muscle associated with selenium (Se) and/or vitamin E deficiency, which can present in acute, subacute, or chronic forms, and is most commonly observed in young, rapidly growing animals, though it may also occur in older individuals. This study aims to determine the serum concentrations of galectin-3 (Gal-3), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as well as the activity of creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), in lambs diagnosed with WMD, and to investigate the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers in the evaluation of myocardial injury and skeletal and/or cardiac muscle necrosis associated with WMD. A total of 50 lambs, 20 healthy and 30 with WMD, were included in the study. The diagnosis of WMD was made based on clinical signs, laboratory results, necropsy findings, and blood vitamin E and Se concentrations. The lambs in the WMD group were categorized into two subgroups: confirmed, severe aWMD (acute animals, n = 10) lambs and presumed sWMD (subacute animals, n = 20), based on the clinical progression and severity of the disease. Serum levels of NT-proBNP, Gal-3, and cTnI were assessed using the ELISA technique. Levels of cTnI and CK-MB indicative of myocardial injury were found to be considerably elevated in the aWMD group (p < 0.001) in comparison to both the sWMD and control groups. CK-MB showed a strong positive correlation with cTnI (r = 0.819, p < 0.001). The serum concentrations of Gal-3 and NT-proBNP in healthy lambs were 2.55 ± 0.52 ng/mL and 3.28 ± 0.71 ng/mL, respectively. Serum Gal-3 concentrations were measured as 2.99 ± 0.44 ng/mL in the aWMD group and 3.07 ± 0.42 ng/mL in the sWMD group, while NT-proBNP concentrations were 2.15 ± 0.32 ng/mL and 2.64 ± 0.55 ng/mL in the aWMD and sWMD groups, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in serum Gal-3 or NT-proBNP levels among the three groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study is the first investigation assessing serum concentrations of Gal-3 and NT-proBNP in lambs afflicted with WMD. The results suggest that Gal-3 and NT-proBNP are ineffective biomarkers for assessing myocardial injury and skeletal and/or cardiac muscle necrosis associated with WMD in lambs. However, cTnI and CK-MB appear to be significant indicators of cardiac involvement in both acute and subacute scenarios. Further research is required to elucidate the molecular function of Gal-3 in muscle and cardiac disease in lambs afflicted with WMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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15 pages, 896 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human–Chelonian Bond in Italy: An Exploratory Study of Pet Turtle and Tortoise Ownership

by Carmen Borrelli, Alexandre Azevedo, Manuel Magalhães-Sant’Ana and Chiara Mariti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080773 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The adoption of exotic animals as pets is increasing across Europe. This study explores the human–chelonian relationship in the Italian population, specifically the motivations for acquiring reptiles as pets and the nature of the emotional bonds between guardians and chelonians. A total of [...] Read more.

The adoption of exotic animals as pets is increasing across Europe. This study explores the human–chelonian relationship in the Italian population, specifically the motivations for acquiring reptiles as pets and the nature of the emotional bonds between guardians and chelonians. A total of 91 chelonian guardians replied to an online survey. Data was analyzed through a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. Most participants (85.7%) owned Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni), having received them as gifts (50.5%) or purchased them (31.9%). Pet chelonians living outdoors had an almost five times higher odds of being reported as non-family members compared to those with indoor access (OR = 4.90, 95% CI = 1.34–23.41, p = 0.02). No significant relationship was detected between other demographic factors and bond type. When asked whether they consider their pet a family member, 70 out of 91 participants reported information for both their reptile and dog/cat. Among these, pets were seen as family members for 44.3% of chelonians and 92.4% of dogs/cats. In turn, qualitative responses from 85 participants showed that 45% expressed a strong emotional connection to their pet chelonians, using language denoting affection, love, and fascination. These findings suggest that, while emotional bonds between guardians and chelonians may be less interactive and intimate than those with conventional pets, they nonetheless reflect a meaningful bond rooted in personal values of entertainment, convenience, and duty of care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Care: Exploring the Human–Animal Relationship in Veterinary Medicine)

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42 pages, 1635 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Toxoplasmosis: What We Still Need to Do

by Muhammad Farhab, Muhammad Waqar Aziz, Aftab Shaukat, Ming-Xing Cao, Zhaofeng Hou, Si-Yang Huang, Ling Li and Yu-Guo Yuan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080772 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for the disease toxoplasmosis and has the broadest host range among apicomplexan parasites, as it infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and emerging public health concern with considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, [...] Read more.

Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for the disease toxoplasmosis and has the broadest host range among apicomplexan parasites, as it infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and emerging public health concern with considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, affecting approximately one-third of the world’s human population. Clinical presentation varies among species, and the infection establishes lifelong chronicity in hosts. Most of the host species (including healthy humans) are asymptomatic on the one hand, it is fatal to marsupials, neotropical primates and some marine mammals on the other hand. In immunocompetent humans, infection is typically asymptomatic, whereas immunocompromised individuals may develop disseminated disease affecting virtually any organ system—most commonly reproductive, cerebral, and ocular systems. Toxoplasmosis spreads by ingestion of food or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts, consumption of undercooked/raw meat containing tissue cysts, transplacental transmission from mother to fetus, or by receiving infected organ/blood from the infected individual. Toxoplasmosis is mainly diagnosed by serologic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is treated with pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine or clindamycin, often supplemented with leucovorin, atovaquone, and dexamethasone. Despite having many potent anti-T. gondii antigenic candidates, there is no commercially available vaccine for humans due to many factors, including the complex life cycle of the parasite and its evasion strategies. To date, the only commercially available anti-T. gondii vaccine is for sheep, licensed for veterinary use to prevent ovine abortions. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of toxoplasmosis. Full article

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12 pages, 734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis in Clinically Suspect Dogs and Its Association with Clinical and Social Factors in Urban and Rural Areas of North-Central Mexico

by Mario Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas-Arias, Rafael Rodríguez-Venegas, Pedro Antonio Robles-Trillo, Francisco Gerardo Véliz-Deras, Alan Sebastián Alvarado-Espino, Vicente Homero González-Álvarez, Martín Alfredo Legarreta-González and Rafael Rodríguez-Martínez

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080771 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1425

Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis in clinically suspect dogs in the Laguna Region of Coahuila, Mexico, and to analyse its association with several clinical, haematological, and social variables. The present study focuses on the veterinary [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis in clinically suspect dogs in the Laguna Region of Coahuila, Mexico, and to analyse its association with several clinical, haematological, and social variables. The present study focuses on the veterinary care provided to a total of 249 dogs during the period from August 2023 to November 2024. The implementation of an immunochromatographic test was undertaken for the purpose of antibody detection. The observed seroprevalence was 63.9% (n = 156). Firstly, statistically significant associations were identified with clinical haemorrhagic signs (77.33%; OR = 5.03; p < 0.001), anaemia (81.25%; OR = 4.17; p < 0.001), and thrombocytopenia (96.26%; OR = 43.24; p < 0.001). Secondly, rural dogs exhibited a higher prevalence (70.54%) compared to urban dogs (54.17%), which was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis and logistic regression identified thrombocytopenia as the most robust predictor. The findings emphasise the substantial circulation of Ehrlichia canis in the region, thereby reinforcing the clinical significance of haemorrhagic manifestations and haematological parameters as diagnostic tools in low-resource settings. The implementation of epidemiological surveillance, vector control, and community education programmes is recommended in order to reduce the impact of this disease on animal and public health. Full article

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29 pages, 787 KB

Open AccessReview

Proposed Physiological and Neurobiological Mechanisms of Music’s Effect, with a Focus on the Perioperative Period: Literature Evidence from Human, Canine and Feline Medicine

by Stefanos G. Georgiou and Apostolos D. Galatos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080770 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 666

Abstract

There is growing evidence regarding non-pharmacological therapies such as music as a supportive approach for the treatment of various clinical conditions in humans. Physiological and neurobiological research suggests that music exposure is related to endorphin, endocannabinoid and dopamine release, favourable effects on autonomic [...] Read more.

