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Proceedings, 2018, ISEA 2018

The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association

Brisbane, Queensland, Australia | 26–29 March 2018

Issue Editors:
Hugo G. Espinosa, Griffith University, Australia
David R. Rowlands, Griffith University, Australia
Jonathan Shepherd, Griffith University, Australia
David V. Thiel, Griffith University, Australia

Number of Papers: 128
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Cover Story (view full-size image): Every second year, the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) conducts a conference somewhere in the world. In 2018, the conference was held for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere [...] Read more.
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1 pages, 305 KB  
Editorial
The 2018 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association
by Hugo G. Espinosa, David R. Rowlands, Jonathan Shepherd and David V. Thiel
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060302 - 12 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2646
Abstract
Every second year, the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) conducts [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
7 pages, 546 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Characterizing the Learning Effect in Response to Biofeedback Aimed at Reducing Tibial Acceleration during Running
by Linda M. A. van Gelder, Andrew Barnes, Jonathan S. Wheat and Ben W. Heller
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060200 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3389
Abstract
Increased tibial acceleration has been found to be an important risk factor for tibial stress fractures. Interventions aimed at reducing this variable which found a beneficial effect include the use of biofeedback in gait retraining. However, no studies have focused on the time [...] Read more.
Increased tibial acceleration has been found to be an important risk factor for tibial stress fractures. Interventions aimed at reducing this variable which found a beneficial effect include the use of biofeedback in gait retraining. However, no studies have focused on the time participants take to modify tibial acceleration, therefore we aimed to find the start of a learning plateau in this study. Six participants ran on a treadmill while multisensory feedback was given. A single-subject analysis was used to characterise the learning effects. All participants changed peak tibial acceleration within the first step of running in the feedback condition. Two participants further reduced tibial acceleration to reach a plateau within 120 steps. In four of the six participants a strong effect of the feedback was still present after a week. Further research is needed to optimise the use of biofeedback in reducing the prevalence of tibial stress fractures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 843 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Feature Extraction from MEMS Accelerometer and Motion Tracking Measurements in Comparison with Smart Bands during Running
by Andy Stamm and Ronny Hartanto
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060197 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2805
Abstract
Athlete monitoring is a major field of interest for professional and recreational runners as well as for coaches to improve performance and reduce injury risk. The development of inertial sensors in recent years offers the opportunity to improve the number of monitored training [...] Read more.
Athlete monitoring is a major field of interest for professional and recreational runners as well as for coaches to improve performance and reduce injury risk. The development of inertial sensors in recent years offers the opportunity to improve the number of monitored training sessions significantly. This research used a self-developed inertial sensor in conjunction with a motion tracking system and four smart bands to record the runner’s movement and extract parameters such as step numbers and frequencies. The data recorded were calibrated before it was high-pass filtered to remove gravity components from the signal. A peak detection algorithm was developed to find the number of steps, which have been further used to compare the different systems (IMU, motion capture, smart bands) and find their agreement. The results showed a very strong correlation between the IMU and the motion tracking system of r2 = 0.998, and an r2 = 0.996 between the IMU and one smart band. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 437 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Predicting Ground Reaction Forces in Sprint Running Using a Shank Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit
by David V. Thiel, Jonathan Shepherd, Hugo G. Espinosa, Megan Kenny, Katrien Fischer, Matthew Worsey, Akifumi Matsuo and Tomohito Wada
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060199 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5146
Abstract
The transition from a stationary crouch on running-blocks to an erect running position is critical to success in sprint running. Three elite sprinters repeated five sprint starts on a 50 m-long instrumented running track each wearing three inertial measurement units (IMU) on both [...] Read more.
The transition from a stationary crouch on running-blocks to an erect running position is critical to success in sprint running. Three elite sprinters repeated five sprint starts on a 50 m-long instrumented running track each wearing three inertial measurement units (IMU) on both shanks. The IMU profiles and force plate data was highly consistent between runs. The increasing maximum ground force was correlated with the IMU data using a linear fit and gyroscope triggered acceleration component. Both techniques show promise (r2 > 0.5). This is of significant interest to athletes and coaches using IMUs rather than a long, instrumented running track. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 602 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Tailored Feedback Requirements for Optimal Motor Learning: A Screening and Validation of Four Consumer Available Running Wearables
by Jos Goudsmit, Mark Janssen, Simone Luijten and Steven Vos
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060198 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2524
Abstract
The pervasiveness of wearable technology has opened the market for products that analyse running biomechanics and provide feedback to the user. To improve running technique feedback should target specific running biomechanical key points and promote an external focus. Aim for this study was [...] Read more.
