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Article

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs

by
Daniele Serrani
1,*,
Sara Sassaroli
2,
Francesco Gallorini
3,
Alberto Salvaggio
3,
Adolfo Maria Tambella
2,
Ilaria Biagioli
3 and
Angela Palumbo Piccionello
2
1
Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, Ringwood, Hampshire BH24 3JW, UK
2
Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi di Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
3
Clinica Veterinaria San Silvestro, 52043 Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020070
Submission received: 24 December 2021 / Revised: 28 January 2022 / Accepted: 31 January 2022 / Published: 7 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthopaedic and Traumatology in Dog and Cat)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Medial compartment disease is a common occurrence in dogs affected by elbow dysplasia. Despite many treatments suggested in the literature, only few studies reported comparative outcomes in the short and long term. The aim of this study is to report and compare short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of dogs treated for medial compartment disease (MCD) by distal dynamic ulnar ostectomy (DUO), bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (BODPUO) and conservative management (CM). From 2016 to 2018, all medium to large dogs, aged between 5 and 12 months, affected by uni/bilateral MCD and treated by DUO, BODPUO or CM, were enrolled in this study and followed up for 24 months. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations were performed at T0, T2, T12 and T24 months after treatment. Lameness score, elbow arthralgia, elbow range of motion (ROM), osteoarthritis (OA) score and percentage of ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis (%STS) were evaluated at each time point. According to the treatment performed, dogs were divided into three groups: DUO, BODPUO and CM. Forty-five elbows from twenty-six dogs, treated with DUO (n = 17), BODPUO (n = 17) or CM (n = 11), were prospectively enrolled in the study. The patients enrolled in the CM group were older and showed more severe radiographic signs of OA, compared to those enrolled in the other two groups. Lameness and arthralgia scores (p < 10−4) were significantly decreased in patients that underwent surgical treatment and increased in patients managed conservatively (lameness p < 10−4, arthralgia p = 0.3068), at T12 and T24. OA score (p < 0.0040) and ROM (DUO, CM p < 10−4; BODPUO p = 0.0740) worsened in every study group, but %STS decreased in DUO (p = 0.0108), increased in the CM group (p = 0.0025) and remained unchanged in the BODPUO group (p = 0.2740). This study supports the clinical efficacy of DUO and BODPUO in reducing lameness, arthralgia and progression of %STS. Early diagnosis and surgical attention in patients affected by MCD can improve the short- and long-term outcome and reduce the progression of secondary changes.

1. Introduction

Elbow dysplasia (ED) is a polygenic and multifactorial disease most commonly affecting young large breed dogs. ED includes medial coronoid process disease (MCPD), osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans (OC/OCD) of the humeral trochlea, ununited anconeal process (UAP) and joint incongruence (INC). These conditions can occur alone, or in association with each other [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].
MCPD is the most prevalent condition and encompasses fragmentation (FCP), fissuring, sclerosis and cartilage damage of the medial coronoid process [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. MCPD can be associated with lesions of the joint cartilage of the humeral trochlea, resulting from humeroulnar conflict (kissing lesions) [12,13,14,15,16,17]. Cartilage degradation and ED primary lesions that affect the medial elbow compartment lead to osteoarthritis (OA) of the medial compartment joint. This advanced stage of ED, involving only the medial aspect of the canine elbow joint, is referred to as medial compartment disease (MCD). Medial compartment disease is characterized by an alternation of inflammation and degeneration of the elbow joint, that compromises dysplastic patients’ quality of life, causing advanced stage of OA, reduced range of motion, pain, lameness and reluctance to move [5,6,7,8,18].
Currently, there is no single treatment for all recognized pathological manifestations, but there are various therapeutic options [5,6,13,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. The therapeutic choice must be based on the type and extension of the intra-articular lesion, on the severity of pre-existing OA and cartilage damage, on the patient’s age and on the severity of clinical signs [8,27].
In recent years, research has been focused on a decision-making algorithm suggesting the most appropriate treatment for the patient [8,27]. Early treatments to correct the suspected underlying cause are preferred in young dogs with absent or minimal articular degeneration. The objective of treatments is to positively impact the development of the disease, slow down the progression of OA and improve patients’ quality of life [8,27]. Early treatments include fragment removal (in case of FCP and OCD), subtotal coronoid ostectomy (SCO) [6], and removal and debridement or replacement of degenerated cartilage [20], in association with dynamic ulnar osteotomy/ectomy that aims to homogeneously distribute the intra-articular loads [8,16,27,28,29].
Distal dynamic ulnar ostectomy (DUO) and bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (BODPUO) are early surgical procedures [8,27,30,31] that rely on the forces acting on the proximal ulnar segment to allow it to displace into a more appropriate position, dictated by the action of soft tissues, articular interface interaction and loading forces [9,28,32,33]. The orientation of the proximal ulna relative to the radius and humerus changes when it is unconstrained after osteotomy, which may reduce humero-ulnar conflict [8,16,29,34].
There is a broad agreement about the necessity of an early diagnosis and treatment for a better prognosis [12]. Only few studies directly compared different treatments and a prospective analysis with objective measurements of clinical development and OA evolution in patients treated following the algorithm is lacking. The aim of this article is to report and compare short- and long-term outcomes obtained from clinical and radiographic evaluation after DUO, BODPUO and conservative management (CM) in dogs affected by MCD. We hypothesized that the clinical outcomes would improve after surgery, while the radiographic evaluation would indicate a constant progression of OA, regardless of the performed treatment.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals, Clinical and Radiographic Examinations

