Veterinary Sciences

18 pages, 4565 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Chimeric Fiber-C4/D11 Subunit Vaccine Induces Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies and Provides Better Protection Against Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Type 4 and Type 11 Than the Fiber-D11/C4 Subunit Vaccine

by Xiangqin Wang, Kuan Zhao, Baishi Lei, Wenming Jiang, Yanliang Qiao and Wanzhe Yuan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090920 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The widespread prevalence of different serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) has led to diverse vaccine demands, especially for subunit vaccines targeting FAdV-4 and FAdV-11, which cause hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. Although the Fiber protein is known to elicit [...] Read more.

The widespread prevalence of different serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) has led to diverse vaccine demands, especially for subunit vaccines targeting FAdV-4 and FAdV-11, which cause hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. Although the Fiber protein is known to elicit robust immune protection, further exploration is needed to enhance the production of cross-neutralizing antibodies. This study utilized structural prediction and homology modeling techniques, employing domain-swapping strategy to integrate neutralizing epitope-containing amino acid sequences (274–451aa and 364–543aa) into the shaft domain of the Fiber protein. Two novel chimeric proteins were recombinantly expressed and developed into subunit vaccines: Fiber-C4/D11 and Fiber-D11/C4. Immunogenicity assessments revealed that the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group rapidly induced an antibody response against FAdV-11 within 7 days post-vaccination. By 28 days post-vaccination (dpv), the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group exhibited significantly higher levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies compared to the Fiber-D11/C4 group (p < 0.05). Challenge experiments demonstrated that both vaccines effectively alleviated clinical symptoms and prevented mortality in SPF chickens. Compared to Fiber-D11/C4, Fiber-C4/D11 significantly reduced body weight loss, liver lesions, viral titers in tissues, and viral shedding. Notably, no cross-neutralizing antibodies were detected following FAdV-4 or FAdV-11 infection, indicating a lack of natural cross-protection between the two serotypes. The chimeric vaccine addressed this gap, offering a promising multivalent approach to mitigate FAdV infections and advancing fowl adenoviral subunit vaccine strategies. Full article

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14 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Macrophage Modulation as a Disease-Modifying Approach in Canine Osteoarthritis: The Efficacy of EF-M2 (Immutalon^TM) in a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

by Evgeny Pokushalov, Dmitry Kudlay, Nikolai Revkov, Anastasya Shcherbakova, Michael Johnson and Richard Miller

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090919 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Osteoarthritis is a prevalent and disabling condition in companion dogs, yet existing treatments are primarily symptomatic and limited by safety concerns. EF-M2, a defined derivative of vitamin D-binding protein, selectively biases macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis is a prevalent and disabling condition in companion dogs, yet existing treatments are primarily symptomatic and limited by safety concerns. EF-M2, a defined derivative of vitamin D-binding protein, selectively biases macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (IMPAWS-OA-1) in 60 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring hip or elbow osteoarthritis. Animals were allocated to subcutaneous EF-M2 (0.1 µg/kg) given thrice weekly or twice weekly, or to saline placebo for four weeks, followed by four weeks off-drug. The primary endpoint was change in Canine Brief Pain Inventory–Pain Severity Score (CBPI-PSS) at Day 28. EF-M2 produced dose–frequency-dependent benefits: LS-mean ΔPSS was −2.11 for thrice weekly, −1.42 for twice weekly, and −0.54 for placebo (arm effect p < 0.001). Objective measures showed parallel improvements in peak vertical force and accelerometery. Serum biomarkers confirmed macrophage repolarisation (ARG1/iNOS ratio, IL-10 increase, TNF-α decrease), correlating with clinical response. Adverse events were infrequent and mild, with no excess over placebo. In conclusion, EF-M2 achieved clinically meaningful pain relief, functional gains, and biomarker shifts without safety signals, establishing first-in-species proof that targeted macrophage modulation may be a viable disease-modifying approach for canine osteoarthritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

11 pages, 975 KB

Open AccessReview

Rational Use of Bethanechol in Dogs and Cats with Bladder Dysfunction

by Franco Galluzzi, Alessandro Menozzi, Roberta Saleri, Fabio De Rensis and Giliola Spattini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090918 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 152

Abstract

Bethanechol chloride, a nonselective muscarinic agonist, is the most frequently employed drug in dogs and cats to induce detrusor smooth muscle contraction under conditions characterized by poor or absent bladder emptying. Although this drug has minimal or absent nicotinic activity, at higher doses, [...] Read more.

Bethanechol chloride, a nonselective muscarinic agonist, is the most frequently employed drug in dogs and cats to induce detrusor smooth muscle contraction under conditions characterized by poor or absent bladder emptying. Although this drug has minimal or absent nicotinic activity, at higher doses, weak stimulation of neuronal nicotinic receptors may occur, causing the release of noradrenaline, which induces contraction of the urethral smooth muscle by activating α-adrenergic receptors. In the presence of total or partial suprasacral lesions, the elaboration and initiation phase of the urination process is absent due to an interruption of afferent signals from the bladder to the brainstem. In such cases, hypertonicity of the urethral sphincters is expected, and bethanechol is contraindicated. Bethanechol is also not indicated for reflex dyssynergia. In the presence of complete injuries involving the sacral segments, cauda equina, or pelvic nerve, both reflex and voluntary micturition are abolished, and bethanechol is usually ineffective. However, in cases of partial injuries, bethanechol is likely to be effective, as partial integrity of the micturition reflex is required to produce sustained bladder contraction. Bethanechol may benefit patients with myopathic decompensated bladder, although its effectiveness depends on the severity of detrusor damage. Full article

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13 pages, 1976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay Between Thyrotroph Morphometry and Circulating Thyroid Hormones in Lactating and Non-Lactating Female Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

by Shaukat Ali Shaukat Jaspal, Muhammad Mubashar Shaukat, Robina Shaukat, Tahmina Shaukat, Abdul Majeed Cheema, Rifat Ullah Khan, Shabana Naz, Babar Maqbool, Caterina Losacco, Naila Chand and Ibrahim A. Alhidary

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090917 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the morphometric characteristics of adenohypophyseal thyrotrophs and circulating thyroid hormone profiles in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in relation to age and lactation status. Clinically healthy Brela breed camels were divided into lactating female, and non-lactating female groups across [...] Read more.

