Veterinary Sciences

14 pages, 1420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colistin Use in European Livestock: Veterinary Field Data on Trends and Perspectives for Further Reduction

by Wiebke Jansen, Jobke van Hout, Jeanine Wiegel, Despoina Iatridou, Ilias Chantziaras and Nancy De Briyne

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110650 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3839

Abstract

Polymyxin E (colistin) is a medically important active substance both in human and veterinary medicine. Colistin has been used in veterinary medicine since the 1950s. Due to the discovery of the plasmid-borne mcr gene in 2015 and the simultaneously increased importance in human [...] Read more.

Polymyxin E (colistin) is a medically important active substance both in human and veterinary medicine. Colistin has been used in veterinary medicine since the 1950s. Due to the discovery of the plasmid-borne mcr gene in 2015 and the simultaneously increased importance in human medicine as a last-resort antibiotic, the use of colistin for animals was scrutinised. Though veterinary colistin sales dropped by 76.5% between 2011 to 2020, few studies evaluated real-world data on the use patterns of colistin in different European countries and sectors. A survey among veterinarians revealed that 51.9% did not use or ceased colistin, 33.4% decreased their use, 10.4% stabilised their use, and 2.7% increased use. The most important indications for colistin use were gastrointestinal diseases in pigs followed by septicaemia in poultry. A total of 106 (16.0%) responding veterinarians reported governmental/industry restrictions regarding colistin use, most commonly mentioning “use only after susceptibility testing” (57%). In brief, colistin was perceived as an essential last-resort antibiotic in veterinary medicine for E. coli infections in pigs and poultry, where there is no alternative legal, safe, and efficacious antimicrobial available. To further reduce the need for colistin, synergistic preventive measures, including improved biosecurity, husbandry, and vaccinations, must be employed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock)

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15 pages, 3163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PPARγ/mTOR Regulates the Synthesis and Release of Prostaglandins in Ovine Trophoblast Cells in Early Pregnancy

by Kexing Hao, Jing Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Huihui Chen, Bin Jia and Guangdong Hu

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110649 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2748

Abstract

Trophoblast cells synthesize and secrete prostaglandins (PGs), which are essential for ruminants in early gestation to recognize pregnancy. Hormones in the intrauterine environment play an important role in regulating PGs synthesis during implantation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, co-treatment [...] Read more.

Trophoblast cells synthesize and secrete prostaglandins (PGs), which are essential for ruminants in early gestation to recognize pregnancy. Hormones in the intrauterine environment play an important role in regulating PGs synthesis during implantation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, co-treatment of sheep trophoblast cells (STCs) with progesterone (P₄), estradiol (E₂), and interferon-tau (IFN-τ) increased the ratio of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) to prostaglandin F2α (PGF_2α) and upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, while inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and activating cellular autophagy. Under hormone treatment, inhibition of PPARγ activity decreased the ratio of PGE₂/PGF2α and cellular activity, while activating expression of the mTOR downstream marker—the phosphorylation of p70S6K (p-p70S6K). We also found that the PPARγ/mTOR pathway played an important role in regulating trophoblast cell function. Inhibition of the mTOR pathway by rapamycin increased the ratio of PGE₂/PGF_2α and decreased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins after inhibiting PPARγ activity. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of prostaglandin regulation of trophoblast cells in sheep during early pregnancy, indicating that the PPARγ/mTOR pathway plays an important role in PGs secretion and cell viability. Full article

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25 pages, 1093 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Pivotal Role of Stem Cells in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

by Hussein M. El-Husseiny, Eman A. Mady, Mahmoud A. Y. Helal and Ryou Tanaka

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110648 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4799

Abstract

The introduction of new regenerative therapeutic modalities in the veterinary practice has recently picked up a lot of interest. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with a high capacity to self-renew and develop into tissue cells with specific roles. Hence, they are an effective [...] Read more.

The introduction of new regenerative therapeutic modalities in the veterinary practice has recently picked up a lot of interest. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with a high capacity to self-renew and develop into tissue cells with specific roles. Hence, they are an effective therapeutic option to ameliorate the ability of the body to repair and engineer damaged tissues. Currently, based on their facile isolation and culture procedures and the absence of ethical concerns with their use, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most promising stem cell type for therapeutic applications. They are becoming more and more well-known in veterinary medicine because of their exceptional immunomodulatory capabilities. However, their implementation on the clinical scale is still challenging. These limitations to their use in diverse affections in different animals drive the advancement of these therapies. In the present article, we discuss the ability of MSCs as a potent therapeutic modality for the engineering of different animals’ tissues including the heart, skin, digestive system (mouth, teeth, gastrointestinal tract, and liver), musculoskeletal system (tendons, ligaments, joints, muscles, and nerves), kidneys, respiratory system, and eyes based on the existing knowledge. Moreover, we highlighted the promises of the implementation of MSCs in clinical use in veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Therapeutic Modalities in Veterinary Medicine: Current Status and Future Directions)

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19 pages, 7369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histomorphology and Chemical Constituents of Interdigital Gland of Vembur Sheep, Ovis aries

by Thangavel Rajagopal, Selvam Mahalakshmi, Thirukonda Ravindhran Gayathri, Naganathan Muruganantham, Marimuthu Muthukatturaja, Durairaj Rajesh, Kamatchi Rameshkumar, Ponnirul Ponmanickam, Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha and Govindaraju Archunan

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110647 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5071

Abstract

The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical communication, and protects from ultraviolet radiation as well as fungal and bacterial infections of the feet. The present study aimed at [...] Read more.