Medium to large breed dogs, of less than a year of age, with unilateral or bilateral MCD, were prospectively enrolled in the study. Dogs affected by any other orthopedic or neurologic condition were excluded from the study. Patients underwent complete orthopedic and neurologic examination. Standard International Elbow Working Group (IEWG) radiographic projections of the affected elbows (neutral mediolateral, flexed mediolateral and craniocaudal 15° pronated) were acquired to confirm MCD diagnosis. When the MCD diagnosis was confirmed, the recruited dysplastic joints were divided into study groups according to the therapy received: DUO, BODPUO or CM (DUO, BODPUO and CM groups, respectively).
Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed by an expert orthopedic surgeon (A.P.P) the day of treatment, or when the CM was started, (T0), at 2 months (T2), at 12 months (T12) and at 24 months (T24) after treatment. Age, breed, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), lameness and arthralgia scores and ROM were recorded at each time point by the same operator.
The degree of lameness and arthralgia was assessed by an expert orthopedic surgeon (A.P.P) using a modified Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) proposed by Vasseur et al. (1995) [35,36] (Table 1). ROM was clinically measured with an orthopedic goniometer [37].
OA was assessed with the modified IEWG scoring system using the form by Lang et al. 1998: score 0 = normal (grade 0); score 1 = borderline (grade BL); score 2–4 = mild OA (grade 1); score 5–8 = moderate OA (grade 2); score > 8 severe OA (grade 3) [38]. The same IEWG modified scoring system was used to classify the INC, based on magnitude of radio-ulnar and humero-ulnar steps: mild INC, step < 2 mm; moderate INC, <4 mm; severe INC, >4 mm. The subtrochlear sclerosis of the ulna (STS) was measured using a percentage scale (% STS), as previously described [10,39,40,41] (Figure 1).

2.2. Treatment

The selection of the appropriate treatment for each patient was performed according to the treatment algorithms available in the literature [8,12,27,30].
Four- to six-month-old symptomatic puppies with mild radiographic changes (presence of STS without osteophytes and/or mild INC and MCPD) were treated with DUO surgery. Four- to eight-month-old symptomatic dogs with more severe radiographic changes (presence of STS and moderate INC, MCPD and/or OCD-kissing lesion) were treated with BODPUO surgery.
Four- to twelve-month-old symptomatic puppies with radiographic signs of severe MCD (severe INC, MCPD and/or OCD-kissing lesion and sign of OA) were treated with CM. CM was performed also in dogs where surgical options were declined by the owners. Conservative management consisted of weight control, a joint-type diet, modulation of on-lead exercise and 14 days of oral carprofen (4 mg/kg for 7 days followed by oral carprofen 2 mg/kg for 7 days). Administration of carprofen was repeated as needed.
Patients from DUO and BODPUO groups also underwent a diagnostic elbow arthroscopy. If present, fissure/fracture of the medial coronoid process was arthroscopically removed. A modified Robert Jones bandage was applied for 24 h postoperatively and carprofen (4 mg/kg orally once daily) was administered for 7 days in all dogs. Physical activity was restricted during postoperative phase with lead walks for 2 months. A weight control and joint-type diet were subsequently prescribed.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Degree of lameness and arthralgia, BCS and OA scores were compared between groups using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test, or using Mann–Whitney test, where appropriate, at each time point. Friedman analysis followed by Dunn’s test were used to perform a multiple comparison between different time points within each group.
Cardinal data were assessed for normality using D’Agostino–Pearson test. Range of motion and %STS were compared between groups using One-Way ANOVA analysis followed by Holm–Sidak post hoc test or using Student’s t-test, where appropriate. A comparison between different time points within each group was performed using Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak test.
Statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism, version 8.2.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Animals, Diagnosis and Treatment

Twenty-six dogs (45 elbows) were enrolled in the study. Thirteen breeds were represented: nine Labrador Retriever, three German Shepherd, two Boxer, two White Swiss Shepherd Dog, two Border Collie, one Saint Bernard, one Chow Chow, one Bernese Mountain Dog, one Golden Retriever, one English Bulldog, one Great Dane, one Tchorny Terrier and one American Staffordshire Terrier, for a total of nineteen males and seven females. Nineteen dogs were bilaterally affected and seven unilaterally. Forty-five elbows were enrolled in the study. Twenty-one right and twenty-four left joints were treated. Mean ± SD age at T0 was 6.7 ± 1.3 months. Mean ± SD BW and BCS were 25.2 ± 7.9 kg and 4.6 ± 0.6, at T0, 27.8 ± 8.5 kg and 4.6 ± 0.6 at T2, 33.2 ± 10.3 kg and 5.5 ± 0.9 at T12, and 36.8 ± 9.9 kg and 6.4 ± 1.3 at T24, respectively.
The DUO group included 17 elbows, the BODPUO group included 17 elbows and the CM group included 11 elbows (Table 2). In DUO, BODPUO and CM groups, mean ± SD age at the moment of treatment was 5.9 ± 0.6, 6.6 ± 0.6 and 8.0 ± 1.0 months, respectively. BW and BCS means ± SD were 24.3 ± 6.2 kg and 4.6 ± 0.5, 24.2 ± 6.3 kg and 4.6 ± 0.9, and 28.3 ± 10.9 kg and 4.5 ± 0.5 at T0, respectively. They were 26.9 ± 6.7 kg and 4.6 ± 0.5, 26.6 ± 7.1 kg and 4.6 ± 0.9, and 30.9 ± 11.7 kg and 4.6 ± 0.5 at T2. At T12 they were 32.6 ± 8.0 kg and 5.2 ± 0.8, 31.4 ± 9.9 kg and 5.6 ± 0.9, and 36.2 ± 12.3 kg and 5.7 ± 0.8, while they were 38.9 ± 7.8 kg and 5.6 ± 1.0, 35.9±12.1 kg and 7.0 ± 0.6, and 34.7 ± 6.5 kg and 6.5 ± 2.6 at T24.
All the 45 elbows were evaluated after therapy at T2 and T12, while only 22 joints (13 dogs) were evaluated at T24 follow-up. In particular, seven elbows in the DUO group, seven elbows in the BODPUO group and eight elbows in the CM group were evaluated ad T24.
Within the BODPUO group, the radiographic follow-ups showed an excessive proximal ulnar displacement in five elbows [28]. Therefore, the BODPUO group was further divided into the BODPUO-D group, which included five joints with proximal segment dislocated, and the BODPUO-ND group, which included 12 joints with proximal segment not dislocated.