The pervasiveness of wearable technology has opened the market for products that analyse running biomechanics and provide feedback to the user. To improve running technique feedback should target specific running biomechanical key points and promote an external focus. Aim for this study was to define and empirically test tailored feedback requirements for optimal motor learning in four consumer available running wearables. First, based on desk research and observations of coaches, a screening protocol was developed. Second, four wearables were tested according to the protocol. Third, results were reviewed, and four experts identified future requirements. Testing and reviewing the selected wearables with the protocol revealed that only two less relevant running biomechanical key points were measured. Provided feedback promotes an external focus of the user. Tailoring was absent in all wearables. These findings indicate that consumer available running wearables have a potential for optimal motor learning but need improvements as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
6 pages, 1834 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Does Dehydration alter the Success Rate and Technique of Three-Point Shooting in Elite Basketball?
by Daniel Dinu, Eve Tiollier, Elsa Leguy, Marine Jacquet, Jean Slawinski and Julien Louis
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060202 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4404
Abstract
In order to better inform the effects of dehydration and hydration guidelines, we tested the acute effects of a 2% dehydration protocol on performance and technique of 3-point shooting (3PS) in Elite Basketball players (n = 9). The 3PS technique was monitored [...] Read more.
In order to better inform the effects of dehydration and hydration guidelines, we tested the acute effects of a 2% dehydration protocol on performance and technique of 3-point shooting (3PS) in Elite Basketball players (n = 9). The 3PS technique was monitored by using nanotechnology inertial measurement units positioned onto body joints during the exercise. When dehydrated (−2.1 ± 0.5% of body mass), 7 players experienced a slight decrease (−10.0 ± 19.6%, p = 0.16) in success rate, while RPE increased from 9.1 ± 2.6 to 13.0 ± 2.5 in euhydrated (EUH) and dehydrated (DEH) condition respectively (p = 0.003). DEH slightly altered the 3PS technique as the knee angle increased (p = 0.02) at toe-off time and the hip angle decreased during the 3PS (p = 0.01). The speed of ball release tended to be increased (p = 0.05) in DEH compared to EUH. Data from this study suggest that a 2% dehydration is tolerable for elite Basketball players, although a stronger dehydration might accentuate the effects observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 640 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Kinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball
by Hiroki Okubo and Mont Hubbard
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060201 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7225
Abstract
Shooting arm motions at release in one-hand set and jump basketball shots have been analyzed using a kinematic model. Set and jump shots are classified by the vertical velocity and acceleration of the shooter’s shooting-side shoulder at release. The two-dimensional three-segment model includes [...] Read more.
Shooting arm motions at release in one-hand set and jump basketball shots have been analyzed using a kinematic model. Set and jump shots are classified by the vertical velocity and acceleration of the shooter’s shooting-side shoulder at release. The two-dimensional three-segment model includes the vertical shooting-side shoulder velocity and acceleration. Numerical simulation investigates the effect of shoulder motion. Release backspin angular velocity can be described as a function of the vertical shoulder acceleration and the vertical fingertip acceleration relative to the shoulder. For proper backspin, jump shots require large vertical fingertip acceleration relative to the shoulder. The upward shoulder speed at release contributes to the vertical fingertip velocity relative to the shoulder for a given desired ball release speed, angle and backspin. On the other hand, upward shoulder motion does not contribute to the horizontal direction. As horizontal shot distance increases, upper arm angular speed also increases to produce the ball release conditions. Ball release with upward shoulder speed reduces the magnitudes of the upper arm, forearm and hand angular velocities. All these facts imply that the shooting arm motion in the jump shot is different from that of the set shot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 2028 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Detecting and Sonifying Temporal Patterns of Body Segments When Batting
by Akemi Kobayashi, Daiki Nasu, Yota Morimoto, Makio Kashino and Toshitaka Kimura
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060205 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2460
Abstract
To improve skill in sport activities it is essential to discern the temporal patterns of one’s own movements. Our previous motion capture experiment involving elite female softball players identified key differences in the temporal body movements between the top players and young players [...] Read more.