The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical communication, and protects from ultraviolet radiation as well as fungal and bacterial infections of the feet. The present study aimed at finding if there are male-female differences in the anatomy, morphology, and volatile compounds of the interdigital gland of the South Indian breed of Vembur sheep. A total of 24 sheep (12 each of male and female) were spotted at the slaughterhouse and the interdigital gland was removed for examination. The anatomical examination revealed it to resemble a tobacco pipe and to consist of a body, flexure, and excretory duct with an external orifice located at the cleft of the digits. Morphometrically, the interdigital glands differed between males and females. The gland possesses a distinct fibrous capsule, epidermis, and dermis. The fibrous capsule contains several parallel bundles of collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and blood vessels, etc. The epidermis consists of keratinized squamous epithelium formed of stratum basale, stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The dermis consists of hair follicles, nerve plexuses, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine and sebaceous glandular lobules. The latter, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, are arranged in clusters of acini in the upper portion of the dermis. The apocrine secretory lobules, made up of parenchymal cells, are found in the lower portion of the dermis. The density and diameter of the apocrine and sebaceous secretory lobules were significantly higher in the males than females. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed the apocrine and sebaceous secretory components. Twenty-three major compounds were identified in the interdigital gland postings of male and female sheep, among which butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 1-heptanol and octadecanoic acid were present only in the male glandular post, whereas octane, 7-hexyl-tridecane, tetradecane, heptadecane and decanoic acid were present only in the female glandular post. Tetradecanol, tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanol peaks, reportedly antibacterial compounds in pronghorn antelopes, were highly prominent in both male and female sheep. Thus, the interdigital gland of Vembur sheep has two major secretory lobules, namely, sebaceous and apocrine, larger in males than females, which secrete a variety chemical compounds that may serve as chemical communication systems and protect the sheep from foot-borne diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Different Components of the Chemical Communication Mechanisms in Domestic Animals)

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10 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Water Sources and Shared Fence Lines on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence in the First 45 Days on Feed

by Hector A. Rojas, Brad J. White, David E. Amrine, Robert L. Larson, Sarah F. Capik and Brandon E. Depenbusch

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110646 - 21 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1652

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease in feedlot cattle, but little is known on the role of pen housing conditions. The objective of this research is to use a retrospective analysis with data from 10 U.S. feedlots to determine potential associations [...] Read more.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease in feedlot cattle, but little is known on the role of pen housing conditions. The objective of this research is to use a retrospective analysis with data from 10 U.S. feedlots to determine potential associations between BRD risk during the first 45 days after arrival with pen-level management factors including the number of water sources, shared water sources, and shared fence lines. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between management factors, cattle demographics, and BRD incidence. The effect of shared water sources on BRD risk was modified by arrival weight and cohort size (p < 0.05). Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (5.55% ± 0.98) compared to cattle with one water source (8.80% ± 1.50) when arrival weight was 227 kg to 272 kg, while there were few differences in heavier weight cattle. Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (3.11% ± 0.56) compared to one water (5.50% ± 0.10) when cohort size was 100–175 head, but there were no BRD morbidity differences when bigger or smaller cohorts were evaluated. Shared fence lines and water sources were associated with BRD risk; however, no biologically meaningful results were identified. The number of water sources was associated with BRD risk, and effects were modified by cohort size and arrival weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)

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7 pages, 834 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection and Characterization of a Novel Picornavirus in European Badger (Meles meles)

by Andrea Palombieri, Paola Fruci, Vittorio Sarchese, Serena Robetto, Riccardo Orusa, Alessio Arbuatti, Vito Martella, Barbara Di Martino and Federica Di Profio

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110645 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

The recent development of unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing has provided a richer view of the wild animal virome making it necessary to expand the knowledge about virus diversity in wildlife, as well as to monitor their potential transmission to domestic animals or humans. [...] Read more.

The recent development of unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing has provided a richer view of the wild animal virome making it necessary to expand the knowledge about virus diversity in wildlife, as well as to monitor their potential transmission to domestic animals or humans. In the present study, by screening collections of enteric specimens from wild animals, a novel picornavirus was identified in the intestinal content of a badger (Meles meles). By enrichment with a sequence-independent single-primer amplification (SISPA) approach and deep sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platform, the genome sequence of a novel picornavirus strain, Badger/3A-2019/ITA, was reconstructed. On comparison based on the polyprotein sequences, the virus was distantly related (58.7% and 59.7% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively) to the feline picornavirus strain FFUP1, identified in 2012 in Portugal and classified into genus Sakobovirus within the species Sakobuvirus A. Upon phylogenetic, pairwise homology, and distance analyses performed on the P1, 2C^hel, 3C^pro, and 3D^pol proteins and the complete genomic sequence, the badger picornavirus may be considered a member of a new sakobuvirus species, which we propose as Sakobuvirus B. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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5 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Determination of the Stifle Angle at Standing Position in Dogs

by Thomas Giansetto, Pierre P. Picavet, Michaël Lefebvre and Marc Balligand

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110644 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2431

Abstract

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases encountered in dogs. Surgical techniques have been developed to stabilize the stifle, with an overall accepted benefit of tibial osteotomies among which is the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). Prior [...] Read more.

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases encountered in dogs. Surgical techniques have been developed to stabilize the stifle, with an overall accepted benefit of tibial osteotomies among which is the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). Prior to surgery, the required TTA must be determined on a strict lateral radiographical view of the affected stifle with femur and tibia at an angle of 135° as initially recommended. This value, initially determined in only two dog breeds, has been considered the mean standard value of the canine stifle angle during the mid-stance phase. Methods: We sought to determine if this particular stifle angle around mid-stance phase was similar among multiple dog breeds. We built up a custom-made radiographic system for stifle angle measurement in standing dogs. Results: A mean value of stifle angle of 145° was obtained. Mean stifle angle at mid-stance phase in a healthy dog is regularly higher than 135° and is likely breed and individual dependent. Conclusions: The pre-operative measurement of the required TTA made on stifles in 145° extension, a value close to full physiological extension could contribute to decreasing the incidence of late post-operative meniscal lesion, consecutive to underestimation of TTA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Joint Disease in Companion Animals)

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11 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postoperative Observation of Spaying with the Silicon Ring on the Ovaries in Heifers: A Retrospective Study in 28 Cases

by Byung-Hoon Ko, Dong-Gun Park and Won-Jae Lee

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110643 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1858

Abstract

Although spaying prepubertal heifers has routinely been conducted to control cattle herd and improve meat quality, understandings of the postoperative changes following new spaying methods with the silicon ring on the ovaries via colpotomy remain limited. Therefore, as a retrospective study, 28 cases [...] Read more.