3.2. Clinical Evaluation Findings

The lameness score decreased significantly in the DUO group (χ2r = 15.00; p = 0.0018) and in the BODPUO group (χ2r = 31.26; p < 0.10−4) at long-term evaluation compared with preoperative values (DUO: T12 p = 0.0065, T24 p = 0.0140; BODPUO: T12, T24 p = 0.0003). In the CM group the lameness score increased during follow-up (χ2r = 25.150; p < 10−4): at T0 and T2 it was lower in the CM group compared with BODPUO (T0 p = 0.0028, T2 p = 0.0031) and DUO (T0 p = 0.1047, T2 p = 0.0987) groups, but it was higher at T12 (DUO p = 0.0592, BODPUO p = 0.0122) and T24 (DUO p = 0.0192, BODPUO p = 0.0029) (Figure 2a). The results of the comparative statistical analysis performed on the DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups (Figure 2c) are very similar to that on the DUO, BODPUO and CM groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the lameness score of patients from the BODPUO and BODPUO-ND groups, when compared to DUO and CM groups (Figure 2c). Lameness score significantly decreased in BODPUO-ND group in long-term evaluations (χ2r = 32.44; p < 10−4) and it was lower than BODPUO-D group at T2 (T = 25.50; p = 0.6833), T12 and T24 (T = 15.00; p = 0.0924) (Figure 2b) (Table 3).
Arthralgia score decreased in DUO (χ2r = 25.47; p < 10−4) and BODPUO groups (χ2r = 31.20; p < 10−4) at long-term evaluation compared with preoperative values (DUO: T12, T24 p = 0.0009; BODPUO: T12, T24 p < 10−4), while in the CM group there was no significant difference between time points (χ2r = 3.610; p = 0.3068). At T12 (H = 12.27; p = 0.0022) and T24 (H = 14.60; p = 0.0007) a higher arthralgia score was detected in the CM group in comparison to DUO (T12 p = 0.0037, T24 p = 0.0028) and BODPUO (T12 p = 0.0072, T24 p = 0.0013) groups (Figure 2d). In BODPUO-ND the arthralgia scores decreased significantly at T2 compared with T0 values (p = 0.0114). There was no significant difference in arthralgia scores between BODPUO-ND and BODPUO-D groups at each time point (p > 0.05) (Figure 2e,f) (Table 3).
ROM significantly decreased in DUO (F = 20.00; p < 10−4) and in CM (F = 61.88; p < 10−4) groups at T24, while there was no significant difference in BODPUO groups (F = 2.461; p = 0.0740). There was significant difference in ROM between groups at each time point. At T0 and T2 ROM was higher in elbows treated by DUO compared with those treated with BODPUO (T0 p = 0.0027, T2 p = 0.0147) and CM (T0 p = 0.0062, T2 p = 0.0004) groups. However, at T12 and T24 DUO (T12 p = 0.0083, T24 p = 0.0210) and BODPUO (T12 p = 0.0083, T24 p = 0.0167), values were significantly higher compared with the CM group (Figure 2g). ROM significantly decreased in the BODPUO-D group (F = 8.589; p = 0.0337), while there was no difference in the BODPUO-ND group (F = 25.48; p = 0.1157). ROM in the BODPUO-ND group was higher than in the BODPUO-D group at T2 (t = 2.624; p = 0.0192), T12 (t = 6.472; p < 0.10−4) and T24 (t = 6.295; p < 0.10−4) (Figure 2h), and significantly higher than in the DUO group at T24 (p = 0.0378) (Figure 2i) (Table 4).
There was no significant difference of BCS between all study groups (p > 0.05), except for the comparison between BODPUO subgroups (p ≤ 0.0123). An improving trend in the BCS was instead appreciated within each group (p ≤ 0.0004) (Table 4).