To improve skill in sport activities it is essential to discern the temporal patterns of one’s own movements. Our previous motion capture experiment involving elite female softball players identified key differences in the temporal body movements between the top players and young players against fastballs/change-ups. In this paper, we found that key features could be extracted from the rotation of the pelvis and we developed a sonification feedback system with two nine-axes inertial sensors. Rotation patterns are converted into two synthesized sounds to represent the time at peak trunk rotation speed and impact time. We conducted a pilot experiment with this feedback proposal using expert and novice batters, male and female whether the participants can pace of the rotational motion in batting. As a result, this feedback approach may allow the user to alter the time of peak trunk rotation speed to more closely match the cue provided by the training sound. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 805 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of the Grip Angle on Off-Spin Bowling Performance Parameters, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
by Franz Konstantin Fuss, Batdelger Doljin and René E. D. Ferdinands
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060204 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4958
Abstract
In the off-spin bowling grip, the ball is clamped between index and middle fingers. Spin bowlers attempt to select a spread angle between these two fingers that achieves comfort and optimises performance. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether the standard [...] Read more.
In the off-spin bowling grip, the ball is clamped between index and middle fingers. Spin bowlers attempt to select a spread angle between these two fingers that achieves comfort and optimises performance. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether the standard grip is superior to narrow and wide grips. The bowling performance parameters were obtained from a smart cricket ball. Smart ball data revealed that the performance parameters varied with grip type. The following parameters were optimum at the standard grip: spin rate, resultant torque, spin torque, peak angular acceleration, and peak power. The following parameters were optimum at standard and wide grips: efficiency. The following parameters were optimum at standard and narrow grips: pitch angle of spin axis. The following parameters were optimum at the wide grip: precession and the precession torque. In general, the data tended to show that the standard grip is most effective for spin bowling. However, more research is needed to confirm this result, because the precession and precession torque were optimum at the wide grip, suggesting that this may have a superior performance over the standard and narrow grips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1322 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Generation Mechanism of Linear and Angular Ball Velocity in Baseball Pitching
by Sekiya Koike, Hiroki Uzawa and Daisaku Hirayama
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060206 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3581
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the functional roles of the whole-body’s joint torques including fingers’ joints in the generation of ball speed and spin during baseball fast-ball pitching motion. The dynamic contributions of joint torque term, gravitational term, and motion-dependent [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to quantify the functional roles of the whole-body’s joint torques including fingers’ joints in the generation of ball speed and spin during baseball fast-ball pitching motion. The dynamic contributions of joint torque term, gravitational term, and motion-dependent term (MDT) consisting of centrifugal force and Coriolis force, to the generation of the ball variables were calculated using two types of models. Motion and ground reaction forces of a baseball pitcher, who was instructed to throw a fastball into the target, were measured with a motion capture system with two force platforms. The results showed (1) the MDT is the largest contributor to ball speed (e.g., about 31 m/s prior to ball release) when using 16-segment model, and (2) the horizontal adduction torque of pitching-side shoulder joint plays a crucial role in generating ball speed with conversion of the MDT into other terms using a recurrence formula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 470 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Study of the Interaction between Batting Cage Baseballs and Pitching Machine
by Patrick Drane, Prachi Dhavale, Christopher Hansen, Ryan Kelley and Jacob Burke
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060203 - 25 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3747
Abstract
Batting cage pitching machines are widely used across the sports of baseball and softball for training and recreation purposes. The balls are specifically designed for the machines and for the environment to ensure high durability and typically do not have seams. Polymeric foam [...] Read more.
Batting cage pitching machines are widely used across the sports of baseball and softball for training and recreation purposes. The balls are specifically designed for the machines and for the environment to ensure high durability and typically do not have seams. Polymeric foam balls are widely used in these automated pitching machines for batting practice in a cage environment and are similar in weight and size compared with the regulation balls used in leagues. The primary objective of this paper is to characterize the polymeric balls and their interaction with the pitching machine. The paper will present measured ball properties and measured relationships between various pitching machine parameters such as wheel speed, and the ratio of wheel speeds on the ball exit velocity and rotation. This paper will also characterize some of the effects of wear on the baseballs and wheels from their prolonged use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 599 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Experimental Protocol to Model Recovery of Anaerobic Work Capacity
by Vijay Sarthy M. Sreedhara, Gregory M. Mocko and Randolph E. Hutchison
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060208 - 14 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2781
Abstract
Models of fatigue are based on physiological parameters such as Critical Power (CP) and Anaerobic Work Capacity (AWC). CP is a theoretical threshold value that a human can generate for an indefinite amount of time and AWC represents a [...] Read more.