Although spaying prepubertal heifers has routinely been conducted to control cattle herd and improve meat quality, understandings of the postoperative changes following new spaying methods with the silicon ring on the ovaries via colpotomy remain limited. Therefore, as a retrospective study, 28 cases of spayed heifers were reviewed for postoperative changes after employing this method, with inclusion criteria including complete medical records for clinical observation, ultrasonography, measuring reproductive hormones, and tracking slaughter records. No mortality and heat signs at the pubertal age postoperatively occurred in spayed animals. On ultrasonography during rectal examination, the ovaries were enlarged without any folliculogenesis from one week, while massive ovarian edema appeared from two weeks, and ovaries were no longer palpable at four weeks post-surgery. In hormones, whereas estrogen and progesterone levels did not change from prepubertal to pubertal age in spayed animals, luteinizing hormone levels progressively increased during this period and reached a higher level at pubertal period than unspayed controls. Although carcass weight and yield were similar between groups upon slaughter at pubertal age, the spayed animals presented higher carcass quality (marbling degree) than that of controls. These results may contribute to develop herd management strategies, including control of estrus in cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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8 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Histopathological Features of Myxoid Pleomorphic Liposarcoma in an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)

by Eun-Joo Lee and Kyu-Shik Jeong

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110642 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma is characterized by pathological features of both pleomorphic liposarcoma and myxoid liposarcoma, as the name suggests. In this case, a myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma was observed in a 5-year-old male African pygmy hedgehog. It consisted of ~60% of the myxoid substance [...] Read more.

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma is characterized by pathological features of both pleomorphic liposarcoma and myxoid liposarcoma, as the name suggests. In this case, a myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma was observed in a 5-year-old male African pygmy hedgehog. It consisted of ~60% of the myxoid substance area with proliferating round cells and ~30% of pleomorphic neoplastic cells. The subject presented with extrapulmonary metastasis, but a good prognosis during 6 months of follow-up, which is similar to the characteristics of myxoid liposarcoma. The histopathological features of myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma may reflect the features of either myxoid liposarcoma or pleomorphic liposarcoma depending on the proportion of each histopathological feature. The proportion of the pleomorphic area and the myxoid area may offer information on the prognosis and metastasis of myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma, which will be helpful for setting up a treatment plan. Thus, analyzing the proportion of pleomorphic area and myxoid area could be suggested as one of the ways to predict clinical outcomes. In addition to the fact that this is the first case of a myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma in hedgehogs, this case is meaningful, considering the unique histopathological characteristics and rare incidence of myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma that could be important in humans as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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11 pages, 10760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

miR-708-5p Regulates Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation

by Xueli Xu, Hui Lu, Dong Xu, Zonggang Yu, Nini Ai, Kaiming Wang, Xintong Li, Jun He, Jun Jiang, Haiming Ma and Yuebo Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110641 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2405

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators involved in the myogenic process in skeletal muscles. miR-708-5p plays an important role in various biochemical and physiological processes, but its function in skeletal myogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we first explored the effects of miR-708-5p on [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators involved in the myogenic process in skeletal muscles. miR-708-5p plays an important role in various biochemical and physiological processes, but its function in skeletal myogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we first explored the effects of miR-708-5p on C2C12 proliferation and differentiation by overexpression and interference experiments. Then, we predicted the target genes of miR-708-5p and analyzed their function. We found that miR-708-5p was gradually increased during myoblast differentiation. Overexpression of miR-708-5p significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted the differentiation of myoblasts. A total of 253 target genes were predicted using a bioinformatics approach. These genes were significantly enriched in muscle growth-related GO terms and KEGG pathways, such as actin filament organization, actin cytoskeleton organization, PI3K-Akt pathway, insulin pathway, and Jak-STAT pathway. Among them, Pik3ca, Pik3r3, and Irs1 were considered to be the key target genes of miR-708-5p. To sum up, miR-708-5p inhibited C2C12 cells proliferation and promoted C2C12 cells differentiation. Its target genes significantly enriched in GO terms and KEGG pathways related to the development and growth of muscle. Our results provided a basis for studies on the function and mechanism of miR-708-5p regulating skeletal muscle growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Innovative Breeding in Pigs)

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8 pages, 8788 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Virome Profiling of an Amur leopard cat Reveals Multiple Anelloviruses and a Bocaparvovirus

by Yang Liu, Lanshun Sun, Zhongzhong Tu, Sheng Sun, Yue Sun, Le Yi, Changchun Tu and Biao He

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110640 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

As a small top predator, Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is widely distributed in northeast Asia and plays an important role in the control of small rodent populations and in the maintenance of ecological equilibrium. However, the viruses harbored by [...] Read more.

As a small top predator, Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is widely distributed in northeast Asia and plays an important role in the control of small rodent populations and in the maintenance of ecological equilibrium. However, the viruses harbored by this creature have been rarely investigated. Here, we report the DNA and RNA eukaryotic virome profiling of an injured Amur leopard cat followed by PCR validation, which revealed diverse anelloviruses in multiple organs and a bocaparvovirus in the lymph, but no RNA viruses. These anelloviruses have diverse genomic structures and are classified into four phylogroups with viruses of various felines, while the bocaparvovirus is extremely similar to those recovered from diarrheal domestic cats, illustrating the transmission of the virus between domestic animals and wildlife. These data provide the first insight into the genetic diversity of Amur leopard cat viruses, highlighting the need for further investigation of wild animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)

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14 pages, 3986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Contributed to Min Pig Villi Hair Follicle in Different Seasons

by Ming Tian, Xinmiao He, Wentao Wang, Yanzhong Feng, Dongjie Zhang, Zhongqiu Li and Di Liu

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110639 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2445

Abstract

The Min pig, a local pig breed in China, has a special trait which has intermittent villus and coat hair regeneration. However, the regulation and mechanism of villus in Min pigs have not yet been described. We observed and described the phenotype of [...] Read more.