3.3. Radiographic Examination Findings

The radiographic OA scores significantly increased in all study groups at long-term evaluations (p < 0.05) (Figure 3a). Radiographic signs of OA were more noticeable in the BODPUO-D group than in the BODPUO-ND group at T12 (T = 5.000; p = 0.0068) and T24 (T = 4.500; p = 0.0040), because in the BODPUO-D group the score was significantly increased (χ2r = 14.47; p < 10−4) at T12 (p = 0.0373) and T24 (p = 0.0022) (Figure 3b). From the comparison of DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups there was a difference between BODPUO-ND and CM group at T12 (p = 0.0577) and T24 (p = 0.0156). At T12 there was no significant difference between BODPUO and CM groups (p = 0.3289) (Figure 3c) (Table 5).
In the BODPUO group the %STS remained almost unchanged during follow-up (F = 1.347; p = 0.2740), while in the DUO group it decreased (F = 6.348; p = 0.0108) at T2 (p = 0.0373), T12 (p = 0.0018) and T24 (p = 0.0039). In the CM group it increased (F = 13.20; p = 0.0025) compared with pretreatment values. The %STS was lower in the DUO group compared to CM group at T12 (p = 0.0110) and T24 (p = 0.0050) and it was lower in the BODPUO group compared with the CM group at T24 (p = 0.0189) (Figure 3d). Comparing the means of %STS in DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups, a significant difference was also detected between BODPUO-ND and CM groups at T12 (p = 0.0235) (Figure 3f). The %STS decreased in the BODPUO-ND group (F = 13.33; p = 0.0040) and increased in the BODPUO-D group (F = 0.7874; p = 0.4487). At T24, the BODPUO-ND group showed significantly lower %STS than the BODPUO-D group (p = 0.0481) (Figure 3e).
In the BODPUO-D group, immediate postoperative radiographs were used to measure the osteotomy geometry. The means ± SD of the caudo-cranial osteotomy angle and the latero-medial osteotomy angles were 53.2 ± 4.9° and 49.7 ± 1.0°, respectively, while the most caudo-proximal point of osteotomy was situated at 32.7 ± 10.0% of the total ulnar length (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

This prospective study reports and compares short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes in dogs that underwent surgical and conservative treatment to manage MCD.
Division into study groups was challenging because of the broad variety of clinical presentations and surgical techniques associated with MCD [5,6,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. This difficulty explains the current paucity of studies that directly compares all techniques proposed by the decision-making algorithm [8,10,19,27,42]. In the present study, the patients were divided according to whether osteotomies were performed and if DUO or BODPUO were executed.
Ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis is an early sign of elbow dysplasia [30] and has been reported to increase with the progression of the underlying condition [41]. Our results confirmed that the %STS can be useful to assess the progression of the disease, in the short and long term. In addition to that, our results showed that %STS decreased significantly two months after surgery in the DUO group, while it decreased significantly twelve months after surgery in the BODPUO-ND group. This finding supports the hypothesis that DUO and BODPUO may be effective in slowing down the progression of MCD [43]. Our results are consistent with recent clinical studies which showed that the progression of %STS could reduce if the INC is addressed [33,43]. At T0, the lameness score in the CM group was lower compared to DUO and BODPUO groups, despite more severe radiographic evidence of OA. However, increased radiographic evidence of OA is not always clinically directly related to the lameness score. It is possible that the increased peri-articular fibrosis associated with the progression of the disease may, to some extent at least in the short term, have increased joint stability and possibly affected the lameness score. In the short term (T2), lameness score in the CM group was significantly lower when compared to the DUO and BODPUO groups. This finding can be explained by the expected postoperative recovery time, following surgical treatment, in the DUO and BODPUO groups. However, the clinical long-term outcome obtained in the DUO and BODPUO groups was significantly superior to the CM group. Lameness and arthralgia scores decreased, in the long term (T12–T24), in patients treated by DUO and BODPUO, according to previous clinical studies [30]. The decreased lameness and arthralgia scores observed in our study might be explained by a homogenous re-distribution of the intra-articular loads, following DUO/BODPUO [29].
The ROM decreased and OA score increased in all our study groups. Due to osteophytes and fibrosis interfering with the motion of the joint, moderate inverse correlation between ROM and OA has been previously reported [10,44]. Progression of OA and decreased ROM, in the DUO and BODPUO groups, in spite of an improvement of the clinical outcome, is consistent with previous reviews [10,19,29,45].
A recent study demonstrated that BODPUO does not completely restore the INC and increases the humeroulnar rotational instability [29]. The instability could be responsible for the continuous progression of OA and the absence of a clear improvement in ROM. However, at T12 and T24, the progression of OA and the reduced ROM were significantly lower in the DUO and BODPUO groups compared to the CM.
The ROM of elbows treated by DUO was significantly higher than the mean ROM of BODPUO and CM groups before surgery and at T2. This finding was expected, considering that DUO is a surgical procedure recommended in young patients with low cartilage degeneration and with mild clinical symptoms [12,30].