This study investigated the morphometric characteristics of adenohypophyseal thyrotrophs and circulating thyroid hormone profiles in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in relation to age and lactation status. Clinically healthy Brela breed camels were divided into lactating female, and non-lactating female groups across two age categories (5–10 years and ≥11 years), with fifty animals per group. Blood samples were collected before slaughter and pituitary glands were collected post-slaughter and processed for immunohistochemical detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using anti-porcine TSHβ antibody, while morphometric measurements of thyrotrophs were conducted through image analysis. Plasma concentrations of TSH, triiodothyronine (T₃), and thyroxine (T₄) were quantified using validated ELISA and enzyme immunoassay kits. Group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc comparisons, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Morphometric analysis revealed that lactating female camels exhibited significantly higher thyrotroph counts compared with non-lactating counterparts, whereas non-lactating females displayed larger cell and nuclear dimensions. Age influenced these patterns, with older camels showing hypertrophied thyrotrophs but reduced functional plasticity compared to younger animals. Plasma hormone assays demonstrated that non-lactating camels had higher TSH and T₄ concentrations, while lactating camels maintained elevated T₃ levels, suggesting enhanced peripheral conversion of T₄ to T₃ during milk production. Additionally, younger camels exhibited higher T₃ concentrations than older animals, indicating age-related decline in thyroidal activity. These findings highlight the dynamic regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in camels, demonstrating how lactation and age shape thyroidal morphology and function to meet diverse physiological demands. These findings not only broaden the comparative endocrinology of underexplored species but also provide physiopathological insights relevant to farm animal management, lactation efficiency, and adaptive metabolism in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences)

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9 pages, 882 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Absence of FGF4 Retrogene Insertion on Chromosome 18 Results in a Tall Phenotype in Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen Dogs

by Tendai Mhlanga-Mutangadura, Liz Hansen and Martin L. Katz

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090916 - 20 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Every dog breed has characteristic physical features that have been fixed through numerous generations of selective breeding. For the Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen (GBGV) breed, short-leggedness has been established as the breed standard. Although breeders have been consistent in only breeding dogs that [...] Read more.

Every dog breed has characteristic physical features that have been fixed through numerous generations of selective breeding. For the Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen (GBGV) breed, short-leggedness has been established as the breed standard. Although breeders have been consistent in only breeding dogs that meet this standard, occasionally litters have included dogs that are significantly taller. In many dog breeds short leg length is associated with insertion of an FGF4 retrogene (FGF4RG) at specific sites on either chromosome 12 (12-FGF4RG) and/or 18 (18-FGF4RG). A study was undertaken to determine whether FGF4RG genotype is the basis of the height difference. Of 47 GBGVs that were evaluated, 41 had leg lengths within the breed standard and 6 were significantly taller. None of the dogs had the 12-FGF4RG insertion. The short-legged dogs were either homozygous or heterozygous for the 18-FGF4RG insertion. All six long-legged dogs were homozygous for the non-insertion allele. This indicates that selective breeding based on phenotype alone has not been sufficient to fix short-leggedness in the breed due to retention of the non-insertion allele. The finding that one copy of the insertion is sufficient to confer short-leggedness indicates that expression of the retrogene during development is likely to inhibit growth of the limbs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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16 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Blood Parameters in Free-Ranging Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) from the Eastern Carpathians Between Autumn and Early Winter

by Mircea Lazăr, Răzvan Mihail Radu-Rusu, Ioana Acornicesei and Roxana Lazăr

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090915 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Understanding physiological variability in wild ungulates is essential for ecological monitoring and sustainable wildlife management. This study aimed to examine whether sex and season (autumn vs. early winter) significantly influence hematological and biochemical parameters in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) from [...] Read more.

Understanding physiological variability in wild ungulates is essential for ecological monitoring and sustainable wildlife management. This study aimed to examine whether sex and season (autumn vs. early winter) significantly influence hematological and biochemical parameters in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) from the Eastern Carpathians, Romania. A total of 40 legally harvested adult individuals (20 males, 20 females) were included, and blood samples were collected post-mortem under standardized conditions to minimize pre-analytical variability. Hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLTs) and serum biochemical markers (glucose, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein) were analyzed using automated veterinary analyzers. Statistically significant sex-related differences were found in hematocrit during autumn and hemoglobin concentration during winter, with higher values in males. Seasonal variation within sex groups was not significant but indicated a physiological trend toward hemoconcentration in winter. Biochemical values remained within reference ranges and showed no significant differences across groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a strong association between hematocrit and urea, and moderate correlations were observed between WBC and glucose, suggesting links between oxygen transport, protein metabolism, and energy balance. Environmental factors such as reduced food availability and temperature shifts during winter likely contribute to these physiological adjustments. These results provide baseline data for the physiological assessment of red deer populations and support the development of ecological health indicators in wildlife monitoring programs. Future studies incorporating hormonal and immunological biomarkers across multiple seasons are encouraged to further understand adaptive responses in cervids. Full article

15 pages, 1179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compounding and Use of Human Medicinal Products in Small Animal Practice: What Are the Perspectives of Veterinarians?—A Pilot Study

by Zorana Kovačević, Gordana Gregurić Gračner, Dragana Tomanić, Ksenija Vlahović, Ljubiša Šarić, Dragana Novaković, Ivan Galić, Katarina Pajić, Dragoljub Marić, Marko Samardžija and Olga Sič

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090914 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Compounded medications (CMs) have become increasingly relevant in veterinary pharmacotherapy, particularly due to the limited availability of licensed veterinary medicinal products (VMPs). Despite the importance of CMs, data on their use all over the world, as well as in Serbian veterinary practice, remain [...] Read more.

Compounded medications (CMs) have become increasingly relevant in veterinary pharmacotherapy, particularly due to the limited availability of licensed veterinary medicinal products (VMPs). Despite the importance of CMs, data on their use all over the world, as well as in Serbian veterinary practice, remain limited. The aim of this study is to understand Serbian veterinarians’ attitudes towards the use of CMs and human medicinal products in small animal practice, with a focus on challenges and needs they experience related to this type of therapy. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted from January to May 2024 among licensed veterinarians, covering sociodemographics, antibiotic prescribing practices, and attitudes toward CMs. Most respondents (85.4%) reported difficulties in accessing appropriate medications, with 45.8% frequently prescribing human medications for reasons of availability and cost. While 58.3% were familiar with CMs, many emphasized their benefits in tailoring doses and formulations. A majority (65.6%) believed CMs could improve treatment outcomes, yet 87.5% expressed the need for further education. This study shows that Serbian veterinarians frequently prescribe human medications due to limited and costly veterinary medicinal products. While they see the benefits of CMs for personalized treatments, there is a clear need for improved training and clearer regulations to enhance treatment outcomes and ensure safer veterinary care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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17 pages, 798 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting the Applicability of Infrared Thermography as a Measure of Temperament in Cattle

by Paolo Mongillo, Elisa Giaretta, Enrico Fiore, Giorgia Fabbri, Bruno Stefanon, Lorenzo Degano, Daniele Vicario and Gianfranco Gabai

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090913 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Animal temperament, defined as consistent behavioral and physiological responses to stressors, plays a crucial role in cattle welfare, productivity, and safety during handling. This motivates researchers to identify objective, non-invasive methods for temperament assessment. Infrared thermography (IRT) has emerged as a promising tool [...] Read more.