There is growing evidence regarding non-pharmacological therapies such as music as a supportive approach for the treatment of various clinical conditions in humans. Physiological and neurobiological research suggests that music exposure is related to endorphin, endocannabinoid and dopamine release, favourable effects on autonomic nervous system functioning and is associated with decreased pain perception and reduced stress response. Further evidence in humans demonstrates a beneficial role of music application during the perioperative period by improving various outcome measures, such as the perioperative stress and anxiety levels, the sedation or general anaesthetic requirements, the pain levels, the analgesic requirements and other parameters related to patient prognosis, without reported side effects. Accordingly, such interventions have been considered as a method of environmental enrichment for animal welfare enhancement, by masking potentially disturbing background noises and by ameliorating anxiety or aggressive behaviours in different stressful settings in dogs and cats. Furthermore, research has been lately extended to the potential music’s effect in these species during the perioperative period, considered a stressful setting, as well. This review presents the existing evidence of music application focusing on the perioperative period of dogs and cats, as part of a multimodal approach, to improve their surgical outcome and welfare. Full article

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20 pages, 4605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing and Evaluating a Digital Pathology Platform for Veterinary Students: A Case Study in Romania

by Bogdan Gabriel Fuerea, Raluca Ioana Rizac, Andrei Robert Botez and Manuella Militaru

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080769 - 17 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This paper reports on the development and implementation of a digital pathology platform aimed at improving veterinary students’ learning experiences. Traditional pathology labs limit individual access to physical slides, restricting independent study and detailed examination. The platform provides on-demand access to a comprehensive [...] Read more.

This paper reports on the development and implementation of a digital pathology platform aimed at improving veterinary students’ learning experiences. Traditional pathology labs limit individual access to physical slides, restricting independent study and detailed examination. The platform provides on-demand access to a comprehensive library of high-resolution digital slides, enabling flexible and personalized learning. Using a mixed-method approach, including surveys and usage analytics, we evaluated its impact on student outcomes. Results showed a significant increase in student engagement and satisfaction, with median usefulness ratings of 5 on a 5-point scale. Usage data indicated enhanced study habits, including increased incidence of students reviewing digital slides independently compared to traditional methods. Qualitative feedback highlighted the platform’s high-resolution imaging and zoom functionality as key features improving students’ understanding of histopathological details. Minor challenges during digitization were addressed to optimize accessibility and interactivity. Overall, this digital platform supports the development of essential diagnostic skills and aligns with contemporary veterinary education skills. The findings demonstrate that integrating digital pathology resources can effectively complement conventional teaching, fostering deeper learning and greater flexibility in study practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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17 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessArticle

Individual and Combined Effect of Zinc-L-Selenomethionine Complex with Mannan-Oligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Gut Development and Immune Response in Broilers

by Hammad Talib, Ehsaan Ullah Khan, Muhammad Muneeb, Abdul Mateen, Saima Naveed, Jibran Hussain, Sohail Ahmad, Elham Assadi Soumeh and Abdulkareem M. Matar

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080768 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Due to the increased restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), natural substitutes such as organic selenium and prebiotics are gaining increased attention to enhance the gut health and performance of broilers. This study aimed at assessing the effects of organic selenium separately and [...] Read more.