Analyzing elbows treated by BODPUO, we suspected that the excessive proximal ulnar displacement in five elbows had a negative impact on the outcome of the BODPUO group. In fact, at long-term evaluation, the results obtained in the BODPUO-D group were significantly worse than the BODPUO-ND group (excluding lameness and arthralgia score, in which there was no statistical difference).
The mean osteotomy angles and osteotomy position in our study was comparable with what was previously reported by Caron and Fitzpatrick in six elbows with the same complication [28]. In their study, there was no significant difference between the osteotomy angle and position in patients that did and did not develop excessive proximal ulnar displacement. However, the authors supposed that a more acute osteotomy angle or a more proximal osteotomy may lead to excessive motion in some elbows [28]. In a recent study, the authors reported a less severe misalignment than expected if the ulna osteotomy exceeded the recommendations given by Caron and Fitzpatrick [29]. In our study, osteotomies of BODPUO executed too proximally were associated with excessive motion. However, according to recent observations, the excessive motion in our population could also be due to a limited obliquity of the osteotomy [34]. At the long-term follow-up (T24), %STS and OA scores were significantly lower in the BODPUO-ND group than in the BODPUO-D group, while the ROM was significantly higher. Surprisingly, in the BODPUO-D group, despite that the lameness score was not improved at T12 and T24, the arthralgia score was decreased. Considering the low numbers of cases, the subjective assessment of arthralgia, and the theoretical variability of patients’ response to conscious examination, this result is of difficult interpretation. Excluding the BODPUO-D group, the result of the CM, DUO and BODPUO-ND groups, in the present study, are consistent with the data reported in literature [28,30].
This study has several limitations. First of all, the older age and the more severe radiographic changes of the patients in the CM group make the statistical comparison of the data with the DUO and BODPUO group questionable. However, our data support the clinical importance of an early diagnosis and the potential benefits associated with dynamic ulnar osteotomy/ectomy, when case selection is appropriate. On the other hand, the present study highlights how conservative management may have a more limited clinical efficacy in older patients with severe radiographic changes associated with MCD.
A second limit is the lack of use of CT osteoabsorptiometry to objectively describe bone density distribution in subchondral bone at the level of the base of the medial coronoid process [46]. In this study CT osteoabsorptiometry was not used, but this limitation allowed to stress the utility of evaluating the %STS as an objective parameter that anyone with X-ray equipment can use [47].
In the present study, the position of the elbows was standardized, in order to allow repeatable measurements of %STS. However, the INC and the presence of osteophytes on the caudal aspect of the radial head may have affected the assessment of the most proximocaudal aspect of the radial head (a reference point to measure the %STS) [40]. The possibility that %STS may vary depending on the dog breed should be taken into consideration [46]. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that %STS is not a parameter usable to compare individual elbows of dogs of different breeds, but it could be an interesting parameter to assess and monitor the progression of the disease after surgical treatment.
Elbow incongruity was classified by the modified IEWG score during radiographic examination at T0, in order to define the severity of radiographic signs and establish the appropriate treatment. Nevertheless, the INC was not assessed in the short and long term, because the radiographic exam did not allow an accurate measurement. In fact, in the past decade, the golden standard for incongruity detection was CT, which provides images without overlapping [48,49].
The absence of a CT scan or arthroscopy did not allow characterization/grading of the severity of the disease in the CM group. The group consisted in older patients with severe radiographic evidence of OA or patients in which the owners declined surgical options. Assessing the outcome of conservative management in such a heterogenous population is difficult.
Moreover, it is widely recognized that keeping the patient’s body condition score at the low end of the normal range slows the progression of degenerative joint disease and the clinical signs associated with it [50]. All the enrolled dogs increased their BCS throughout the study, thereby the weight gain was a conditioning factor and it could be argued that part of the conservative management in the CM group was not adequately performed and that those patients could have had a better clinical outcome if weight control was implemented.
Several arthroscopic procedures (joint exploration, medial coronoid fragment removal and curettage of the medial compartment) were performed in the DUO and BODPUO groups, as required. The influence of these procedures in the final patients’ outcome is unknown.
A kinetic and kinematic evaluation of the patients before and after treatment may have objectively confirmed our pre and postoperative subjective evaluation of the lameness. Finally, long-term follow-up was not available for all the patients.