Models of fatigue are based on physiological parameters such as Critical Power (CP) and Anaerobic Work Capacity (AWC). CP is a theoretical threshold value that a human can generate for an indefinite amount of time and AWC represents a finite expendable amount of anaerobic energy at intensities above CP. There is an increasing interest in developing mathematical models of energy expenditure and recovery for athletic training and human performance. The objective of this research is to propose and validate a model for recovery of AWC during a post exertion recovery interval of cycling. A cycling ergometer study is proposed which involves a VO2max ramp test to determine gas exchange threshold, a 3-min all-out intensity test to determine CP and AWC, and exertion-recovery interval tests to understand recovery of AWC. The results will be used to build a human in the loop control system to optimize cycling performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1014 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Force Platform Free Gait Analysis
by Tokio Maeda, Tatsuro Ishizuka, Sakura Yamaji and Yuji Ohgi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060207 - 24 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3490
Abstract
Using multiple cameras with force platforms is a classical and popular method for gait analysis. However; it is difficult to measure natural walking; because the subjects have to adjust their steps to place on the force platform. This study proposes two rigid body [...] Read more.
Using multiple cameras with force platforms is a classical and popular method for gait analysis. However; it is difficult to measure natural walking; because the subjects have to adjust their steps to place on the force platform. This study proposes two rigid body linked segment models to estimate the joint force and ground reaction force without force platform. In order to validate the accuracy of the models; the authors compared their kinetic parameters with those of classical model. The results showed that the proposed models could estimate the ground reaction force and the joint force with high accuracy (less than 10% in the third quartile on all axes). In addition; using the center of pressure from force platform could also estimate the joint torque with high accuracy. These results suggest that we can analyze the gait without force platform; if the center of pressure is provided in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1664 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of the Phase Difference between the Crank Angle of the Pilot and that of the Stoker on the Drag Acting on a Tandem Bike
by Kazuya Seo and Satoshi Eda
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060209 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2607
Abstract
Two wind tunnel experiments were carried out to investigate the drag acting on a tandem bike. One experiment involved measurement of the drag acting on two full-scale human models on a tandem. These two human models can pedal the tandem. In the other [...] Read more.
Two wind tunnel experiments were carried out to investigate the drag acting on a tandem bike. One experiment involved measurement of the drag acting on two full-scale human models on a tandem. These two human models can pedal the tandem. In the other experiment, two oscillating cylinders were used as a simplified model of the legs of the pilot and the stoker. These were arranged to represent the legs of the riders on a tandem. Measurements of the drag on this model were made. It was found that the drag decreases when the crank angle of the stoker’s pedal is delayed with respect to the pilot’s pedal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1455 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Thermal/Mechanical Measurement and Modeling of Bicycle Disc Brakes
by Ioan Feier and Robin Redfield
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060215 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4545
Abstract
Brake induced heating has become more difficult to control as bicycle component mass has been reduced. High-power braking with insufficient cooling or thermal capacitance can create excessive temperatures, boiling brake fluid, performance degradation, and damage. To better understand component heating, a disc braking [...] Read more.
Brake induced heating has become more difficult to control as bicycle component mass has been reduced. High-power braking with insufficient cooling or thermal capacitance can create excessive temperatures, boiling brake fluid, performance degradation, and damage. To better understand component heating, a disc braking dynamometer has been constructed with a motor driven disc, hydraulic braking, and a miniature wind tunnel. Disc temperatures are studied for various braking scenarios using infrared techniques and thermocouples. A transient, numerical, MATLAB, lumped parameter thermal/mechanical model is created to predict the impact of key design parameters on braking performance and to understand the heat loss mechanisms from the brake system components. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to estimate the disc surface convective cooling coefficients for the model. The final model provides transient temperature predictions based on bicycle velocity and braking power, and successfully matches dynamometer experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1134 KB  
Proceeding Paper
On the Effects of Tube Butting on the Structural Performance of Steel Bicycle Frames
by Derek Covill and Jean-Marc Drouet
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060216 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3758
Abstract
Previous studies have shown how finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to support designers and frame builders in the selection of butted tubes to tune the stiffness and strength behaviour of steel bicycles. The aim of this paper was therefore to analyse [...] Read more.