Due to the increased restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), natural substitutes such as organic selenium and prebiotics are gaining increased attention to enhance the gut health and performance of broilers. This study aimed at assessing the effects of organic selenium separately and in combination with mannan-oligosaccharides (MOSs) on gut development, immunity, carcass traits and overall growth performance in broiler chickens. For this study, 528-day-old straight-run broiler chicks (Ross-308) were assigned to four dietary treatments (six replicates of 22 birds each), in a completely randomized design under a 2 × 2 factorial layout, including: (1) Se0.2 (0.20 mg/kg organic selenium), (2) Se0.2 + MOS (0.20 mg/kg selenium + 1 g/kg MOS), (3) Se0.4 (0.40 mg/kg selenium) and (4) Se0.4 + MOS (0.40 mg/kg selenium + 1 g/kg MOS). The results showed that the lower level of organic selenium, along with MOS (Se0.2 + MOS), resulted in significantly enhanced (p ≤ 0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight gain and livability. Whereas the higher level of organic selenium, along with prebiotic (Se0.4 + MOS), remarkably (p ≤ 0.05) improved carcass traits, immunity and villus height in broilers. In conclusion, the combined provision of 0.4 mg/kg organic Se and 1 g/kg MOS optimally enhances broiler performance, immunity and gut health, offering a promising substitute to AGPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Health of Monogastric Animals)

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10 pages, 381 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Multiwave Locked System Laser Treatment Reduces the Bacterial Load in the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs After Plaque Removal

by Ivana Pallante, Paolo Squarzoni, Elisa Mazzotta, Nicola Pozzato and Monica Monici

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080767 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a prevalent condition in companion animals. It is crucial to prevent the plaque and bacteria on tooth surfaces to avoid gingivitis and the more harmful periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of MLS laser [...] Read more.

Periodontal disease is a prevalent condition in companion animals. It is crucial to prevent the plaque and bacteria on tooth surfaces to avoid gingivitis and the more harmful periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of MLS laser treatment on the bacterial load by analyzing the gingival swabs of a total of 16 owned dogs with no history of dental disease that were selected from a cohort of patients admitted for plaque removal and dental hygiene procedures. Following each dental hygiene session, each dog received a single MLS laser therapy treatment (808–905 nm diode laser, frequency 36 Hz, and fluence 0.16 J/cm²). Swabs were collected from the two upper premolars before and after the laser treatment. These were submitted for mesophilic bacteria counts, and microbiological analysis was conducted on 10 positive cultures to evaluate the changes in the oral bacterial microbiota. MLS laser therapy statistically significantly reduced the mesophilic bacteria count by 1 log, with higher pre-laser treatment counts (n = 0.44; 5.77 ± 0.21 95%CI) in comparison to post-laser treatment counts (n = 0.73; 4.80 ± 0.346 95%CI). The MLS laser therapy was found to reduce the bacterial load in 80% of the subjects (p < 0.05). No significant differences pre- and post-laser treatment were observed in the bacteria species isolated from the microbiological cultures. MLS laser therapy appears to be a useful, non-invasive method for reducing the bacterial load in the treatment and prophylaxis of periodontal disease in dogs. Full article

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20 pages, 1731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Body Condition in Long-Distance Sled Dogs: Validation of the Body Condition Score and Its Association with Ultrasonographic, Plicometric, and Anthropometric Measurements

by Sergio Maffi, Alice Bonometti, Chiara Chiaffredo, Andrea Galimberti, Chiara Barletta, Katia Morselli, Laura Menchetti and Alda Quattrone

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080766 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 380

Abstract

This study aimed to validate the 9-point body condition score (BCS) system in sled dogs by assessing its reliability and by comparing it with objective measures including real-time ultrasonography, plicometry, and anthropometry. Twenty-seven Siberian Huskies (11 females, 16 males) from three sled dog [...] Read more.