The Min pig, a local pig breed in China, has a special trait which has intermittent villus and coat hair regeneration. However, the regulation and mechanism of villus in Min pigs have not yet been described. We observed and described the phenotype of Min pig dermal villi in detail and sequenced the mRNA transcriptome of Min pig hair follicles. A total of 1520 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were obtained.K-means hierarchical clustering showed that there was a significant expression pattern difference in winter compared with summer. Gene enrichment and network analysis results showed that the hair growth in Min pigs was closely related to the composition of desmosomes and regulated by an interaction network composed of eight core genes, namely DSP, DSC3, DSG4, PKP1, TGM1, KRT4, KRT15, and KRT84. Methylation analysis of promoters of target genes showed that the PKP1 gene was demethylated. Our study will help to supplement current knowledge of the growth mechanism of different types of hair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Innovative Breeding in Pigs)

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9 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hemophilia A Resulting in Severe Hyperesthesia Due to Extraparenchymal Spinal Cord Hemorrhage in a Young Golden Retriever Puppy

by Charlotte Lubbers, Martijn Beukers, Niklas Bergknut and Geert Paes

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110638 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

A ten-week-old male Golden retriever puppy was presented with severe hyperesthesia, mild neurological deficits and episcleral bleeding. Clotting times showed a normal prothrombin time (PT) and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT). Computed tomography (CT) of the vertebral column showed intradural, extraparenchymal hyperattenuating [...] Read more.

A ten-week-old male Golden retriever puppy was presented with severe hyperesthesia, mild neurological deficits and episcleral bleeding. Clotting times showed a normal prothrombin time (PT) and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT). Computed tomography (CT) of the vertebral column showed intradural, extraparenchymal hyperattenuating changes on precontrast CT images and epidural mass lesions, suggestive of hematorrhachis. Hemophilia A was confirmed by a low-factor VIII activity (FVIII:C). Although the dog improved clinically with intravenous analgesia and cage rest, it was euthanized by the owners’ choice because of the risk of developing future episodes of spontaneous hemorrhage. In young male puppies with severe hyperesthesia and mild neurological deficits, hemophilia A should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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23 pages, 15020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Identification of Volatile Substances with Attractive Effects on Wohlfahrtia magnifica from Vagina of Bactrian Camel

by Jiaqi Xue, Dongdong Ai, Xiangjun Xu, Changmei Wang, Xinji Jiang, Tana Han and Demtu Er

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110637 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

Vaginal myiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in Bactrian camels. At present, there are no reports on biological control measures of the disease. In this paper, the metabolomic analysis of vaginal secretions from susceptible and non-susceptible camels was performed by [...] Read more.

Vaginal myiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in Bactrian camels. At present, there are no reports on biological control measures of the disease. In this paper, the metabolomic analysis of vaginal secretions from susceptible and non-susceptible camels was performed by ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatograph. The results matched in 140 vaginal compounds. Methylheptenone, 1-octen-3-ol, and propyl butyrate and their mixtures were selected for gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD), electroantennography (EAG), behavioral experiments and trapping experiments of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (W. magnifica). Results showed that the W. magnifica had EAG responses to the three compounds, respectively. The EAG responses of female flies to different concentrations of methylheptenone were significantly different, but to the others had no significant difference, and there was no significant difference in the same compounds between the different sexes. Behavioral and trapping experiments showed that methylheptenone and 1-octen-3-ol have significant attraction to W. magnifica, but there was no significant difference to propyl butyrate. When methylheptenone and 1-octen-3-ol were mixed in different proportions, it was found that a mixture at the ratio of 1:1 and 0.5:1 had extremely significant and significant attraction, respectively, to both male and female W. magnifica. The study showed that, except for propyl butyrate, the higher the concentrations of the other two compounds, the stronger the attractivity to the W. magnifica, and a mixture at the ratio of 1:1 could enhance the attractivity to the W. magnifica. Full article

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21 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Barretos Cancer Hospital Animal Facility: Implementation and Results of a Dedicated Platform for Preclinical Oncology Models

by Silvia A. Teixeira, Mayara de Cassia Luzzi, Ana Carolina Baptista Moreno Martin, Terence Teixeira Duarte, Mônica de Oliveira Leal, Gustavo Ramos Teixeira, Monise Tadin Reis, Carlos Roberto Almeida Junior, Karina Santos, Matias Eliseo Melendez, Diego da Cunha Silveira Alves da Silva, Priscila Neves Bernécule, Higor Vinicius Lourenço Firmino, Ana Laura Vieira Alves, Denise Peixoto Guimarães, João Vitor Borduqui, Ana Carolina Laus, Bruna Minniti Mançano and Rui Manuel Reis

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110636 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3070

Abstract

The Barretos Cancer Hospital Animal Facility (BCHAF) is a unique facility in Brazil exclusively dedicated to working with animal models for cancer research. In this article, we briefly present our modern facility and the main experiments performed, focusing on mutant strains of mice [...] Read more.

