Profiling of the Citrus Leaf Endophytic Mycobiota Reveals Abundant Pathogen-Related Fungal Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Summary of Citrus-Related Fungi
2.2. Sampling of Citrus Leaves
2.3. Molecular Analysis of Leaf Endophytic Fungi
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. A Summary of Reported Citrus-Related Fungi
3.2. Diversity and Composition of Citrus Leaf Endophytic Fungal Communities
3.3. Distribution of Pathogens and Potential Pathogens in Citrus Leaf Endophytic Fungal Communities
3.4. Dominance of Latent Pathogens within Their Genus
4. Discussion
4.1. The Composition of the Leaf Endophytic Fungal Community Correlates to the Phylogenetic Relationship of the Citrus
4.2. A Summarized ITS Data Set Is Useful in Studying Citrus Mycobiota
4.3. Leaf Endophytic Community May Be a Reservoir for Citrus Pathogens
4.4. Do Fungal Pathogen-Related Groups Have Competitive Advantages in Colonizing the Leaf Endophytic Space?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variety | Chongqing | Guangdong | Guangxi | Guizhou | Hubei | Jiangxi | Sichuan | Zhejiang | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lemon | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Mandarin | 8 | 45 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 12 | 86 |
Orange | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17 | 8 | 0 | 41 |
Pomelo | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 27 |
Group Name | Genera | No. of Species | Infecting Tissues | Symptoms | Influential Diseases | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alternaria | Alternaria (A.) | 5 | leaf, shoot, fruit | spot, fruit rot | Citrus brown spot, Citrus black rot | [36,37] |
Botryospaeriaceae | Barriopsis, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Lasiodiplodia (L.), Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium, Spencermartinsia, Sphaeropsis | 26 | branch, trunk, twig | canker, dieback, gummosis | Bot gummosis | [6,12,38,39] |
Cladosporium | Cladosporium | 5 | leaf | spot | - | [40,41] |
Colletotrichum | Colletotrichum (Co.) | 36 | leaf, shoot, flower, fruit | spot, wither-tip | Citrus anthracnose, Postbloom fruit drop | [8,11,42,43,44] |
Diaporthe | Diaporthe (D.) | 30 | leaf, fruit, twig, fruit | black points, fruit rot, dieback, gummosis | Citrus melanose, Stem-end rot | [45,46,47,48] |
Elsinoë | Elsinoë (E.) | 3 | leaf, fruit | spot | Citrus scab | [49,50,51] |
Fusarium | Bisifusarium, Fusarium (F.), Neocosmospora | 17 | leaf, branch, fruit, root | spot, rot, canker | - | [52,53,54] |
Mycosphaerellaceae | Cercospora, Pallidocercospora, Passalora, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia, Septoria, Zasmidium (Z.) | 18 | leaf, fruit | spot | Citrus greasy spot | [25,55,56] |
Penicillium and Aspergillus | Aspergillus, Penicillium | 6 | fruit | mold | Citrus green mold, Citrus blue mold | [57,58,59,60] |
Phyllosticta | Phyllosticta (P.) | 8 | leaf, fruit | spot | Citrus black spot | [7,61,62,63] |
Phytophthora | Phytophthora | 11 | root, fruit, branch | rot, canker | - | [64,65,66] |
Group Name | Species | No. of OTUs |
---|---|---|
Alternaria alternata.arborescens.gossypina | Alternaria alternata, A. arborescens, A. gossypina | 57 |
Cercospora.Septoria | Cercospora sp., Septoria sp. | 1 |
Cladosporium cladosporioides.iranicum.subuliforme.tenuissimum | Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium iranicum, Cladosporium subuliforme, Cladosporium tenuissimum | 21 |
Colletotrichum citricola.karstii | Colletotrichum citricola, Co. karstii | 135 |
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Colletotrichum aenigma, Co. australianum, Co. ciggaro, Co. citrimaximae, Co. communis, Co. fructicola, Co. gloeosporioides, Co. helleniense, Co. hystricis, Co. queenslandicum, Co. siamense, Co. syzygicola, Co. theobromicola | 384 |
Diaporthe citri | Diaporthe citri | 3 |
Diaporthe endocitricola.sennae | Diaporthe endocitricola, D. sennae | 1 |
Diaporthe endophytica.masirevicii | Diaporthe endophytica, D. masirevicii | 1 |
Didymella microchlamydospora | Didymella microchlamydospora | 3 |
Didymella sp IRAN2768C | Didymella sp. | 4 |
Fusarium citri.sulawense | Fusarium citri, F. sulawense | 2 |
Fusarium citricola.salinense | F. citricola, F. salinense | 7 |
Fusarium oxysporum.siculi | F. oxysporum, F. siculi | 58 |
Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis.caatinguensis.subglobosa | Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, L. caatinguensis, L. subglobosa | 1 |
Lasiodiplodia iraniensis.mediterranea.parva.pseudotheobromae.subglobosa.theobromae | L. iraniensis, L. mediterranea, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. subglobosa, L. theobromae | 1 |
Leptoxyphium fumago.citri | Leptoxyphium fumago, Leptoxyphium citri | 1 |
Neocosmospora ferruginea.macrospora | Neocosmospora ferruginea, Neocosmospora macrospora | 1 |
Nigrospora oryzae | Nigrospora oryzae | 5 |
Nigrospora pyriformis | Nigrospora pyriformis | 5 |
Nigrospora sphaerica | Nigrospora sphaerica | 5 |
Pallidocercospora crystallina | Pallidocercospora crystallina | 11 |
Phyllosticta capitalensis.paracapitalensis | Phyllosticta capitalensis, P. paracapitalensis | 1 |
Phyllosticta citricarpa.paracitricarpa | P. citricarpa, P. paracitricarpa | 1 |
Zasmidium citri-griseum | Zasmidium citri-griseum | 40 |
Zasmidium fructicola | Zasmidium fructicola | 20 |
Zasmidium fructigenum | Zasmidium fructigenum | 130 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Huang, F.; Ling, J.; Cui, Y.; Guo, B.; Song, X. Profiling of the Citrus Leaf Endophytic Mycobiota Reveals Abundant Pathogen-Related Fungal Groups. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090596
Huang F, Ling J, Cui Y, Guo B, Song X. Profiling of the Citrus Leaf Endophytic Mycobiota Reveals Abundant Pathogen-Related Fungal Groups. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(9):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090596
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Feng, Jinfeng Ling, Yiping Cui, Bin Guo, and Xiaobing Song. 2024. "Profiling of the Citrus Leaf Endophytic Mycobiota Reveals Abundant Pathogen-Related Fungal Groups" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 9: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090596