This study aimed to validate the 9-point body condition score (BCS) system in sled dogs by assessing its reliability and by comparing it with objective measures including real-time ultrasonography, plicometry, and anthropometry. Twenty-seven Siberian Huskies (11 females, 16 males) from three sled dog teams were assessed for BCS by three trained veterinarians and their respective mushers. Intra-observer reliability was substantial (Krippendorff’s α = 0.734), while agreement between expert raters (Kα = 0.580) and between the expert rater and mushers (Kα = 0.691) was moderate, with mushers tending to overestimate the BCS of their own dogs (median difference = −0.5). BCS showed positive correlations with body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat at the chest and flank via plicometry (for all: p < 0.05). Ultrasonography showed weak correlations with BCS, likely due to the different anatomical layers evaluated and the distinctively high muscle-to-fat ratio typical of sled dogs. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed sex- and neutering-related differences in body composition, with males generally presenting larger skeletal dimensions and neutering influencing patterns of fat distribution. These findings support the reliability and field applicability of the BCS system when used by trained evaluators, highlighting the importance of considering sex and anatomical site when assessing body condition in athletic dogs. The 9-point BCS, combined with accessible objective tools, represents a consistent, cost-effective method for monitoring body condition in long-distance performance sled dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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19 pages, 3636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Osteology: An AI-Powered Two-Stage System for Multi-Species Long Bone Detection and Classification Using YOLOv5 and CNN Architectures for Veterinary Anatomy Education and Forensic Applications

by İmdat Orhan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080765 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

In this study, bone detection was performed using the YOLO algorithm on a dataset comprising photographs of the scapula, humerus, and femur from cattle, horses, and dogs. Subsequently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were employed to classify both the bone type and the species. [...] Read more.

In this study, bone detection was performed using the YOLO algorithm on a dataset comprising photographs of the scapula, humerus, and femur from cattle, horses, and dogs. Subsequently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were employed to classify both the bone type and the species. Trained on a total of 26,148 images, the model achieved an accuracy rate of up to 97.6%. The system was designed to operate not only on mobile devices but also in an offline, “closed model” version, thereby enhancing its applicability in forensic medicine settings where data security is critical. Additionally, the application was structured as a virtual assistant capable of responding to users in both written and spoken formats and of generating output in PDF format. In this regard, this study presents a significant example of digital transformation in fields such as veterinary anatomy education, forensic medicine, archaeology, and crime scene investigation, providing a solid foundation for future applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Anatomy Teaching: New Concepts, Innovations and Applications)

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11 pages, 3602 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Report of Toxic Shock-like Syndrome Associated with Mixed Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus halichoeri and Dermatophilus spp. Infection in a Dog

by Carmen Negoiță, Veronica Ciupescu, Laurențiu Mihai Ciupescu and Valentina Negoiță

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080764 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious, often fatal disease, rarely occurring in dogs via infection with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. The development of TSS is mainly dependent on the presence of bacterial toxins recognized to be potent superantigens causing the release of [...] Read more.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious, often fatal disease, rarely occurring in dogs via infection with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. The development of TSS is mainly dependent on the presence of bacterial toxins recognized to be potent superantigens causing the release of massive amounts of host inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-α, progressing to high fever, hypotension, haemoconcentration, thrombosis and neutrophil and endothelial activation with multiple organ failure. Rarely, TSS is associated with erythematous and exfoliative dermatitis progressing to ulceration with extremely extensive dermo-epidermal detachment, which is often very painful. Like in humans, very little is known about the transmission and prevention of this condition. In our paper, a case of TSS-like caused by a mixed bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus halichoeri and Dermatophilus spp. has been described in an 11 year-old, cross-breed male dog, most probably following injury due to biting and fighting. Lesions consisted of severe and diffuse ulceration on the dorsum, and bacterial culture/cytology led to the isolation and identification of Gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci associated with an intense neutrophil reaction. Dermatophilus spp. was presumed morphologically based on cytological preps, not by culture or molecular analysis. PCR demonstrated the presence of the nuc thermonucleaze gene (for S. aureus confirmation) together with the genes encoding enterotoxin H (seh), protein A (spa), toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 (tst) and methicillin resistance (mecC); the exfoliative toxins (eta, etb) were detected. Clinical signs, cytology, bacterial culture and the response to systemic antibiotic therapy were compatible with a TSS-like diagnosis. The patient has completely recovered after 1 year of treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infectious Diseases of Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Gingko biloba and Milk Thistle Extracts on Biomarkers of Antioxidants Status and Liver Function in Healthy Dogs

by Rachakris Lertpatarakomol, Tassanee Trairatapiwan, Auraiwan Klaengkaew, Jamlong Mitchaothai and Achara Lukkananukool