Animal temperament, defined as consistent behavioral and physiological responses to stressors, plays a crucial role in cattle welfare, productivity, and safety during handling. This motivates researchers to identify objective, non-invasive methods for temperament assessment. Infrared thermography (IRT) has emerged as a promising tool to detect superficial temperature changes associated with stress and temperament in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate how superficial temperature variations measured by IRT in fattening bulls are influenced by environmental temperature, humidity, and temperament. The study involved 223 bulls at approximately 7.5 months old, while thermal images of eye and muzzle regions were captured at baseline and during restraint in a squeeze chute. Temperament was assessed using chute score and flight time, and environmental conditions were recorded via a temperature–humidity index (THI). Results showed significant increases in eye and muzzle temperatures during handling. Notably, changes in eye temperature were independent of environmental THI but correlated with flight time, with more temperamental bulls displaying larger temperature increases. In contrast, changes in muzzle temperature were strongly influenced by ambient THI and its variation at handling, consistent with the region’s thermoregulatory function. Temperament explained a small proportion of temperature variation. A follow-up experiment on a subset of 104 bulls around 11 months old showed no significant age effects on the IRT–temperament relationship. These findings indicate that IRT, particularly of the eye region, holds promise as a non-invasive, objective method to assess stress responses related to temperament in cattle. Careful selection of thermal regions and accounting for environmental influences are critical. While IRT alone accounts for limited variability, its integration with other behavioral and physiological measures could enhance temperament evaluation. This approach offers novel opportunities for improving animal welfare and management by identifying highly temperamental individuals without invasive procedures. Future research with higher temporal resolution and varied stressors is warranted to further elucidate temperature dynamics associated with temperament. Full article

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12 pages, 1507 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Riboflavin Metabolism Pathway in HepG2 Cells Expressing Genotype IV Swine Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 Protein

by Jing Tu, Shengping Wu, Lingjie Wang, Chi Meng, Gengxu Zhou, Jianhua Guo, Jixiang Li, Liting Cao, Zhenhui Song and Hanwei Jiao

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090912 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Hepatitis E (HE) is a novel zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). In particular, swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV) genotype IV is one of the main genotypes that infect humans. Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is an important virulence [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Hepatitis E (HE) is a novel zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). In particular, swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV) genotype IV is one of the main genotypes that infect humans. Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is an important virulence protein of SHEV, which is involved in virus assembly, release, and regulation of host cell signaling pathways. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as a type of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), have a closed-loop structure and are special non-coding RNA molecules. They participates in the regulation of multiple biological processes by adsorbing microRNAs (miRNAs). Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a component of the coenzyme of flavoenzymes in the body. When there is a deficiency of riboflavin, it will affect the biological oxidation process of the host, leading to metabolic disorders. In addition, riboflavin can also affect the synthesis, transportation and decomposition of lipids in the body. It mainly maintains the normal transportation process of fat in the liver. Therefore, the deficiency of riboflavin will lead to the disorder of lipid metabolism in the body. Thus, viral hepatitis is closely related to riboflavin metabolism. However, there are very few reports on SHEV ORF3 affecting the riboflavin metabolism of target cells and thereby influencing viral infection. Therefore, this study investigates this highly significant scientific issue. (2) Methods: In the previous research of our group, adenovirus was used to mediate the overexpression of SHEV ORF3 genotype IV in HepG2 cells. Total RNA was extracted for high-throughput sequencing of circRNAs and transcriptome. KEGG functional enrichment analysis was performed on the data to identify the differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs after SHEV infection, and the relevant circRNA-miRNA network in the riboflavin metabolism pathway in HepG2 cells was found. (3) Results: We identified 4 circRNAs in the riboflavin metabolism pathway of HepG2 cells expressing the ORF3 protein of SHEV genotype IV and successfully found 26 relevant circRNA-miRNA networks. (4) Conclusion: We successfully screened and identified circRNAs related to riboflavin metabolism, further identifying the circRNA-miRNA network and its functional targets. For the first time, we investigated the key mechanism by which ORF3 protein influences riboflavin metabolic pathways in target cells through circRNAs, preliminarily revealing that ariboflavinosis can lead to lipid metabolic disorder in the organism. This indicates a close association between viral HE and riboflavin metabolism. Full article

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15 pages, 4680 KB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis of Giardia Species and Genotypes in Wild Birds: A Review

by Diana Echeverry, Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz and Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090911 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Globally, Giardia infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of Giardia in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. [...] Read more.

Globally, Giardia infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of Giardia in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. Molecular tools have identified nine Giardia species, including Giardia duodenalis with eight genotypes. Birds, with their wide-ranging habitats and movement capabilities, are crucial disseminators of Giardia. This review aimed to identify Giardia species in wild birds globally, utilizing various academic databases with search terms such as “wild birds” and “Giardia” in combination with Boolean operators for comprehensive results. Giardia spp. have been identified in thirteen orders of wild birds; however, they have been genotyped in only seven orders. Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was identified in wild birds from the Americas; meanwhile, assemblages A, B, D, and F were identified from Europe, and B and E from Asia. Assemblage B is mainly associated with humans and a wide number of wild animals. Therefore, ascertaining the prevalence of G. duodenalis and its assemblages across diverse avian species and orders is crucial to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission associated with the dissemination of this protozoan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Disease in Conservation)

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13 pages, 574 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of Canine Uropathogens in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northern Italy: A 10-Year Retrospective Study (2014–2023)

by Filippo Tagliasacchi, Jari Zambarbieri, Guido Grilli, Valerio Bronzo, Emanuele Giacobbe Zampollo, Angelica Stranieri, Sara Pansecchi, Piera Anna Martino and Paola Scarpa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090910 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major driver of antimicrobial use in canine veterinary practice. The International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines recommend that empirical antimicrobial therapy be guided by locally updated data on pathogen prevalence and resistance patterns. This [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major driver of antimicrobial use in canine veterinary practice. The International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines recommend that empirical antimicrobial therapy be guided by locally updated data on pathogen prevalence and resistance patterns. This retrospective study analyzed 201 positive urine cultures obtained via cystocentesis from dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital in northern Italy between 2014 and 2023. The aim was to assess uropathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance trends before and after the 2019 ISCAID guideline release. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (47.5%) showing stable prevalence over time. High resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin (62.4%), whereas resistance to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole was lower (33.6%). Importantly, resistance to amoxicillin–clavulanate declined significantly from 52.6% to 25.6% (p = 0.0002). These findings suggest amoxicillin alone may be suboptimal for empirical therapy locally, while amoxicillin–clavulanate and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole remain suitable first-line agents. Ongoing local surveillance is essential to support evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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17 pages, 3655 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Effects and Microbiota Changes Following Oral Lyophilized Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Capsules in Canine with Chronic Enteropathy After Parvovirus Infection: Case Report

by Siyu Liu, Baihui Zhou, Lei Liu, Jialai Zhong, Xinyan Zhang, Wenting Jiang, Haifeng Liu, Ziyao Zhou, Guangneng Peng, Yalin Zhong, Kun Zhang and Zhijun Zhong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090909 - 18 Sep 2025