The Barretos Cancer Hospital Animal Facility (BCHAF) is a unique facility in Brazil exclusively dedicated to working with animal models for cancer research. In this article, we briefly present our modern facility and the main experiments performed, focusing on mutant strains of mice (PTCH-knockout and Apc^Min mice), xenograft models, and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Our results show the progress and challenges in establishing these models and the need for having an appropriate representation of our cancer population to better understand tumor biology and to identify cancer biomarkers, which could be putatively targeted, allowing for personalized therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Comparative Oncology and Veterinary Cancer Surveillance)

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21 pages, 2089 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Kitty Microbiome Project: Defining the Healthy Fecal “Core Microbiome” in Pet Domestic Cats

by Holly H. Ganz, Guillaume Jospin, Connie A. Rojas, Alex L. Martin, Katherine Dahlhausen, Dawn D. Kingsbury, Carlton X. Osborne, Zhandra Entrolezo, Syd Redner, Bryan Ramirez, Jonathan A. Eisen, Madeleine Leahy, Chase Keaton, Janine Wong, Jennifer Gardy and Jessica K. Jarett

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110635 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9141

Abstract

Here, we present a taxonomically defined fecal microbiome dataset for healthy domestic cats (Felis catus) fed a range of commercial diets. We used this healthy reference dataset to explore how age, diet, and living environment correlate with fecal microbiome composition. Thirty [...] Read more.

Here, we present a taxonomically defined fecal microbiome dataset for healthy domestic cats (Felis catus) fed a range of commercial diets. We used this healthy reference dataset to explore how age, diet, and living environment correlate with fecal microbiome composition. Thirty core bacterial genera were identified. Prevotella, Bacteroides, Collinsella, Blautia, and Megasphaera were the most abundant, and Bacteroides, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Sutterella, and Ruminococcus gnavus were the most prevalent. While community composition remained relatively stable across different age classes, the number of core taxa present decreased significantly with age. Fecal microbiome composition varied with host diet type. Cats fed kibble had a slightly, but significantly greater number of core taxa compared to cats not fed any kibble. The core microbiomes of cats fed some raw food contained taxa not as highly prevalent or abundant as cats fed diets that included kibble. Living environment also had a large effect on fecal microbiome composition. Cats living in homes differed significantly from those in shelters and had a greater portion of their microbiomes represented by core taxa. Collectively our work reinforces the findings that age, diet, and living environment are important factors to consider when defining a core microbiome in a population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Microbiota on Animal Health)

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12 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quadruplex qRT-PCR for Differential Detection of Four Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses

by Hongjin Zhou, Kaichuang Shi, Feng Long, Kang Zhao, Shuping Feng, Yanwen Yin, Chenyong Xiong, Sujie Qu, Wenjun Lu and Zongqiang Li

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110634 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was established for the differential detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV from swine fecal samples. The assay showed extreme specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent reproducibility, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 121 copies/μL (final reaction concentration of 12.1 copies/μL) for each virus. The 3236 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China collected between October 2020 and October 2022 were evaluated by the quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV were 18.26% (591/3236), 0.46% (15/3236), 13.16% (426/3236), and 0.15% (5/3236), respectively. The samples were also evaluated by the multiplex qRT-PCR reported previously by other scientists, and the compliance rate between the two methods was more than 99%. This illustrated that the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the differential detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)

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19 pages, 1427 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu-lato-Specific Antibodies in Sera of Canine and Equine Origin—A Comparative Study with Two Line Immunoassays

by Sophie Charlotte Doff, Jasmin Wenderlein, Anna Wiesinger, Stephanie Hiereth, Sebastian Ulrich and Reinhard K. Straubinger

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110633 - 14 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2779

Abstract

Lyme borreliosis is a vector-borne disease in humans and animals caused by bacteria from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl). The possible transmission of Bbsl from companion animals to humans via ticks makes this disease important in terms of [...] Read more.

Lyme borreliosis is a vector-borne disease in humans and animals caused by bacteria from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl). The possible transmission of Bbsl from companion animals to humans via ticks makes this disease important in terms of One Health approaches. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance. Today’s standard for the detection of specific antibodies against Bbsl is a two-tiered test system based on an ELISA for screening combined with a line immunoassay (LIA) for confirmation. In this study, 200 canine and 200 equine serum samples with known antibody status were tested with two different LIAs (A and B). Results were compared regarding sensitivity, specificity, the diagnostic outcome for dogs and horses, as well as operability of the test. The results for canine serum samples corresponded to 94.0%, making both LIAs a good choice for LB diagnostic in dogs. For equine serum samples, the agreement of both tests was 65.5%, displaying the challenge equine samples still provide in LB diagnostic. Major concerns were the interpretation of the OspA antigen (AG) signal and the use of unspecific (i.e., p100/p83) or too sensitive signals on the LIA. The operability of both LIAs was equally user-friendly. Regarding the tests’ evaluation, the scanning process provided by LIA A was a major advantage considering the comparability of the tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Challenges and Opportunities—Animals, Humans and Their Interconnected Ecosystems)

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16 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) during Early Development under Hypoxia and Acidification Stress

by Yabing Wang, Run Chen, Qian Wang, Yanfeng Yue, Quanxin Gao, Cuihua Wang, Hanfeng Zheng and Shiming Peng

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110632 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

Fishes live in aquatic environments and several aquatic environmental factors have undergone recent alterations. The molecular mechanisms underlying fish responses to hypoxia and acidification stress have become a serious concern in recent years. This study revealed that hypoxia and acidification stress suppressed the [...] Read more.

Fishes live in aquatic environments and several aquatic environmental factors have undergone recent alterations. The molecular mechanisms underlying fish responses to hypoxia and acidification stress have become a serious concern in recent years. This study revealed that hypoxia and acidification stress suppressed the growth of body length and height of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Subsequent transcriptome analyses of L. crocea juveniles under hypoxia, acidification, and hypoxia–acidification stress led to the identification of 5897 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the five groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that several DEGs were enriched in the ‘protein digestion and absorption’ pathway. Enrichment analysis revealed that this pathway was closely related to hypoxia and acidification stress in the five groups, and we found that genes of the collagen family may play a key role in this pathway. The zf-C2H2 transcription factor may play an important role in the hypoxia and acidification stress response, and novel genes were additionally identified. The results provide new clues for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia–acidification tolerance in L. crocea and provides a basic understanding of the potential combined effects of reduced pH and dissolved oxygen on Sciaenidae fishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Genetics and Sustainable Breeding in Aquaculture and Fisheries)

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8 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Stray Cats Be Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance?

by Valeria Gargano, Delia Gambino, Tiziana Orefice, Roberta Cirincione, Germano Castelli, Federica Bruno, Paolo Interrante, Mariangela Pizzo, Eva Spada, Daniela Proverbio, Domenico Vicari, Marília Salgado-Caxito, Julio A. Benavides and Giovanni Cassata

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110631 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that requires a One Health approach. Despite several studies have reported the role of companion animals as reservoirs of AMR, limited information is available regarding the role of cats in the [...] Read more.