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080763 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 476

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba and milk thistle seed extract (GB/MT) supplementation on antioxidant status, liver function, and general health in healthy dogs. Six French Bulldogs were enrolled in a crossover design and fed commercial diets supplemented with GB/MT at [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba and milk thistle seed extract (GB/MT) supplementation on antioxidant status, liver function, and general health in healthy dogs. Six French Bulldogs were enrolled in a crossover design and fed commercial diets supplemented with GB/MT at either 1 or 2 g/day for 21 days. Blood samples were collected at baseline (day 0), during supplementation (days 14 and 21), and after withdrawal (day 28) to assess serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH/GSSG), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), albumin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Results showed that GB/MT supplementation had no significant effect on antioxidant markers (SOD and GSH/GSSG) at either dose. However, both supplementation levels led to significant decreases in ALT and increases in serum albumin levels after 21 days. No significant differences were observed in other liver function or general health parameters. These findings suggest that GB/MT supplementation does not enhance antioxidant enzyme activity under non-stressed conditions but may support liver health by reducing liver enzyme levels and enhancing protein synthesis. The 1 g/day dose was found to be as effective as the higher dose, suggesting a cost-effective approach for maintaining liver function in dogs through dietary botanical supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Companion Animal Nutrition)

21 pages, 7093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flavonoids of S. suberectus Dunn Regulate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression Through NF-κB Pathways

by Jinwu Zhang, Bo Zhang, Shiqi Huang, Jianhao Deng, Yiying Liang, Jiakang He, Tingjun Hu, Liji Xie, Hailan Chen and Meiling Yu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080762 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 514

Abstract

This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of total flavonoid of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) and its primary constituent formononetin (FMN) in immunosuppressed mouse models. Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (S. suberectus Dunn) was first analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by broadly [...] Read more.

This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of total flavonoid of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) and its primary constituent formononetin (FMN) in immunosuppressed mouse models. Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (S. suberectus Dunn) was first analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by broadly targeted metabolomics using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were used to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying S. suberectus Dunn’s immunomodulatory effects. Subsequently, mice were pretreated with TFSD and FMN for seven days before constructing an immunosuppression model through intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg.bw cyclophosphamide (CTX). In vivo experiments validated the findings and investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of TFSD and FMN on immunosuppression. Metabolomic analysis identified 501 distinct flavonoids in S. suberectus Dunn, with FMN exhibiting the highest relative abundance among all detected compounds. The primary active components of S. suberectus Dunn against immunosuppression are flavonoids, including FMN and vestitol. The core targets of these components were identified as NF-κB and IKKβ, with the NF-κB signaling pathway being suggested as the most probable mechanism of action. FMN exhibited strong binding affinity to the core targets, NF-κB p65 and IKKβ. In vivo experiments indicated that pretreatment with TFSD and FMN prevented CTX-induced pathological damage in the spleen and thymus and increased immune cell counts and immunoglobulin levels. Additionally, it significantly upregulated the secretion and expression of key cytokines and the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65, IKKα, and IKKβ (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In conclusion, TFSD and FMN can protect mice from CTX-induced immunosuppression by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, making them promising drug candidates for preventing and treating immunosuppression-related diseases. Full article

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18 pages, 635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE): Cushing’s Syndrome and Hypoadrenocorticism—A Modified Delphi-Method-Based System to Create Consensus Definitions

by Stijn J. M. Niessen, Ellen N. Behrend, Federico Fracassi, David B. Church, Sue F. Foster, Sara Galac, Carlos Melian, Álan G. Pöppl, Ian K. Ramsey, Nadja S. Sieber-Ruckstuhl and on behalf of the ESVE/SCE membership

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080761 - 14 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Progress in clinical practice, research, and teaching needs a common language. Agreement among veterinary endocrinologists on definitions of concepts related to Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and hypoadrenocorticism is lacking. After a successful inaugural cycle on diabetes mellitus terminology, project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology [...] Read more.