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Abstract

(1) Background: Chronic enteropathy (CE) in canines is associated with persistent microbiome dysbiosis, and conventional therapies (e.g., special diets, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive drugs) are sometimes ineffective. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has proven successful in treating CE in canines via invasive methods (e.g., [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Chronic enteropathy (CE) in canines is associated with persistent microbiome dysbiosis, and conventional therapies (e.g., special diets, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive drugs) are sometimes ineffective. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has proven successful in treating CE in canines via invasive methods (e.g., enemas or endoscopy) or via oral frozen liquid capsules, which must be stored at −80 °C. However, due to the invasiveness of the administration methods and the storage constraints of the liquid capsules, FMT is not widely used in veterinary clinical practice. (2) Methods: The case of a four-year-old Siberian Husky with a three-year history of CE following canine parvovirus infection received lyophilized FMT capsules for thirty days. Stool samples were collected for metagenomic sequencing and quantification of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), both pre- and post-FMT. Blood samples were analyzed using complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical testing. Ultrasound was used to assess the wall thickness of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon. (3) Results: Post-FMT, improvements in clinical outcomes were observed: fecal scores improved from 6 (unformed stools with mucus) to 2 (formed stool), and body weight increased by 8.3% (from 24.2 kg to 26.2 kg). Abnormal CBC and biochemical parameters were restored to reference ranges, including hematocrit (from 60.6% to 55.7%), hemoglobin (from 208 g/L to 190 g/L), creatinine (from 167 μmol/L to 121 μmol/L), and urea (from 11.9 mmol/L to 7.1 mmol/L). Ultrasound results showed that colonic wall thickness decreased from 0.23 ± 0.03 cm (pathological) to 0.18 ± 0.01 cm (physiological). Metagenomic analysis revealed that microbial richness (operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 151 to 183) and diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices from 3.16 to 4.8 and from 0.87 to 0.94, respectively) all increased. The microbiota composition of the recipient exhibited a decline in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, falling from 99.84% to 35.62%, concomitant with an increase in Actinobacteria (from 0.08% to 4.78%), indicating a convergence toward a donor-like profile. Fecal SCFAs analysis revealed a 251.4% increase in propionate (from 0.0833 to 0.2929 mg/g) and elevated acetate (from 0.4425 to 0.4676 mg/g). These changes are functionally linked to enriched propanoate metabolism (Z = 0.89) in KEGG pathways. (4) Conclusions: Oral lyophilized FMT capsules resolved clinical signs of CE, enhanced microbial diversity and richness, and restored donor-like abundances of gut microbiota, particularly SCFA-producing taxa. Microbial restructuring increased microbial metabolite output, notably SCFA concentrations, and enriched functional metabolic pathways. Importantly, lyophilized FMT overcomes storage limitations and administration barriers, demonstrating its high clinical viability for treating canine CE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 789 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet Score as a Prognostic Indicator for Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure Secondary to Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

by Jayeon Park, Yeon Chae, Sungjae Lee, Yoonhoi Koo, Hakhyun Kim, Byeong-Teck Kang and Taesik Yun

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090908 - 18 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Reliable prognostic indicators for congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs are limited. The hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, a prognostic marker in humans, has not been evaluated in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Reliable prognostic indicators for congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs are limited. The hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, a prognostic marker in humans, has not been evaluated in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to assess the HALP score’s utility for predicting short-term mortality in dogs with CHF due to MMVD. This retrospective study included 54 small-breed dogs. The HALP score was calculated as: hemoglobin (g/L) × albumin (g/L) × lymphocytes (/L)/platelets (/L). Six-, nine-month, and one-year mortality were assessed. The HALP score was significantly higher in survivor groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed good predictive accuracy for six- and nine-month mortality (area under the curve > 0.7). A cut-off of 11.13 for six-month mortality yielded 44.44% sensitivity and 94.44% specificity. Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed that a higher HALP score was associated with significantly longer survival. The HALP score appears to be a valuable, novel prognostic indicator for short-term mortality in dogs with CHF due to MMVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Cardiology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches)

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11 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes and Preferences of Cat and Dog Owners Towards Pet Food Quality Attributes in Türkiye

by Onur Erzurum and Tamer Kayar

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090907 - 18 Sep 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, pet owners have been making significant efforts to ensure the well-being of their animals. One straightforward approach to enhance their welfare involves greater attention to nutrition. Consequently, pet owners have become increasingly sensitive regarding the food they provide for their [...] Read more.

In recent years, pet owners have been making significant efforts to ensure the well-being of their animals. One straightforward approach to enhance their welfare involves greater attention to nutrition. Consequently, pet owners have become increasingly sensitive regarding the food they provide for their pets. The aim of this study is to examine this sensitivity by investigating the extent to which cat and dog owners prioritize quality attributes and ingredients when selecting pet food. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with pet owners (n = 519) who visited veterinary clinics, using a random sampling method. Of the participants, 51.25% were male and 48.75% were female, with the highest participation observed in the 18–34 age group (60.50%). Among the respondents, 64.93% owned cats, while 35.07% owned dogs. Additionally, 66.67% of pet owners reported using both wet and dry food. When selecting pet food, 42.58% of participants stated that they relied on recommendations from veterinarians. “Pet preference (palatability)” clearly emerged as the most important selection criterion, receiving the highest average score (3.90) and highlighting its decisive influence on purchasing decisions as owners appeared to prioritize what their pets liked most. In contrast, “visual appeal of the food” received the lowest score (2.47). A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found regarding whose recommendation influenced the purchase decision. Moreover, a negative correlation was identified between price sensitivity and other selection criteria, suggesting that price was not a primary driver in most participants’ decisions and became less important as quality-related factors gained priority. Overall, pet preference (palatability) stood out as the dominant driver of purchasing decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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25 pages, 3746 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Lightweight Dairy Cattle Body Condition Scoring Model for Edge Devices Based on Tail Features and Attention Mechanisms

by Fan Liu, Yongan Zhang, Yanqiu Liu, Jia Li, Meian Li and Jianping Yao

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090906 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 341

Abstract

The Body Condition Score (BCS) is a key indicator of dairy cattle’s health, production efficiency, and environmental impact. Manual BCS assessment is subjective and time-consuming, limiting its scalability in precision agriculture. This study utilizes computer vision to automatically assess cattle body condition by [...] Read more.

The Body Condition Score (BCS) is a key indicator of dairy cattle’s health, production efficiency, and environmental impact. Manual BCS assessment is subjective and time-consuming, limiting its scalability in precision agriculture. This study utilizes computer vision to automatically assess cattle body condition by analyzing tail features, categorizing BCS into five levels (3.25, 3.50, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25). SE attention improves feature selection by adjusting channel importance, while spatial attention enhances spatial information processing by focusing on key image regions. EfficientNet-B0, enhanced by SE and spatial attention mechanisms, improves feature extraction and localization. To facilitate edge device deployment, model distillation reduces the size from 23.8 MB to 8.7 MB, improving inference speed and storage efficiency. After distillation, the model achieved 91.10% accuracy, 91.14% precision, 91.10% recall, and 91.10% F1 score. The accuracy increased to 97.57% for ±0.25 BCS error and 99.72% for ±0.5 error. This model saves space and meets real-time monitoring requirements, making it suitable for edge devices with limited resources. This research provides an efficient, scalable method for automated livestock health monitoring, supporting intelligent animal husbandry development. Full article

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18 pages, 7241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of Equine Lymph Node Endothelial Cells

by Tomas Lugo, Stephanie Myers and Thu Annelise Nguyen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090905 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

In vitro models have revolutionized our understanding of biological pathways and mechanisms, offering a viable alternative to direct patient testing. However, there is a significant lack of models for different animals, particularly equine models. This study presents a novel primary cell culture extracted [...] Read more.