The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that requires a One Health approach. Despite several studies have reported the role of companion animals as reservoirs of AMR, limited information is available regarding the role of cats in the circulation of AMR. In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic profile of 75 Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swabs and fecal samples of 75 stray cats (living in solitary or in a colony) sampled in Palermo (Sicily, Italy), to determine whether these animals may participate in the spread of AMR. Susceptibility to 8 antibiotics was tested using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assays, while the presence of the common antibiotic resistance genes bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M, tet(A), and tet(B) was investigated by PCR. From the 75 E. coli isolates analyzed, 43% were resistant to at least one of the eight antibiotics tested, with 31% of the isolates resistant to ampicillin, 23% to cefotaxime, 21% to tetracycline, 20% to cefazolin, and 17% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Most isolates harbored the bla_TEM gene (29%), followed by bla_CTX-M (23%), tet(A) (21%), and tet(B) (20%). Our results confirm the fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and clinically relevant resistance genes in stray cats. This study highlights the potential role of stray cats in the spread of AMR in urban environments, emphasising the need to better understand their role in AMR circulation when planning strategies to combat it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Challenges and Opportunities—Animals, Humans and Their Interconnected Ecosystems)

10 pages, 2571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Concentration of FBS Can Save mTOR Down-Regulation Caused by Mycoplasmas bovis Infection

by Xiaochun Wu, Jinrui Ma, Shangdong Jia, Xudong Zhang, Xinlan Zhang, Zhen An, Yanquan Wei, Xiaoyong Xing, Fengqin Wen, Yuan Gao and Shijun Bao

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110630 - 11 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1887

Abstract

Mycoplasmas bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, such as bovine respiratory diseases and causes significant losses to the national cattle industry every year, seriously affecting the development of the cattle industry worldwide. The pathogenic [...] Read more.

Mycoplasmas bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, such as bovine respiratory diseases and causes significant losses to the national cattle industry every year, seriously affecting the development of the cattle industry worldwide. The pathogenic mechanism of M. bovis infection is still unknown, which leads to the lack of timely diagnosis and treatment. In this study, embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells, infected with M. bovis were collected for gene profiling and detection of marker genes in the mTOR signaling pathway. The result showed that M. bovis infection significantly inhibits EBL growth in a dose-dependent manner. The transcription profiling data uncovered that M. bovis infection repressed a series of gene expressions in EBL cells, which are mainly related to metabolic process and immune response. Notably, many marker genes in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway showed down-regulation after M. bovis infection. Further evidence showed that M. bovis infection inhibits expression of mTOR signaling pathway marker genes in EBL cells, which are time dependent. To further understand the M. bovis-induced inhibitory effect of mTOR signaling pathway, this study employed FBS as a supplement for exogenous nutrients and found that addition of a high concentration of FBS can rescue M. bovis-induced cell damage. In addition, a high concentration of FBS can rescue down-regulated mTOR signaling, including increasing transcriptional expression and protein phosphorylation level of mTOR pathway marker genes. This study demonstrated that M. bovis infection leads to inhibition of the nutrient metabolic pathway mTOR in a time-dependent manner, which would be helpful to further understand M. bovis infection mechanism and develop a new efficient anti-mycoplasma strategy targeting mTOR signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)

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12 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fifty Years of Wildlife Diseases in Europe: A Citation Database Meta-Analysis

by Rachele Vada, Stefania Zanet and Ezio Ferroglio

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110629 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1752

Abstract

Although wildlife has progressively been recognized as a booster for the spillover of pathogens to humans and other wild and domestic animals, the interest of scientists in this topic has not been constant over time and uniform in its targets. Epidemiological outbreaks and [...] Read more.

Although wildlife has progressively been recognized as a booster for the spillover of pathogens to humans and other wild and domestic animals, the interest of scientists in this topic has not been constant over time and uniform in its targets. Epidemiological outbreaks and technological development have contributed to this. Through the analysis of the number of publications from a citation database, we aimed to obtain an indicator of the scientific community’s interest towards wildlife diseases over the years. Using Web of Science, bibliographic searches were performed by adding to the basic search string “Wildlife AND Disease” terms detailing topics such as aspect investigated, pathogen type, aetiologic group and species group. For each host species group, the 100 most frequent Medical Subject Headings (MeSHs) related to specific diseases in each decade were extracted. The scientific production regarding wildlife diseases has increased 3.7 times the relative proportion of publications on diseases during the last 50 years, focusing mainly on zoonotic or epizootic pathogens, and with a sharp growth in contemporary hot topics. Wildlife disease scenarios are complex and challenging to approach. Knowing the trends in the scientific interest in the past decades may pose a guide to direct future steps and actions in several fields, from public health to ecosystem management. Full article

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10 pages, 3483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does TLS Exist in Canine Mammary Gland Tumours? Preliminary Results in Simple Carcinomas

by Giada Giambrone, Stefania Di Giorgio, Cecilia Vullo, Gabriele Marino, Roberto Puleio, Francesca Mariotti, Giuseppe Mazzullo and Alessandra Sfacteria

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110628 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2296

Abstract

Neoplastic progression is influenced by the expression of tumour antigens that activate an anti-tumour immune response. Human medical studies show that this body defence is carried out in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) but also directly in the tumour through organized cellular aggregates that [...] Read more.