5. Conclusions

This study emphasized the beneficial effects of DUO and BODPUO in reducing lameness, arthralgia and extension of %STS in young patients affected by medial compartment disease. These results highlight the possible capacity of early surgical procedures to homogeneously distribute the intra-articular loads and to slow down and reduce the secondary changes. In particular, this was demonstrated for BODPUO [29], but further research should be conducted regarding the humero-ulnar joint kinematics after DUO surgery. Conservative management in older patients with severe radiographic evidence of elbow OA may be associated with a worse short- and long-term outcome.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.P.P.; methodology, A.P.P.; software, D.S. and I.B.; validation, D.S.; formal analysis, S.S. and A.M.T.; investigation, A.P.P., F.G. and A.S.; resources, S.S. and D.S.; data curation, S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, D.S. and S.S.; writing—review and editing, D.S., S.S. and A.P.P.; visualization, F.G.; supervision, A.P.P.; project administration, A.P.P., A.S. and F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the fact that patients were treated following the current available guidelines for the treatment of medial compartment disease in dogs.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data present in this study are available within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Vetsci 09 00070 g001 550
Figure 1. The %STS was calculated as 100(x/y). The craniocaudal ulnar depth (y) was measured from the most proximocaudal aspect of the radial head to the most caudal margin of the ulnar proximal metaphyseal cortex; the depth of sclerosis (x) was measured from the most proximocaudal aspect of the radial head to the STS caudal border. The figure represents the %STS detected on the same elbow at 0, 2 and 12 months from DUO.
Figure 1. The %STS was calculated as 100(x/y). The craniocaudal ulnar depth (y) was measured from the most proximocaudal aspect of the radial head to the most caudal margin of the ulnar proximal metaphyseal cortex; the depth of sclerosis (x) was measured from the most proximocaudal aspect of the radial head to the STS caudal border. The figure represents the %STS detected on the same elbow at 0, 2 and 12 months from DUO.
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Figure 2. Comparison of lameness score, arthralgia score and ROM (means and SEM) between DUO, BODPUO and CM groups (a,d,g), between BODPUO-ND and BODPUO-D groups (b,e,h), and between DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups (c,f,i) at the beginning of treatment (T0) and at 2 (T2), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months after treatment. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups and the black line (—) indicates a significant difference between time points within the same group.
Figure 2. Comparison of lameness score, arthralgia score and ROM (means and SEM) between DUO, BODPUO and CM groups (a,d,g), between BODPUO-ND and BODPUO-D groups (b,e,h), and between DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups (c,f,i) at the beginning of treatment (T0) and at 2 (T2), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months after treatment. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups and the black line (—) indicates a significant difference between time points within the same group.
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Figure 3. Comparison of OA score and %STS (means and SEM) between DUO, BODPUO and CM groups (a,d), between BODPUO-ND and BODPUO-D groups (b,e), and between DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups (c,f) at the time of treatment (T0) and at 2 (T2), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months after treatment. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups and the black line (—) indicates a significant difference between time points within the same group.
Figure 3. Comparison of OA score and %STS (means and SEM) between DUO, BODPUO and CM groups (a,d), between BODPUO-ND and BODPUO-D groups (b,e), and between DUO, BODPUO-ND and CM groups (c,f) at the time of treatment (T0) and at 2 (T2), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months after treatment. Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups and the black line (—) indicates a significant difference between time points within the same group.
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Figure 4. Postoperative medio-lateral (A) and cranio-caudal (B) radiographic views, following BODPUO, of a patient. The and most caudo-proximal point of osteotomy was situated at 27% of the total ulnar length. (B) Latero-medial osteotomy angle was 49°.
Figure 4. Postoperative medio-lateral (A) and cranio-caudal (B) radiographic views, following BODPUO, of a patient. The and most caudo-proximal point of osteotomy was situated at 27% of the total ulnar length. (B) Latero-medial osteotomy angle was 49°.
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Table
Table 1. NRS used to assess the degree of lameness and arthralgia.
Table 1. NRS used to assess the degree of lameness and arthralgia.
AssessmentGradeDescription
Lameness0No evidence of lameness neither at the walk nor at the trot
1No evidence of lameness at the walk, mild lameness at the trot
2Mild lameness at the walk, apparent lameness at the trot
3Apparent lameness at the walk and at the trot
4No lead of limb during the walk and the trot
Arthralgia0No pain response
1Head movement, suspension of breath
2Subtraction of the limb
3Vocalizations, aggressiveness
Table
Table 2. Elbows enrolled in the study. Diagnosis and treatment.
Table 2. Elbows enrolled in the study. Diagnosis and treatment.
CaseBreedSexAge T0 (months)Weight (kg)DiagnosisGroupAssociated Therapy
1German SheperdM623Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
2German SheperdM623Mild INC, STSDUONone
3Labrador RetreiverM624Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
4Labrador RetreiverM624Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
5German SheperdM5,526Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
6AlanoM635Mild INC, STSDUONone
7AlanoM635Mild INC, STSDUONone
8White Swiss Sheperd DogF5,515Mild INC, STSDUONone
9BoxerM518Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
10BoxerM518Mild INC, STSDUONone
11Labrador RetreiverF5,521Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
12Labrador RetreiverF5,521Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