In vitro models have revolutionized our understanding of biological pathways and mechanisms, offering a viable alternative to direct patient testing. However, there is a significant lack of models for different animals, particularly equine models. This study presents a novel primary cell culture extracted from a 3-year-old horse diagnosed with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease. Tissue samples were collected from lymph nodes at various locations. Growth curves of extracted primary cells were analyzed and the optimal conditions were assessed. Biomarkers, such as CD31, ZO-1, CD79, Beta-catenin, E-cadherin, and LYE-1, were detected using an immunofluorescence assay, indicating that these primary cells are of endothelial origin. Initial whole-genome sequencing was performed to confirm the species’ origin and to identify the number of common variations in comparison with the NIH EquCab3.0 reference genome. For the first time, the establishment of primary equine cells from lymph nodes is reported, and these can be used as an in vitro model for testing drug responses, molecular pathways, and environmental effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems: Their Veterinary, Zoonotic, and One Health Importance, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Current Perspectives and Practices of Pet Owners in Türkiye on Animal Care, Nutrition, and Welfare

by Salih Çelik, Habip Muruz, Seda Çelik, Mehmet Ferit Can and Mehmet Çelik

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090904 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 583

Abstract

Although pet ownership is rapidly increasing in developing countries like Turkey, information on how animals are cared for and fed and on perceived animal welfare remains limited. To address this gap, a survey was conducted with 410 participants from 65 provinces, representing over [...] Read more.

Although pet ownership is rapidly increasing in developing countries like Turkey, information on how animals are cared for and fed and on perceived animal welfare remains limited. To address this gap, a survey was conducted with 410 participants from 65 provinces, representing over 80% of the country. The study collected data on pet owner demographics, care and feeding practices, and awareness of animal welfare. The results show that most participants (80.6%) have at least a bachelor’s degree, and most pets (80.9%) were acquired within the last 10 years. Monthly spending on pet care typically ranges from USD 30 to 90. Ingredient quality emerged as the primary factor driving food choices (51%), driven by a growing interest in premium and super-premium products aimed at improving health and well-being. Veterinary clinics play a significant role in shaping feeding decisions. Most pet owners consider their pets family members and feel quite knowledgeable about their welfare and nutrition. The results suggest that recent trends in human nutrition, such as increasing interest in functional foods and higher ingredient standards, are also shaping pet feeding practices, and that closer collaboration between veterinarians and the pet food industry is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Companion Animal Nutrition)

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16 pages, 516 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from Plants Grown in Tolima, Colombia, Against Bacteria Associated with Bovine Mastitis

by Yeimy Lorena Robledo-Díaz, Aurora Alejandra Sánchez-Varón, Yeli Camila Van-arcken Aguilar, María del Pilar Sánchez-Bonilla and Jorge Enrique Hernández-Carvajal

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090903 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Among the main diseases affecting dairy cattle is mastitis, a pathology widely recognized worldwide for causing considerable economic losses for both producers and the dairy industry. The conventional treatment involves the use of antibiotics, for which bacterial resistance has been reported. This fact [...] Read more.

Among the main diseases affecting dairy cattle is mastitis, a pathology widely recognized worldwide for causing considerable economic losses for both producers and the dairy industry. The conventional treatment involves the use of antibiotics, for which bacterial resistance has been reported. This fact has created the need to propose alternative treatments for this disease. Among the bacterial microorganisms associated with bovine mastitis are Streptococcus spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, which were isolated from milk obtained from cattle with mastitis in different dairy farms in the sector of Anaime in Cajamarca, Tolima. The objective of this research was to provide information on the antibacterial activity, toxicity, and phytochemical study (by TLC) of the following five plants—Calendula officinalis L., Psidium guajava L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Carica papaya L.—cultivated in Tolima, Colombia, with ethnopharmacological information in the treatment of diseases of bacterial origin. The ethanolic extracts of the selected species were obtained by maceration and were characterized for the presence of flavonoids by TLC. The antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique in Mueller–Hinton agar against Streptococcus spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains. Ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava L. (21 ± 3.2) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (19 ± 2.1) showed the best activity against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. In addition, ethanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis L. (21 ± 1.9), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (17 ± 2.9 mm), and Psidium guajava L. (15 ± 2.3) were the most active against Streptococcus spp. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. showed no activity against the strains evaluated. All extracts showed toxicity against Artemia salina nauplii at 24 h. It is important to mention that flavonoids were detected using TLC in all the extracts, which may be associated with antibacterial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Mastitis: Therapies and Control)

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16 pages, 523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Triage Model for Feline Infectious Diseases in a Veterinary Isolation Unit: The Case of Feline Immunodeficiency and Leukemia Viruses

by Miguel M. Maximino, Inês C. Machado, Telmo P. Nunes, Luís M. Tavares, Virgílio S. Almeida, Solange A. Gil and Nuno Sepúlveda

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090902 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 694

Abstract

Isolation units in veterinary hospitals are essential for managing infectious diseases, but limited resources in staff, equipment and budget make timely triage difficult. In this scenario, data-driven models, if trained with high-quality data and presenting good accuracy, might be a rapid and low-cost [...] Read more.

Isolation units in veterinary hospitals are essential for managing infectious diseases, but limited resources in staff, equipment and budget make timely triage difficult. In this scenario, data-driven models, if trained with high-quality data and presenting good accuracy, might be a rapid and low-cost first step before more costly diagnostics are deployed to unclear cases. In this study, we aimed at constructing simple triage models for two common feline infections using routine-collected data from 1211 cats admitted to a Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) in Portugal, of which 640 were eligible for analysis. Our study focused on infections caused by Feline Immunodeficiency and Leukemia viruses (FIV and FeLV) due to their potential to induce immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to secondary diseases. Our model training was based on data from 134 FIV-seropositive cats, 126 FeLV-seropositive, and 504 confirmed non-cases (i.e., controls) of these infections diagnosed by rapid immunomigration assays and ELISA. Significant triage factors of FIV infections included older age, outdoor access, and concomitant disorders whereas, for FeLV, infections, they were mixed-breed status, concomitant conditions, and low hematocrit. The models showed areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70 and 0.69 for FIV and FeLV infections, respectively, with sensitivities and specificities estimated above ≥65%. This performance, being far from sensitivities and specificities above 90%, motivates further research to find additional triage factors to improve model utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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18 pages, 4649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Study of Theileria annulata and Anaplasma spp. in Ixodid Ticks from Southern Regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan

by Zaure Z. Sayakova, Saltanat A. Kenessary, Ainur A. Zhaksylykova, Bagzhan M. Abdimalik, Eleonora A. Kydyrkhanova, Dinara K. Kamalova, Anara Ryskeldina, Yekaterina O. Ostapchuk, Christine M. Budke and Aida M. Abdybekova

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090901 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 350

Abstract

Ixodid ticks are vectors of pathogens that cause dangerous infectious and parasitic diseases in animals, leading to reduced productivity and, in some cases, mass mortality. In Kazakhstan, information on tick fauna and their epizootological role in the transmission of hemoparasites is limited. This [...] Read more.