Neoplastic progression is influenced by the expression of tumour antigens that activate an anti-tumour immune response. Human medical studies show that this body defence is carried out in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) but also directly in the tumour through organized cellular aggregates that are called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). However, their occurrence has different meanings in different tumour types. For example, the presence of TLSs in breast cancer is associated with the most aggressive subtypes. This paper aimed to study TLSs in canine mammary simple carcinomas. A morphological assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate was performed on H&E sections of fifty cases. Immunohistochemistry was then carried out to typify the inflammatory cells in the tumour microenvironment. Results showed that, sometimes, inflammatory infiltrates were organized in follicles close to high-grade carcinomas, simulating a lymphoid organization, as in breast cancer. Therefore, we can assume that even in canine mammary tumours, TLSs exist and they are entities to consider due to their presence in the most aggressive histotypes or tumours with a high degree of malignancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology of Cancers in Animals)

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11 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Resting Serum Bile Acid Concentrations in Dogs with Sepsis

by Lara Baptista, Danica Pollard and Andrea Di Bella

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110627 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

Recent studies in the human literature suggest that serum bile acid concentrations could be an early predictor of short-term survival in critically ill patients. However, there is no available information in the veterinary literature regarding serum bile acid concentrations in dogs with sepsis. [...] Read more.

Recent studies in the human literature suggest that serum bile acid concentrations could be an early predictor of short-term survival in critically ill patients. However, there is no available information in the veterinary literature regarding serum bile acid concentrations in dogs with sepsis. We aimed to evaluate if resting serum bile acid concentrations differ between septic and non-septic dogs. This was a retrospective observational study, of medical records at a single referral center over a twelve-year period. Twenty-six client-owned dogs diagnosed with sepsis were identified. Twenty-one dogs presenting with a non-hepatobiliary systemic disease and twenty-nine dogs admitted for an elective orthopedic procedure, considered otherwise healthy, were selected as control groups. Resting serum bile acid concentrations were significantly higher in the septic compared to the non-septic groups (ill control and orthopedic control groups). However, when assessing bile acid concentrations between groups individually, no difference was identified between the septic and the orthopedic control group. These results should be interpreted cautiously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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13 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oral Electrolyte and Water Supplementation in Horses

by Michael Ivan Lindinger

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110626 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5564

Abstract

Horses that sweat for prolonged periods lose considerable amounts of water and electrolytes. Maintenance of hydration and prevention of dehydration requires that water and electrolytes are replaced. Dehydration is common in equine disciplines and can be avoided, thus promoting equine wellness, improved performance [...] Read more.

Horses that sweat for prolonged periods lose considerable amounts of water and electrolytes. Maintenance of hydration and prevention of dehydration requires that water and electrolytes are replaced. Dehydration is common in equine disciplines and can be avoided, thus promoting equine wellness, improved performance and enhanced horse and rider safety. Significant dehydration occurs through exercise or transport lasting one hour or more. Oral electrolyte supplementation is an effective strategy to replace water and electrolytes lost through sweating. The stomach and small intestine serve as a reservoir for uptake of water and electrolytes consumed 1 to 2 h prior to exercise and transport. The small intestine is the primary site of very rapid absorption of ions and water. Water and ions absorbed in the small intestine are taken up by muscles, and also transported via the blood to the skin where they serve to replace or augment the losses of water and ions in the body. Effective electrolyte supplements are designed to replace the proportions of ions lost through sweating; failure to do so can result in electrolyte imbalance. Adequate water must be consumed with electrolytes so as to maintain solution osmolality less than that of body fluids in order to promote gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. The electrolyte supplement should taste good, and horses should be trained to drink the solution voluntarily prior to and during transport, and prior to and after exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Horse Nutrition—An Evidence-Based Approach)

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14 pages, 6120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Biochemical Analysis after Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats

by Ioannis Lyros, Despoina Perrea, Konstantinos Tosios, Nikolaos Nikitakis, Ioannis A. Tsolakis, Efstratios Ferdianakis, Eleni Fora, Theodoros Lykogeorgos, Michael P. Maroulakos, Emmanouil Vardas, Maria Georgaki, Erofili Papadopoulou and Apostolos I. Tsolakis

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110625 - 10 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1991

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate any biochemical and histological changes of the rat condyle and mandible in animals that had sustained mandibular growth restriction. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental and control. Each group consisted of three [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate any biochemical and histological changes of the rat condyle and mandible in animals that had sustained mandibular growth restriction. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental and control. Each group consisted of three equal subgroups. The animals were sacrificed 30, 60, and 90 days after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from the eye, and the osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL), and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating factor (MCSF)concentrations were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A histological analysis was performed on the mandibular condyles. The blood serum values of OPG, RANKL, and MCSF did not exhibit any statistically significant difference between groups or subgroups. However, significant histological changes became evident after a histomorphometric condylar examination was performed. The Bone Surface/Total Surface ratio appeared reduced in the anterior and posterior regions of the condyle. In addition, the Posterior Condylar Cartilage Thickness was measured and determined to be significantly diminished. The present intervention that employed orthodontic/orthopedic devices did not prove to have any significant effect on the circulating proteins under study. Posterior displacement of the mandible may culminate only in local histological alterations in condylar cartilage thickness and its osseous microarchitecture. Full article

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21 pages, 995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of High Somatic Cell Counts Prior to Dry off to the Incidence of Periparturient Diseases in Holstein Dairy Cows

by Ashley Egyedy, Eduardo Barahona Rosales and Burim N. Ametaj

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110624 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

Intramammary infections (mastitis) of dairy cows, along with other periparturient diseases, have become problematic within the dairy industry as they lead to loss of milk production. The main objective of this study was to determine whether elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) in cows [...] Read more.