13Labrador RetreiverM632,8Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUONone
14Labrador RetreiverM632,8Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUONone
15Labrador RetreiverF624,5Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUORemoval FCP
16Labrador RetreiverM619,8Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUOCurettage medial compartment
17Labrador RetreiverM619,8Mild INC, MCPD, STSDUOCurettage medial compartment
18Labrador RetreiverM6,522Moderate INC, MCPD, STS, OCD-kissing lesionBODPUORemoval FCP, curettage medial compartment
19Labrador RetreiverF6,524Moderate INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP
20Labrador RetreiverF6,524Mild INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP
21Border CollieF815,5Mild INC, MCPD, STSBODPUOCurettage medial compartment
22English BulldogM6,523,7Moderate INC, MCPD, STSBODPUONone
23English BulldogM6,523,7Mild INC, STSBODPUONone
24Golden RetreiverM5,524Mild INC, MCPD, STS, OCD-kissing lesionBODPUOCurettage medial compartment
25Labrador RetreiverM7,531Mild INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP, curettage medial compartment
26German SheperdF6,520Moderate INC, STSBODPUONone
27German SheperdF6,520Moderate INC, STSBODPUONone
28German SheperdM6,525,1Moderate INC, STSBODPUONone
29German SheperdM6,525,1Moderate INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP
30Border CollieM717Moderate INC, MCPD, STS, OCD-kissing lesionBODPUORemoval FCP, curettage medial compartment
31Border CollieM717Moderate INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP
32Bernese Muntain DogM6,540Moderate INC, MCPD, STSBODPUORemoval FCP
33Saint BernardM6,535Moderate INC, STSBODPUONone
34Golden RetreiverM5,524Moderate INC, MCPD, STS, OCD-kissing lesionBODPUOCurettage medial compartment
35White Swiss Sheperd DogM7,531,2Mild INC, MCPD, STSCM
36White Swiss Sheperd DogM7,531,2Mild INC, STSCM
37AmstaffF1020Moderate INC, MCPD, STSCM
38AmstaffF1020Moderate INC, MCPD, STSCM
39Chow ChowF1020,5Severe INC, STSCM
40Chow ChowF1020,5Severe INC, STSCM
41Labrador RetreiverM7,531Mild INC, STSCM
42Tchorny TerrierM848Mild INC, STSCM
43BoxerM520,3Severe INC, MCPD, STSCM
44BoxerM520,3Severe INC, MCPD, STSCM
45Tchorny TerrierM848Moderate INC, MCPD, STS, OCD-kissing lesionCM
M, male; F, female; INC, joint incongruence; MCPD, medial compartment process disease; STS subtrochlear sclerosis; OCD, osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans; DUO, dynamic ulnar ostectomy; BODPUO, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy; CM, conservative management; FCP, fragmentated coronoid process.
Table
Table 3. Comparison of lameness and arthralgia (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
Table 3. Comparison of lameness and arthralgia (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
DUO vs. BODPUO vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CM
DUOBODPUOCMHp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-NDHp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-DTp-Value
LamenessT01.8 ± 0.72.1 ± 0.71.1 ± 0.710.97.0042DUO vs. BODPUO.52782.3 ± 0.514.78.0006DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.11101.6 ± 0.914.00.1218
DUO vs. CM.1047 DUO vs. CM.1035
CM vs. BODPUO.0028 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0004
T21.5 ± 0.61.8 ± 0.60.8 ± 0.710.79.0045DUO vs. BODPUO.58711.7 ± 0.49.799.0075DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.79592.0 ± 1.025.50.6833
DUO vs. CM.0987 DUO vs. CM.0777
CM vs. BODPUO.0031 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0064
T121.1 ± 0.71.0 ± 0.51.8 ± 0.78.797.0123DUO vs. BODPUO>.9990.8 ± 0.410.61.0050DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.68851.4 ± 0.515.00.0924
DUO vs. CM.0592 DUO vs. CM.0667
CM vs. BODPUO.0122 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0041
T241.2 ± 0.81.0 ± 0.52.0 ± 0.811.74.0028DUO vs. BODPUO>.9990.8 ± 0.412.97.0015DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.73040.8 ± 0.415.00.0924
DUO vs. CM.0192 DUO vs. CM.0243
CM vs. BODPUO.0029 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0014
χ2r15.0031.2625.15 32.44 3.000
p-Value.0018<.0001<.0001 <.0001 .6667
ArthralgiaT01.8 ± 0.72.0 ± 0.61.8 ± 0.71.272.5295DUO vs. BODPUO.95132.2 ± 0.42.543.2804DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.44161.8 ± 1.122.00.4289
DUO vs. CM>.999 DUO vs. CM>.999
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.5491
T21.5 ± 0.61.5 ± 0.71.5 ± 0.70.070.5295DUO vs. BODPUO>.9991.3 ± 0.50.545.7614DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9992.0 ± 1.018.00.1370
DUO vs. CM>.999 DUO vs. CM>.999
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND>.999
T120.9 ± 0.70.9 ± 0.61.9 ± 0.712.27.0022DUO vs. BODPUO>.9990.9 ± 0.512.95.0015DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9991.0 ± 1.028.50>.999
DUO vs. CM.0037 DUO vs. CM.0026
CM vs. BODPUO.0072 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0079
T240.9 ± 0.70.8 ± 0.51.9 ± 0.714.60.0007DUO vs. BODPUO>.9990.9 ± 0.512.95.0015DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9990.6 ± 0.521.50.3458
DUO vs. CM.0028 DUO vs. CM.0026
CM vs. BODPUO.0013 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0079
χ2r25.4731.203.610 25.21 10.67
p-Value<.0001<.0001.3068 <.0001 .0050
DUO, dynamic ulnar ostectomy; BODPUO, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy; CM, conservative management; H, result of Kruskal–Walls statistics; BODPUO-ND, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment not dislocated; BODPUO-D, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment dislocated; T0, the day of treatment; T2, two months after treatment; T12, twelve months after treatment; T24, twenty-four months after Table 2. r, result of Friedman statistics.
Table
Table 4. Comparison of ROM and BCS (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
Table 4. Comparison of ROM and BCS (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
DUO vs. BODPUO vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CM
DUOBODPUOCMFp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-NDFp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-Dtp-Value
ROMT0121.9 ± 5.0113.1 ± 8.6113.2 ± 7.57.880.0012DUO vs. BODPUO.0027112.8 ± 8.28.346.0010DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.0034113.8 ± 10.50.2049.8404
DUO vs. CM.0062 DUO vs. CM.0042
CM vs. BODPUO.9816 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.9030
T2122.4 ± 5.0115.6 ± 6.7110.9 ± 9.79.557.0004DUO vs. BODPUO.0147118.0 ± 5.110.01.0003DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.0865110.0 ± 7.12.624.0192