Ixodid ticks are vectors of pathogens that cause dangerous infectious and parasitic diseases in animals, leading to reduced productivity and, in some cases, mass mortality. In Kazakhstan, information on tick fauna and their epizootological role in the transmission of hemoparasites is limited. This study aimed to determine the species composition of ixodid ticks parasitizing cattle in the Almaty, Zhambyl, and Turkistan oblasts, and to assess their potential role in the transmission of Theileria and Anaplasma spp. A total of 3121 ixodid ticks were collected from cattle, belonging to the genera Hyalomma (86.9%; 2711/3121), Rhipicephalus (8.5%; 266/3121), Dermacentor (3.2%; 101/3121), and Haemaphysalis (1.4%; 43/3121). Morphological identification revealed that ticks of the genus Hyalomma, including Hyalomma scupense (31.7%), Hyalomma asiaticum (27.9%), and Hyalomma anatolicum (19.6%), were the predominant species. Rhipicephalus annulatus was recorded for the first time in the Almaty and Zhambyl oblasts. Partial sequencing of the cox1 gene confirmed the species identification obtained by morphological examination. A total of 113 representative ticks were subjected to DNA extraction for the identification of Theileria and Anaplasma species using conventional PCR with primers targeting the 28SrRNA and GroEL genes, respectively. No Anaplasma spp. were detected in the analyzed tick samples. Theileria annulata DNA was identified in seven nymphs of Hy. scupense (6.1%) collected in the Zhambyl oblast, and for the first time in Kazakhstan, in one female Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.9%) collected in the Almaty oblast. The overall infection prevalence of Theileria annulata was 7.0% (8/113). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 4774 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of DTMUV and LPS on Duck Liver Disease

by Zhenghui Lan, Zhigang Sun, Yi Wang, Huatao Li and Xuejing Sun

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090900 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

This study investigated the structural features of adult duck liver and compared pathological alterations induced by duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV, strain XZ-2012) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Histological techniques (HE, reticular fiber, and trichrome staining) revealed normal duck liver exhibited reddish-brown coloration with indistinct lobule [...] Read more.

This study investigated the structural features of adult duck liver and compared pathological alterations induced by duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV, strain XZ-2012) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Histological techniques (HE, reticular fiber, and trichrome staining) revealed normal duck liver exhibited reddish-brown coloration with indistinct lobule boundaries and no prominent bile ducts. Kupffer cell distribution was mapped via jugular ink injection. DTMUV infection caused liver swelling, congestion, and yellowish discoloration. Histopathology showed lymphocyte infiltration around central veins and portal areas, increased reticular fibers, thickened basement membranes, hepatocyte vacuolation, and erythrocyte accumulation in sinusoids. In contrast, LPS exposure led to mild hepatic enlargement without vacuolar degeneration but with marked perivascular lymphocyte aggregation and reticular fiber proliferation. Both treatments elevated Kupffer cell numbers. These findings demonstrate distinct liver injury patterns: DTMUV induces direct hepatocellular damage with inflammatory responses, while LPS triggers intense immune cell recruitment without significant hepatocyte degeneration. The study provides insights into avian viral versus bacterial pathogenesis and liver defense mechanisms, offering a foundation for further research into waterfowl infectious diseases. Full article

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8 pages, 413 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Synergistic Enhancement of Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Attenuated Live Vaccines Using Chemical Nanoadjuvants: Evaluation of Sustained-Release Formulations

by Jianli Shi, Chang Liu, Chen Li and Jun Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090899 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Achieving a balance between enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity while ensuring sustained release for attenuated live vaccines has long been a challenge in the vaccine industry. However, the incorporation of chemical materials as nanoadjuvants has emerged as a promising strategy to address [...] Read more.

Achieving a balance between enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity while ensuring sustained release for attenuated live vaccines has long been a challenge in the vaccine industry. However, the incorporation of chemical materials as nanoadjuvants has emerged as a promising strategy to address this challenge. In this study, a novel nano-adjuvant with sustained release properties was developed by combining polyethylene glycol (PEG) and other biochemical and molecular biology agents with CpG. The efficacy of this adjuvant was assessed using the widely applied CSF attenuated live vaccine. The body temperature and relative daily weight gain results demonstrated the safety of the formulations. Importantly, the combination of CpG immune enhancers and sustained-release agents led to a synergistic augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Specifically, the combination of PEG20000 and benzoic acid, along with Seppic white oil, significantly enhanced humoral immunity. In contrast, the combination of total white oil, PEG6000 and benzoic acid demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting cellular immunity. This study offers important insights into enhancing vaccine efficacy through novel adjuvant combinations, which can be applied to the development of more effective vaccines in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)

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16 pages, 802 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Treatment for BRD in Beef Calves Within the First 60 Days After Arrival at Fattening Operations in Northwestern Italy Beef Calves

by Isabella Nicola, Giuliano Borriello, Edoardo Ramacciotti, Giovanni Gallina, Maurizio Beltramo and Claudio Bellino

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090898 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) impacts beef cattle health and farming systems. To better understand the BRD predisposing factors, a study was conducted in northwest Italy on a population of 26 batches (760 animals) of beef cattle imported from France. Of these, 173 underwent [...] Read more.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) impacts beef cattle health and farming systems. To better understand the BRD predisposing factors, a study was conducted in northwest Italy on a population of 26 batches (760 animals) of beef cattle imported from France. Of these, 173 underwent physical examination for clinical signs of BRD (rectal temperature > 39.5 °C, respiratory rate > 36 bpm, cough, nasal or ocular discharge) and blood sampling to detect antibodies against bovine viral respiratory infectious agents (e.g., parainfluenza 3, bovine herpesvirus type 1), haptoglobin and reactive oxygen metabolites concentrations, on arrival. Data on BRD treatments performed within 60 days of arrival were extracted from farm registers. The two most frequent cattle breeds were Blonde d’Aquitaine (80/173, 46.2%) and Limousine (61/173, 35.3%); the median batch weight was 332 kg (range, 195–470). At least one clinical sign of BRD was noted in 57.2% (99/173) of the animals. Most animals tested positive for BPIV3 (131/173, 75.7%) and BRSV (112/172, 64.7%). Bovine respiratory disease treatment was associated with transport time and average weight on arrival. Moreover, reactive oxygen metabolites levels differed between treated and untreated animals; this difference could help predict the onset of BRD, though further studies are needed to draw conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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10 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Free-Range Sheep and Domestic Dogs from the Greater Hinggan Mountains Area of China

by Yanyan Jiang, Zhongying Yuan, Xu Wang, Hongling Zhang, Hao Zhou, Weiping Wu, Yujuan Shen and Jianping Cao