Progress in clinical practice, research, and teaching needs a common language. Agreement among veterinary endocrinologists on definitions of concepts related to Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and hypoadrenocorticism is lacking. After a successful inaugural cycle on diabetes mellitus terminology, project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE) held a second cycle, with simplified methodology, and brought together 10 experts of the European Society of Veterinary Endocrinology (ESVE) and the Society of Comparative Endocrinology (SCE). It employed a four-round modified Delphi Method to generate draft definitions and try and achieve consensus. A final round used an endorsement survey of the expert-generated definitions distributed to the ESVE and SCE memberships, seeking a simple majority endorsement. A minimum of 20% membership participation was sought. The 10 experts achieved 100% consensus on the definition of 35 adrenal disease-associated concepts, including disease definitions, diagnostic criteria, and test definitions, a disease classification system for CS and hypoadrenocorticism, and a clinical scoring system for CS. Definitions were subsequently assessed by 78 ESVE and SCE members (26% of combined memberships). All definitions achieved a simple majority, ranging from 83.1 to 100%. ALIVE proved effective in creating a body of terminology for adrenal disease in companion animals, which met the overall approval of a majority of those participating in the endorsement phase. The prospective use of these definitions could help improve comparability and standards for adrenal disease research, education, and clinics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 1441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Tyrosol on BALF Cytology and Biochemistry in Rats Administered Intratracheal Bleomycin

by Elif Ekinci, Burak Karabulut, Canan Akdeniz Incili, Eren Cankaya, Ibrahim Seker and Necati Timurkaan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080760 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the cytological and biochemical effects of tyrosol on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in an experimental lung injury model induced via intratracheal bleomycin (BLM) administration at 4 mg/kg. Tyrosol is a compound found in olive oil with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the cytological and biochemical effects of tyrosol on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in an experimental lung injury model induced via intratracheal bleomycin (BLM) administration at 4 mg/kg. Tyrosol is a compound found in olive oil with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activity, and there are no publications on its effect on broncho-alveolar lavage. A total of fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, BLM only, and BLM combined with tyrosol at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg. Following a two-week treatment period, BALF samples were collected and evaluated cytologically and biochemically. BLM administration led to significant increases in the proportions of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells (p < 0.05) and a decrease in macrophage percentages in BALF. Tyrosol treatment modulated these cellular alterations in a dose-dependent manner, with notable increases in macrophage ratios and reductions in inflammatory cells, particularly at 40 and 80 mg/kg doses. Furthermore, the presence of foamy macrophages—commonly observed in the BLM group—was found to decrease in a dose-dependent manner with tyrosol administration. Biochemical analyses showed that BLM significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05), while reducing the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT). Tyrosol treatment improved these parameters in a dose-dependent manner, thereby reducing oxidative stress. In cytokine analysis, BLM increased all proinflammatory cytokine levels, whereas tyrosol treatment, particularly at higher doses, significantly decreased IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, tyrosol demonstrated notable protective effects against bleomycin-induced lung injury by exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions at the BALF level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Anatomy Teaching: New Concepts, Innovations and Applications)

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27 pages, 2044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Cannabidiol Supplementation on Growth Performance, Behavior, Blood Profile, Metabolomic Analysis, and Fatty Acid Composition in Rabbits: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Improve Welfare and Productivity

by Nicola Francesco Addeo, Valeria Iervolino, Ruggero Amato, Mariarosaria Lanzieri, Daria Lotito, Maria Vittoria Tignani, Alessia Staropoli, Sara Damiano, Pietro Lombardi, Francesco Vinale, Giuliana Parisi, Fulvia Bovera, Nadia Musco and Vincenzo Mastellone