DUO vs. CM.0004 DUO vs. CM.0002
CM vs. BODPUO.0876 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0294
T12110.9 ± 9.0111.3 ± 11.198.5 ± 11.26.092.0048DUO vs. BODPUO.9083117.3 ± 5.113.53<.0001DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.061497.0 ± 7.66.472<.0001
DUO vs. CM.0083 DUO vs. CM.0016
CM vs. BODPUO.0083 CM vs. BODPUO-ND<.0001
T24106.8 ± 12.2108.1 ± 14.992.5 ± 14.14.909.0121DUO vs. BODPUO.7848116.0 ± 6.112.36<.0001DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.037889.0 ± 11.86.295<.0001
DUO vs. CM.0210 DUO vs. CM.0052
CM vs. BODPUO.0167 CM vs. BODPUO-ND<.0001
F20.002.46125.15 2.548 8.589
p-Value<.0001.0740<.0001 .1157 .0337
BCST04.6 ± 0.54.6 ± 0.94.5 ± 0.5.0816.9600DUO vs. BODPUO>.9994.2 ± 0.71.656.4368DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.63945.4 ± 0.57.500.0123
DUO vs. CM>.999 DUO vs. CM>.999
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND>.999
T24.6 ± 0.54.6 ± 0.94.6 ± 0.5.0496.9755DUO vs. BODPUO>.9994.2 ± 0.72.145.3422DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.65545.4 ± 0.57.500.0123
DUO vs. CM>.999 DUO vs. CM>.999
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.5554
T125.2 ± 0.85.6 ± 0.95.7 ± 0.83.136.2085DUO vs. BODPUO.55485.2 ± 0.63.863.1449DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9996.6 ± 0.53.000.0016
DUO vs. CM.3030 DUO vs. CM.2192
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.2816
T245.2 ± 0.85.9 ± 1.16.3 ± 1.45.330.0696DUO vs. BODPUO.25625.4 ± 1.04.595.1005DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9997.0 ± 0.05.000.0010
DUO vs. CM.0964 DUO vs. CM.1039
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.4098
F27.0038.6630.07 24.19 14.57
p-Value<.0001<.0001<.0001 <.0001 .0004
DUO, dynamic ulnar ostectomy; BODPUO, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy; CM, conservative management; F, result of ANOVA F statistics (F-ratio); BODPUO-ND, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment not dislocated; BODPUO-D, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment dislocated; ROM, range of motion; BCS, body condition score; T0, the day of treatment; T2, two months after treatment; T12, twelve months after treatment; T24, twenty-four months after treatment; X2r, result of Friedman statistics.
Table
Table 5. Comparison of OA and %STS (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
Table 5. Comparison of OA and %STS (mean ± SD) between study groups and within each group (on the gray rows) at T0, T2, T12 and T24.
DUO vs. BODPUO vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CMDUO vs. BODPUO-ND vs. CM
DUOBODPUOCMHp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-NDHp-ValuePost hocp-ValueBODPUO-DTp-Value
OAT04.8 ± 1.45.3 ± 1.36.0 ± 2.72.864.2388DUO vs. BODPUO.57555.3 ± 1.32.685.2612DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.70425.6 ± 1.125.00.6194
DUO vs. CM.3676 DUO vs. CM.3919
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND>.999
T24.8 ± 1.45.1 ± 1.86.2 ± 2.92.582.2750DUO vs. BODPUO.79294.9 ± 2.12.093.3511DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.9995.8 ± 0.820.50.3473
DUO vs. CM.3775 DUO vs. CM.4518
CM vs. BODPUO>.999 CM vs. BODPUO-ND>.999
T126.8 ± 2.16.6 ± 2.88.8 ± 3.03.117.2104DUO vs. BODPUO>.9995.6 ± 2.65.544.0625DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.91199.2 ± 0.45.000.0068
DUO vs. CM.3530 DUO vs. CM.3825
CM vs. BODPUO.3289 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0577
T246.9 ± 2.37.1 ± 3.110.2 ± 3.37.212.0272DUO vs. BODPUO>.9995.8 ± 2.78.523.0141DUO vs. BODPUO-ND>.99910.2 ± 1.14.500.0040
DUO vs. CM.0382 DUO vs. CM.0695
CM vs. BODPUO.0627 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0156
χ2r44.1226.6931.71 13.33 14.47
p-Value<.0001<.0001<.0001 .0040 <.0001
% STST047.3 ± 7.246.3 ± 7.642.5 ± 9.61.213.3077DUO vs. BODPUO.718247.2 ± 8.21.297.2857DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.984344.0 ± 6.2.7881.4429
DUO vs. CM.3595 DUO vs. CM.3855
CM vs. BODPUO.4154 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.3855
T242.6 ± 5.349.3 ± 15.445.1 ± 11.81.384.2620DUO vs. BODPUO.288046.0 ± 9.7.5655.5730DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.684457.2 ± 24.21.402.1812
DUO vs. CM.5902 DUO vs. CM.7228
CM vs. BODPUO.5902 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.8083
T1240.4 ± 5.043.8 ± 9.452.4 ± 14.94.868.0127DUO vs. BODPUO.339641.4 ± 9.15.381.0090DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.796949.4 ± 8.11.692.1112
DUO vs. CM.0110 DUO vs. CM.0118
CM vs. BODPUO.0592 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0235
T2441.0 ± 6.044.5 ± 9.858.3 ± 22.36.047.0050DUO vs. BODPUO.451441.5 ± 9.26.427.0041DUO vs. BODPUO-ND.922651.6 ± 7.82.152.0481
DUO vs. CM.0050 DUO vs. CM.0066
CM vs. BODPUO.0189 CM vs. BODPUO-ND.0096
χ2r6.3481.34713.20 3.848 .7864
p-Value.0108.2740.0025 .0483 .4487
DUO, dynamic ulnar ostectomy; BODPUO, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy; CM, conservative management; H, result of Kruskal–Walls statistics; BODPUO-ND, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment not dislocated; BODPUO-D, bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy with proximal segment dislocated; OA, osteoarthrosis; %STS, percentage of subtrochlear sclerosis; T0, the day of treatment; T2, two months after treatment; T12, twelve months after treatment; T24, twenty-four months after treatment; X2r, result of Friedman statistics.
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Serrani, D.; Sassaroli, S.; Gallorini, F.; Salvaggio, A.; Tambella, A.M.; Biagioli, I.; Palumbo Piccionello, A. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020070

AMA Style

Serrani D, Sassaroli S, Gallorini F, Salvaggio A, Tambella AM, Biagioli I, Palumbo Piccionello A. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(2):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serrani, Daniele, Sara Sassaroli, Francesco Gallorini, Alberto Salvaggio, Adolfo Maria Tambella, Ilaria Biagioli, and Angela Palumbo Piccionello. 2022. "Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020070

APA Style

Serrani, D., Sassaroli, S., Gallorini, F., Salvaggio, A., Tambella, A. M., Biagioli, I., & Palumbo Piccionello, A. (2022). Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Different Treatments Adopted for Elbow Medial Compartment Disease in Dogs. Veterinary Sciences, 9(2), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020070

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