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090897 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is a globally distributed microsporidian that infects both humans and animals. However, reports on its occurrence in free-ranging sheep and domestic dogs from rural areas are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence [...] Read more.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is a globally distributed microsporidian that infects both humans and animals. However, reports on its occurrence in free-ranging sheep and domestic dogs from rural areas are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi among freely grazing sheep and household dogs in the Hinggan Mountain region of China. A total of 235 fecal samples were collected, consisting of 95 from sheep and 140 from dogs, and screened for E. bieneusi by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) within the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. The total infection rate of E. bieneusi amounted to 3.0% (7/235), with sheep exhibiting a rate of 5.3% (5/95) and dogs demonstrating a rate of 1.4% (2/140). Sequence analysis identified two known genotypes in sheep (BEB6 and NESH4, both within phylogenetic group 2) and one known genotype in dogs (CHN-F1, phylogenetic group 1), with CHN-F1 being reported in dogs for the first time. Importantly, the detection of BEB6, a genotype previously associated with human infection, suggests that sheep could act as a potential reservoir contributing to zoonotic transmission and environmental contamination. These findings expand knowledge of the genotype spectrum of E. bieneusi in rural animal populations and provide evidence of possible cross-species transmission between humans and the surveyed animals in the region. Full article

18 pages, 2122 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Immunization Against Inhibin on Camel Testicular Morphometry, Echotexture Analysis, Semen Quality, and Vascularization in Relation to Hormonal Aspect

by Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby, Hossam R. El-Sherbiny, Abdulrhman K. Alhaider, Mohamed Marzok and Ibrahim A. Emam

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090896 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 404

Abstract

This study aims to demonstrate whether immunization against inhibin could alters testicular echotexture (TE), hemodynamics (resistance and pulstalilty index [RI and PI], testicular blood flow volume [TBFV]), and semen picture. Senile male camels were immunized actively against inhibin alpha subunit (immunized males; n [...] Read more.

This study aims to demonstrate whether immunization against inhibin could alters testicular echotexture (TE), hemodynamics (resistance and pulstalilty index [RI and PI], testicular blood flow volume [TBFV]), and semen picture. Senile male camels were immunized actively against inhibin alpha subunit (immunized males; n = 5; subcutaneous route; 1 mL) or non immunized (control males; n = 5). The injection was four times with four weeks intervals. Semen was collected by electroejaculator once per week. Blood sampling, ultrasonography, and hormonal assaying was performed once per week. The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and nitric oxide (NO) were calculated. Regarding control camels, the FSH levels were elevated (p < 0.01) in immunized males weeks 6–9 in August. Both E2 and NO were increased in the same group at weeks 7–11 with the highest level in week 10 for E2 (17.01 ± 0.11 pg/mL) in September and in week 9 for NO (44.66 ± 0.15 µmol/L). The Doppler indices RI and PI were declined (p < 0.01) in immunized camels in weeks 7–11, while the TBFV was elevated (p < 0.01). A marked elevation (p < 0.05) in testicular volume was noticed in the immunized group with a decline in the TE in week 9. The sperm cell concentration and viability were elevated (p < 0.01) in the immunized group. In conclusion, the active immunization against inhibin in senile camels shows a positive effect via improvement of testicular hemodynamics, flow volume, testicular volume, FSH, E2, NO, and sperm cell concentration with viability %, and alterations in both Doppler indices with the TE. Full article

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11 pages, 336 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Longitudinal Observational Study on Lactation-Associated Changes in Procalcitonin, Protein Carbonyl Content, Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, and Symmetric Dimethylarginine in Dairy Cattle

by Giulia Sala, Matteo Castelli, Chiara Orsetti, Giovanni Armenia, Lucia De Marchi, Valentina Meucci, Micaela Sgorbini and Francesca Bonelli

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090895 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Procalcitonin (PCT), protein carbonyl content (PCC), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) have been proposed as promising biomarkers for detecting diseases in cattle. Their concentrations could potentially be influenced by lactation due to oxidative stress commonly observed during this period. This study [...] Read more.

Procalcitonin (PCT), protein carbonyl content (PCC), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) have been proposed as promising biomarkers for detecting diseases in cattle. Their concentrations could potentially be influenced by lactation due to oxidative stress commonly observed during this period. This study aimed to evaluate plasma levels of PCT, PCC, ADMA, and SDMA at different stages of lactation in 21 healthy dairy cows: at 15 (T0), 60 (T1), and 150 (T2) days in milk (DIM). Clinically healthy Italian Holstein-Friesian cows were included, selected based on healthy dry periods and weekly veterinary checks during lactation. Blood samples were collected at each time point and biomarkers were measured using validated analytical methods. Data were analyzed using Friedman’s test and the p value was set at 0.05. Median (IQR) PCT values were 64.29 (40.00–143.23), 75.36 (40.00–161.47), and 77.50 pg/mL (40.00–120.18) at T0, T1, and T2, respectively. PCC medians were 0.17 (0.10–0.27), 0.14 (0.08–0.23), and 0.20 (0.08–0.22) nmol/mL/mg; ADMA values were 0.11 (0.09–0.15), 0.11 (0.09–0.13), and 0.10 µmol/L (0.09–0.14); and SDMA values were 0.11 (0.09–0.14), 0.12 (0.09–0.15), and 0.10 µmol/L (0.09–0.16). No statistically significant differences were observed between time points for any biomarker. These findings suggest that, despite physiological oxidative stress during lactation, these biomarkers remain stable in healthy cows. Therefore, establishing distinct reference ranges based on lactation stage may not be necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Clinical Pathology: Focus on Hematology and Biochemical Diagnostics)

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14 pages, 2928 KB

Open AccessReview

Temporal Dynamics and Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza in Wild Birds in Northern Serbia (2016–2025)

by Biljana Djurdjević, Milena Samojlović, Diana Lupulović, Tamaš Petrović, Vladimir Polaček, Slobodan Knežević and Marko Pajić

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090894 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 576

Abstract

Wild birds, particularly migratory waterfowl (family Anatidae), are the primary reservoir of avian influenza viruses, playing a key role in their transboundary spread. In the winter of 2016/2017, the H5N8 strain was first recorded in Serbia, with 20 outbreaks confirmed in wild birds [...] Read more.