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080759 - 14 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of dietary cannabidiol (CBD) supplementation on behavior, blood parameters, oxidative status, metabolomic profile, and the fatty acid composition of meat and liver in rabbits. A total of 42 New Zealand White × California rabbits (60 days old; 1:1 [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary cannabidiol (CBD) supplementation on behavior, blood parameters, oxidative status, metabolomic profile, and the fatty acid composition of meat and liver in rabbits. A total of 42 New Zealand White × California rabbits (60 days old; 1:1 sex ratio; average weight 1621.3 ± 46.2 g) were randomly assigned to two groups (a control group, CTRL, and a CBD group, n = 21 each). Both groups received the same commercial diet, with the CBD group additionally supplemented with 0.1 mL of cannabis extract in coconut oil, corresponding to 10 mg CBD/animal/day. At 92 days of age, rabbits were slaughtered, and samples were collected for analyses. Results showed that CBD supplementation significantly improved body weight gain, reduced plasma triglyceride levels, and enhanced oxidative status. Behavioral observations indicated increased motor and grooming activities in CBD-supplemented animals, suggesting enhanced psychological well-being. The fatty acid profile of meat and liver was not significantly altered by CBD supplementation. Overall, dietary CBD demonstrated the potential to positively influence physiological and behavioral responses, representing a promising strategy to enhance animal welfare and productivity in rabbit farming. Although no adverse effects on lipid profiles were observed, further studies are warranted to explore CBD’s role in lipid metabolism and cholesterol regulation. Full article

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10 pages, 1251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive EEG Recordings in Epileptic Dogs (Canis familiaris)

by Katalin Hermándy-Berencz, Luca Kis, Ferenc Gombos, Anna Paulina and Anna Kis

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080758 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 329

Abstract

In addition to characteristic and easily identifiable behavioural signs—namely epileptic seizures—electroencephalography (EEG) has long been a standard component of epilepsy diagnosis protocols. In veterinary practice, EEG is typically performed in a semi-invasive manner, using subcutaneous electrodes and sedation. Here, we propose that the [...] Read more.

In addition to characteristic and easily identifiable behavioural signs—namely epileptic seizures—electroencephalography (EEG) has long been a standard component of epilepsy diagnosis protocols. In veterinary practice, EEG is typically performed in a semi-invasive manner, using subcutaneous electrodes and sedation. Here, we propose that the non-invasive polysomnography protocol, originally developed for basic research, can serve as a more welfare-friendly yet informative alternative for assessing epileptic brain activity in dogs. In this study, N = 11 family dogs diagnosed with epilepsy underwent a single non-invasive polysomnography session. EEG-based evidence for epileptic activity was detected in two cases. Polysomnography data from these 11 epileptic dogs were further analysed to evaluate sleep structure parameters. Compared to a matched control group of N = 11 clinically healthy dogs, the epileptic group exhibited reduced sleep efficiency, increased sleep latency, more wakings after sleep onset, and less time spent in drowsiness and non-REM sleep. These findings support the potential utility of non-invasive brain monitoring techniques, such as polysomnography, in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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35 pages, 2278 KB

Open AccessReview

Staphylococci in Livestock: Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Translational Strategies for One Health Protection

by Ayman Elbehiry and Eman Marzouk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080757 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Livestock-associated Staphylococcus species—particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)—pose escalating threats to animal health, food safety, and public health due to their evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This review synthesizes recent insights into [...] Read more.

Livestock-associated Staphylococcus species—particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)—pose escalating threats to animal health, food safety, and public health due to their evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This review synthesizes recent insights into the molecular epidemiology, resistance determinants, and host adaptation strategies of these pathogens across food-producing animals. We highlight the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), clonal dissemination, and biofilm formation in shaping multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns. Diagnostic advancements, including MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and PCR-based assays, are discussed alongside treatment challenges arising from therapeutic failures and limited vaccine efficacy. The review critically examines current AMR surveillance gaps and the need for integrative One Health frameworks that encompass animals, humans, and the environment. Novel tools such as metagenomics, real-time genomic surveillance, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics are proposed to enhance predictive monitoring and resistance management. Together, these insights underscore the urgency of coordinated, evidence-based interventions to curb the spread of MDR staphylococci and safeguard One Health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Staphylococcus sp.)

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