Intramammary infections (mastitis) of dairy cows, along with other periparturient diseases, have become problematic within the dairy industry as they lead to loss of milk production. The main objective of this study was to determine whether elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) in cows prior to drying off are related to the incidence of other periparturient diseases. Additionally, we determined whether milk composition and milk yield are affected by a high SCC prior to drying off. Somatic cell counts of milk samples were determined prior to dry off (n = 140) and were used to classify cows in the study as high (>200,000 cells/mL) or low (<200,000 cells/mL) SCC. The composition of milk was analyzed before drying off and at 1 and 2 weeks after calving. The results showed that an elevated SCC before drying off was related to the incidence of ketosis. Cows with a high SCC at drying off also showed an increased likelihood of retained placenta, metritis, and lameness postpartum; however, it was not statistically significant. Milk lactose was lower in cows with high SCC, whereas protein content was lower after parturition. Milk production was lower for cows with pre-drying elevated SCC, particularly for cows with retained placenta, ketosis, and mastitis. In conclusion, cows with pre-drying elevated SCC were more likely to develop disease after parturition and produce less milk and with lower lactose and protein content. Full article

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16 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antinociceptive Effect of a Sacro-Coccygeal Epidural of Morphine and Lidocaine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy

by Amândio Dourado, Anabela Gomes, Paulo Teixeira, Luís Lobo, Jorge T. Azevedo, Isabel R. Dias and Rui Pinelas

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110623 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2173

Abstract

Background: A commonly described analgesic protocol for ovariohysterectomy (OHE) combines systemic opioids, sedatives, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, systemic analgesia does not fully prevent perioperative visceral and somatic pain triggered by the surgical stimulus. Objectives: To compare the analgesic effects and quality of [...] Read more.

Background: A commonly described analgesic protocol for ovariohysterectomy (OHE) combines systemic opioids, sedatives, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, systemic analgesia does not fully prevent perioperative visceral and somatic pain triggered by the surgical stimulus. Objectives: To compare the analgesic effects and quality of recovery of systemic analgesia with those of a sacrococcygeal epidural injection of lidocaine and morphine in cats undergoing elective OHE. Methods: Twenty domestic female cats were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg⁻¹ IM) and alfaxalone (1.5 mg kg⁻¹ IM) and randomly assigned to one of two analgesic protocols: methadone (0.2 mg kg⁻¹ IM) in the control group CTR (n = 10) and methadone (0.1 mg kg⁻¹ IM) + epidural lidocaine 2% (0.3 mL kg⁻¹) + morphine 1% (0.1 mg kg⁻¹) diluted with NaCl 0.9% to a total volume of 1.5 mL in the SCC-E group (n = 10). General anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (1 mg kg⁻¹ IV) and maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. Non-invasive blood arterial pressure and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. The quality of recovery was assessed using a simple descriptive scale. Before surgery and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h post-op pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (MCPS) and mechanical nociception thresholds (MNT). The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups over time. Comparison between groups was performed using independent samples t-test if the assumption of normality was verified, or the Mann–Whitney test. The chi-square test of independence and exact Fisher’s test were used to compare groups according to recovery quality. Results: Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure increased significantly from baseline values in the CTR group and did not change in the SCC-E group. In the CTR group, MNT and UNESP-Botucatu-MCPS scores increased significantly from baseline for all assessment points and the first 3 h, respectively, whereas this did not occur in the SCC-E group. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Based on our results, the SCC-E administration of lidocaine 2% with morphine 1% is a reasonable option to provide perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to OHE, compared to a systemic protocol alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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7 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Less Than 1000 ppm in Drinking Water Did Not Impact Nursery Pig Performance

by Ryan Samuel

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110622 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3009

Abstract

High concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) in water have been reported to increase the incidence of diarrhea and reduce nursery pig growth performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking water with high concentrations of TDS from [...] Read more.

High concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) in water have been reported to increase the incidence of diarrhea and reduce nursery pig growth performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking water with high concentrations of TDS from sulfate salts on nursery pigs. Weaned pigs sorted to equalize gender were placed in 44 pens with 26 pigs per pen. One of four water treatments was randomly assigned to each pen: (1) combination of CaSO₄, MgSO₄, and NaSO₄; (2) CaSO₄; (3) MgSO₄; (4) NaSO₄. Access to water and feed (nursery diets fed in four phases) was unrestricted throughout. The weights of pens were measured, feed remaining on weigh days was calculated, and pen water meters were read on d 0, 7, 21, 35, and 42. Water treatment did not affect (p > 0.07) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gut integrity of pigs. Water disappearance tended to be greater (p = 0.10) in pens receiving the CaSO₄ water compared to the combination treatment from d 21 to 35. The TDS concentrations from sulfate salts used in this experiment did not impact the growth performance or feed or water disappearance of newly weaned nursery pigs. Full article

17 pages, 3069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen-Rich Water Mitigates LPS-Induced Chronic Intestinal Inflammatory Response in Rats via Nrf-2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

by Jin Peng, Qi He, Shuaichen Li, Tao Liu and Jiantao Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110621 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

Long-term exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide can impair intestinal barriers, causing intestinal inflammation and leading to systemic inflammation. Hydrogen-rich water possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and exerts inhibitory effects on various inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether oral hydrogen-rich water could prevent [...] Read more.

Long-term exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide can impair intestinal barriers, causing intestinal inflammation and leading to systemic inflammation. Hydrogen-rich water possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and exerts inhibitory effects on various inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether oral hydrogen-rich water could prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic intestinal inflammation. An experimental model was established by feeding hydrogen-rich water, followed by the injection of lipopolysaccharide (200 μg/kg) in the tail vein of rats after seven months. ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other methods were used to detect related cytokines, proteins related to the NF-κB and Nrf-2 signaling pathways, and tight-junction proteins to study the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydrogen-rich water. The obtained results show that hydrogen-rich water significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and structural proteins; activated the Nrf-2 signaling pathway; downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors cyclooxygenase-2, myeloperoxidase, and ROS; and decreased the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that hydrogen-rich water could protect against chronic intestinal inflammation in rats caused by lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating the Nrf-2 signaling pathway. Full article

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