Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling of Foods
2.3. Moisture Content Analysis of Ground Grains and Pupuru
2.4. Isolation of Fungi from Ground Grains and Pupuru
2.5. Characterization of Fungal Isolates
2.6. Aflatoxin Analysis of Ground Grains and Pupuru by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Moisture Contents of Ground Grains and Pupuru
3.2. Incidence of Fungi in Ground Grains and Pupuru
3.2.1. Distribution of Fungi
3.2.2. Species Diversity
3.2.3. Incidence of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Species of Aspergillus Section Flavi
3.3. Aflatoxin Levels in Ground Grains and Pupuru Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Type | N | Mean (%) ± SE | Range (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | |||
Maize | 46 | 7.72 ± 0.30 c | 3.51 | 12.3 |
Pupuru | 20 | 11.3 ± 0.35 a | 9.10 | 14.6 |
Rice | 40 | 9.44 ± 0.46 b | 5.08 | 16.1 |
Total | 106 | 9.04 ± 0.26 | 3.51 | 16.1 |
Food Type | N | % | Incidence (%) of Contaminated Food Samples | Mean (μg/kg) ± SE | Range (μg/kg) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤4 μg/kg * | ≤ 10 μg/kg | ≤20 μg/kg ** | >20–<100 μg/kg | ≥100 μg/kg | Min | Max | ||||
Maize | 12 | 100 | 8.3 | 16.7 | 25.0 | 16.7 | 58.3 | 101 ± 19.3 | 3.5 | 173.3 |
Pupuru | 10 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.00 | 7.9 ± 4.4 | 1.75 | 21 |
Rice | 20 | 75.0 | 40.0 | 86.7 | 93.3 | 6.7 | 0.00 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 1.75 | 22.8 |
Total | 42 | 73.8 | 29.0 | 58.1 | 64.5 | 12.9 | 22.6 | 43.1 ± 11.1 | 1.75 | 173.3 |
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Ekpakpale, D.O.; Kraak, B.; Meijer, M.; Ayeni, K.I.; Houbraken, J.; Ezekiel, C.N. Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080635
Ekpakpale DO, Kraak B, Meijer M, Ayeni KI, Houbraken J, Ezekiel CN. Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(8):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080635
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkpakpale, Daniella O., Bart Kraak, Martin Meijer, Kolawole I. Ayeni, Jos Houbraken, and Chibundu N. Ezekiel. 2021. "Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080635