Previous studies have shown how finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to support designers and frame builders in the selection of butted tubes to tune the stiffness and strength behaviour of steel bicycles. The aim of this paper was therefore to analyse the effects of tube butting on the stiffness, stress distribution and energy absorption behaviour of bicycle frames using numerical simulations. Butted tubes were shown to provide a highly effective means to decrease mass whilst producing a disproportionately small change in stress compared with a straight gauge tubeset with a maximum material condition although there was no added benefit in terms of stiffness or strain energy. Conversely, decreasing the wall thickness produced an increase in stress at the tube ends that was disproportionate to the change in mass. This work can now be extended to analyse a fuller set of butted profiles for a range of tube types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 890 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Predictive Dynamic Simulation of Seated Start-Up Cycling Using Olympic Cyclist and Bicycle Models
by Conor Jansen and John McPhee
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060220 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3088
Abstract
Predictive dynamic simulation is a useful tool for analyzing human movement and optimizing performance. Here it is applied to Olympic-level track cycling. A seven degree-of-freedom, two-legged cyclist and bicycle model was developed using MapleSim. GPOPS-II, a direct collocation optimal control software, was used [...] Read more.
Predictive dynamic simulation is a useful tool for analyzing human movement and optimizing performance. Here it is applied to Olympic-level track cycling. A seven degree-of-freedom, two-legged cyclist and bicycle model was developed using MapleSim. GPOPS-II, a direct collocation optimal control software, was used to solve the optimal control problem for the predictive simulation. The model was validated against ergometer pedaling performed by seven Olympic-level track cyclists from the Canadian team. The simulations produce joint angles and cadence/torque/power similar to experimental results. The results indicate optimal control can be used for predictive simulation with a combined cyclist and bicycle model. Future work needed to more accurately model an Olympic cyclist and a standing start is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1156 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Measuring and Comparing Descend in Elite Race Cycling with a Perspective on Real-Time Feedback for Improving Individual Performance
by M. M. Reijne, D. J. J. Bregman and A. L. Schwab
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060262 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2680
Abstract
Descend technique and performance vary among elite racing cyclists and it is not clear what slower riders should do to improve their performance. An observation study was performed of the descending technique of members of a World Tour cycling team and the technique [...] Read more.
Descend technique and performance vary among elite racing cyclists and it is not clear what slower riders should do to improve their performance. An observation study was performed of the descending technique of members of a World Tour cycling team and the technique of each member was compared with the fastest descender amongst them. The obtained data gives us guidelines for rider specific feedback in order to improve his performance. The bicycles were equipped with a system that could measure: velocity, cadence, pedal power, position, steer angle, 3D orientation, rotational speeds and linear accelerations of the rear frame and brake force front and rear. From our observation study, the brake point and apex position turned out to be distinctive indicators of a fast cornering technique in a descent for a tight, hairpin corner. These two indicators can be used as feedback for a slower rider to improve his descend performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1127 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Novel Approach for Skin Suit Aerodynamic Optimization Using Local Momentum Deficit
by Wouter Terra, Andrea Sciacchitano and Fulvio Scarano
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060222 - 14 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2863
Abstract
A new approach is introduced to evaluate the potential drag reduction by skin suit design in speed sport. The approach relies upon local flow information measured in the wake of a cyclist mannequin. Lagrangian Particle Tracking is employed to measure the distribution of [...] Read more.