Wild birds, particularly migratory waterfowl (family Anatidae), are the primary reservoir of avian influenza viruses, playing a key role in their transboundary spread. In the winter of 2016/2017, the H5N8 strain was first recorded in Serbia, with 20 outbreaks confirmed in wild birds by 2021, mostly involving mute swans in the Vojvodina region. From 2021 onward, the dominant strain was H5N1, with 38 confirmed outbreaks up to 2023, primarily affecting mute swans, black-headed gulls, and common cranes. Sporadic H5N2 outbreaks were also detected, with two cases in 2021 and 2023. Due to its rich ornithofauna, natural reserves, and habitats suitable for migratory birds, the Vojvodina region has been officially designated as a high-risk zone by the Veterinary Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia. While sporadic cases occurred in backyard poultry, commercial farms remained unaffected. Infections peaked in autumn and early spring. Control measures included enhanced biosecurity, movement restrictions, and removal of dead birds to protect domestic poultry. Despite the circulation of avian influenza virus in wild birds, Serbia’s commercial poultry industry avoided outbreaks and major economic losses. Including outbreak data provided insight into the scale and persistence of avian influenza threats in this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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25 pages, 3347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between FABP3 and FABP4 Genes with Changes in Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profiles in the Native Southern Yellow Cattle Breed

by Mervan Bayraktar, Serap Göncü, Atalay Ergül, Recep Karaman, Bahri Devrim Özcan, Şerife Ergül, Celile Aylin Oluk, Özgül Anitaş, Ahmet Bayram and Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090893 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

Fatty acid binding proteins FABP3 and FABP4 act as intracellular lipid chaperones that influence fatty acid transport and metabolism in mammary tissue, and genetic variation in these genes may affect milk composition. We examined the associations between FABP3 and FABP4 polymorphisms and milk [...] Read more.

Fatty acid binding proteins FABP3 and FABP4 act as intracellular lipid chaperones that influence fatty acid transport and metabolism in mammary tissue, and genetic variation in these genes may affect milk composition. We examined the associations between FABP3 and FABP4 polymorphisms and milk composition and fatty acid profiles in 200 lactating Native Southern Yellow (NSY) cows. DNA from each cow was PCR-amplified and Sanger-sequenced for FABP3 and FABP4; genotypes were tested for their association with milk fatty acid concentrations and standard composition traits using linear models adjusted for relevant covariates. We detected a missense variant in FABP3 (c.3656G > A; p.Val45Met) and an intronic SNP in FABP4 (g.3509T > C). The FABP3 p.Val45Met AA genotype was associated with higher concentrations of butyric, palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids. Cows with the FABP4 TC genotype exhibited elevated levels of myristoleic, γ-linolenic, conjugated linoleic, and arachidic acids, along with increased fat-free dry matter, protein, and lactose. In silico analyses provided mixed evidence for the structural effects of p.Val45Met, molecular docking suggested altered ligand affinity for several fatty acids, and splice site prediction implicated g.3509T > C in possible transcript processing changes. These variants constitute candidate markers for milk fatty acid composition in NSY cattle; replication in independent cohorts and functional validation are recommended to confirm their utility for milk quality improvement. Full article

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16 pages, 6562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Macrophage and Granulocytic Recruitment with Increased Neo-Angiogenesis in Chicken Embryo Yolk Sac Following In Ovo Probiotic Blend Administration

by Lucia Biagini, Stefano Pesaro, Livio Galosi, Donatella Volpatti, Danilo De Bellis, Alessandra Roncarati, Alessandra Gavazza and Giacomo Rossi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090892 - 15 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The yolk sac (YS) plays a pivotal role in avian embryonic development, contributing to both haematopoiesis and immune maturation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in ovo administration of a commercial probiotic blend (Slab51^®) on YS cellular dynamics in [...] Read more.

The yolk sac (YS) plays a pivotal role in avian embryonic development, contributing to both haematopoiesis and immune maturation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in ovo administration of a commercial probiotic blend (Slab51^®) on YS cellular dynamics in chicken embryos. At embryonic day (ED) 18, Ross308 broiler eggs were injected with either the probiotic suspension (P) or sterile saline solution (C). YS tissues were sampled at 8, 12, 24 and 36 h post-inoculation for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Probiotic-treated embryos exhibited a significant reduction in granulocytic foci within the YS, potentially reflecting enhanced peripheral migration of mature granulocytes. Concurrently, a progressive increase in Iba-1+ macrophages was observed in the probiotic group, suggesting accelerated macrophage differentiation. Immunophenotyping revealed a predominance of M1-iNOS+ macrophages across all timepoints, although a significant increase in M2-CD204+ macrophages was detected at 36 h in probiotic-treated embryos, indicating a possible anti-inflammatory shift. Furthermore, a marked increase in CD31+ endothelial cells in the probiotic group supports an associated rise in neo-angiogenesis. These findings suggest that in ovo probiotic administration modulates the YS microenvironment by promoting early macrophage recruitment, macrophage polarization and vascular remodeling. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate probiotic-induced structural and immunological alterations in the chicken embryo YS. These results provide novel insights into the early immunomodulatory effects of probiotics and highlight the potential of the YS as a key mediator of host–probiotic interaction during embryogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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Open AccessArticle

Genomic Variants, Transcriptomic Profile, Ultrasonographic Findings, and Antioxidant and Immunological Biomarkers Linked to Pregnancy Toxemia Susceptibility in Goats

by Ahmed El-Sayed, Mohamed Marzok, Huda A. Alqahtani, Amin Tahoun, Adel I. Almubarak, Rasha Yassin Elkhidr, Zakriya Al Mohamed, Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby, Hussein Babiker, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd and Ahmed Ateya

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090891 - 15 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Pregnancy toxemia (PT) represents a significant metabolic disorder affecting small ruminants that causes substantial economic losses due to reduced productivity, reproductive failure, and high mortality. This study investigated the clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, oxidative stress, and immunological profiles, as well as the gene expression [...] Read more.

Pregnancy toxemia (PT) represents a significant metabolic disorder affecting small ruminants that causes substantial economic losses due to reduced productivity, reproductive failure, and high mortality. This study investigated the clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, oxidative stress, and immunological profiles, as well as the gene expression and nucleotide sequence variations, associated with PT susceptibility in Shami goats. Fifty late-pregnant does (33 healthy and 17 PT-affected) were examined. Clinical evaluation, complete blood count, biochemical analysis, cytokine profiling, antioxidant assays, hepatic ultrasonography, quantitative real-time PCR of immune (IL6, IL8), antioxidant (SOD3, HMOX1), and lipogenic (ACACA, FASN) genes, and PCR-DNA sequencing were performed. PT does exhibit significant hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, elevated liver and kidney function biomarkers, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress (↑ MDA, ↓ GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT), increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, TNFα), and reduced IL10. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of IL6 and IL8 and downregulation of SOD3, HMOX1, ACACA, and FASN in PT does. Sequencing identified multiple synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs significantly associated with PT. Ultrasonography indicated hepatic fatty infiltration. Discriminant analysis using SNPs achieved 100% classification accuracy between healthy and PT does. These findings suggested that combined clinical, biochemical, oxidative, immunological, and genetic markers could enhance early PT diagnosis and may provide a basis for future studies aimed at selective breeding for improved resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Markers in Ruminant Reproduction)

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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 134 articles

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