A new approach is introduced to evaluate the potential drag reduction by skin suit design in speed sport. The approach relies upon local flow information measured in the wake of a cyclist mannequin. Lagrangian Particle Tracking is employed to measure the distribution of time-average streamwise velocity in a cross-plane of 30 × 100 cm2 behind the stretched leg of the rider at a range of Reynolds numbers (0.4 × 105 < Re < 2.4 × 105). The expected Reynolds number effect is observed: a general wake narrowing at increasing speed. Unexpected local effects are also identified, which may be due to local variations in geometry of the rider’s leg. The conservation of momentum within a control volume containing the leg is used showing that the aerodynamic drag of the rider’s leg can be decreased by application of surface roughness. This outcome is validated by repeated measurements using zigzag tape on the legs’ surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 930 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Towards an Operational Framework for Designing Training Based Sports Virtual Reality Performance Simulators
by Jonathan Shepherd, Lewis Carter, Gert-Jan Pepping and Leigh-Ellen Potter
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060214 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5848
Abstract
With the advent of commercially available virtual reality (VR) hardware, immersive experiences can be created to simulate competitive performance environments. Simulators can provide novel ways for fans to engage with otherwise unattainable performance situations. Furthermore, simulators can also have clear advantages for elite [...] Read more.
With the advent of commercially available virtual reality (VR) hardware, immersive experiences can be created to simulate competitive performance environments. Simulators can provide novel ways for fans to engage with otherwise unattainable performance situations. Furthermore, simulators can also have clear advantages for elite athletic training by controlling the perceptual inputs, measuring the kinematic based outputs, measuring how the athlete is interacting with the created environment, and providing concurrent audio-visual-haptic feedback. When engineering a virtual simulation system, fundamental design considerations include; hardware selection, software design, user safety, and the provision of performance factors. This paper provides a case study into the design considerations of engineering a track cycling simulator for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Velodrome. The experience utilises a stationary exercise bike (Wattbike, 2016 Pro) transmitting performance data wirelessly, via the ANT+ protocol, to a PC connected to an Oculus Rift VR projecting the audio-visual simulated environment. The simulator has been tested on a large reference group to evidence the design decisions. The design processes have been generalized to create an operational framework to aid the creation of future VR sports simulators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 745 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A New Method for Analysing the Effect of Environmental Wind on Real World Aerodynamic Performance in Cycling
by Nathan Barry
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060211 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6791
Abstract
Aerodynamic drag is a key determinant of cycling performance. The distribution of yaw angles that a cyclist experiences is equally important. Analysis and presentation of aerodynamic data in cycling, generally, has not combined these two effects. A theoretical derivation of a probability density [...] Read more.
Aerodynamic drag is a key determinant of cycling performance. The distribution of yaw angles that a cyclist experiences is equally important. Analysis and presentation of aerodynamic data in cycling, generally, has not combined these two effects. A theoretical derivation of a probability density function for yaw angle weighting, based on the theory of Wind Averaged Drag is presented. The weighting function allows for functional variation of yaw distribution according to road and wind speed as well as the visual representation of yaw distribution applied to graphical wind tunnel data. A normalised average of the weighted curve combines both drag and yaw angle data into a single value which is essential for performance modelling. This approach provides a more intuitive way to view and interpret yaw angle data and aerodynamic performance. This has the potential to standardise performance analysis in the industry and improve athletes’ understanding of complex aerodynamic phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 872 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Prediction of Road Surface Quality during Cycling Using Smartphone Accelerometer Data
by Stefan Litzenberger, Troels Christensen, Otto Hofstätter and Anton Sabo
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060217 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4332
Abstract
Many cyclists use online-maps for planning their routes, however, only little information is known about the road surface of different cycling paths, farm or public roads. Cyclists prefer road surfaces fitting the type of bike they are using for a specific ride (e.g., [...] Read more.
Many cyclists use online-maps for planning their routes, however, only little information is known about the road surface of different cycling paths, farm or public roads. Cyclists prefer road surfaces fitting the type of bike they are using for a specific ride (e.g., time trial, road, MTB, cyclocross, gravel bike). Often riders upload their ride data including GPS, heart rate (HR) or power (P) on platforms like Strava or Garmin Connect. In this research we tried to evaluate whether it is possible to (1) evaluate the road surface quality using a 3D accelerometer mounted on the bicycle’s fork (f = 500 Hz) and whether (2) results of similar quality can be achieved using the accelerometer of a smartphone (f = 100 Hz) placed in the cyclist’s pocket. For data acquisition a cyclist rode on a cyclocross bicycle on three different road surfaces (cobblestones, gravel and tarmac) with three different speeds (10, 20 and 30 km/h) and three different tire pressures (3, 4 and 5 bar). Data of both measuring systems were analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Results showed that road surfaces could be predicted with more than 99% accuracy with the accelerometer and with more than 97% with the smartphone-data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1205 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Bicycle Helmets—Are Low Drag and Efficient Cooling Mutually Exclusive?
by Shaun Fitzgerald, Henry Atkins, Richard Kelso and Alexandre Dimitriou
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060212 - 22 Feb 2018
Viewed by 4412
Abstract
An aerodynamic study was conducted on eleven high-end ‘aero-road’ helmets with the aim of determining whether a helmet can simultaneously have low drag and efficient cooling. The aerodynamic drag of each helmet was measured using a custom-built cycling manikin at a velocity of [...] Read more.
An aerodynamic study was conducted on eleven high-end ‘aero-road’ helmets with the aim of determining whether a helmet can simultaneously have low drag and efficient cooling. The aerodynamic drag of each helmet was measured using a custom-built cycling manikin at a velocity of 40 km/h with a yaw angle range of 0° to ±25° and at velocities of 50 and 58 km/h at 0° yaw. Thermal testing of the cooling abilities of each helmet was conducted with a custom-built heated mannequin headform, which incorporated 36 thermocouples embedded within its surface. Contour plots of the temperature distributions over the head were created together with images obtained by a thermal camera. The results demonstrate that all the aero-road helmets are generally as cool as each other, however, there can be significant differences in the aerodynamic drag. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 2141 KB  
Proceeding Paper
On the Exposure of Hands to Vibration in Road Cycling: An Assessment of the Effect of Gloves and Handlebar Tape
by Jean-Marc Drouet, Derek Covill and Wendy Duarte
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060213 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3304
Abstract
The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of cycling gloves and handlebar tape in reducing the vibration transmitted to the cyclist’s hands in the classic “hoods” position for shock-type excitation at the front wheel on a bicycle treadmill. Three pairs [...] Read more.
The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of cycling gloves and handlebar tape in reducing the vibration transmitted to the cyclist’s hands in the classic “hoods” position for shock-type excitation at the front wheel on a bicycle treadmill. Three pairs of conditions were tested on a single participant: (1) With gloves vs. no gloves, no bar tape; (2) With bar tape vs. no bar tape, no gloves; (3) With gloves and bar tape vs. no gloves and no bar tape. We have shown that a rider can expect a small but significant drop in the level of transmitted power and energy through the handlebars when wearing a standard pair of road cycling gloves. If bar tape is used however (both with and without gloves), there is a significantly larger drop in the level of transmitted power and energy through the handlebars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1403 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Racing Wheels’ Effect on Drag/Side Forces Acting on a Cyclist at Sportstech-Miun Wind Tunnel
by Nicola Petrone, Marco Giacomin, Andrey Koptyug and Mikael Bäckström
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060210 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3319
Abstract
the wind tunnel at the SportsTech Research Centre at Mid Sweden University (MIUN, Ostersund) was opened in 2015 for sports technology research. It is dedicated to analysis of equipment performance and garment development and suitable for roller skiing, running and cycling. The aim [...] Read more.
the wind tunnel at the SportsTech Research Centre at Mid Sweden University (MIUN, Ostersund) was opened in 2015 for sports technology research. It is dedicated to analysis of equipment performance and garment development and suitable for roller skiing, running and cycling. The aim of this work was to develop and apply a full-scale method to investigate the aerodynamic behaviour of a cyclist facing front and cross wind at different yaw angles (from 0° to 30°) and speeds. To reach this goal, a rotating structure supported by a force platform was constructed. It includes a set of rollers on which fully unrestrained cycling is possible. The method was applied to the comparison of three wheelsets (differing in material, height and shape of the rim, number and shape of spokes) in terms of drag and side aerodynamic forces during a cyclist’s ride at 30 km/h, while keeping all the other factors constant. Resulting curves allowed estimating differences of 4% and 9% when applied to a recent time trial competition with supposed wind conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1196 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Ring of Fire for in-Field Sport Aerodynamic Investigation
by Alexander Spoelstra, Wouter Terra and Andrea Sciacchitano
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060221 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
A novel measurement system, the Ring of Fire, is deployed which enables the aerodynamic drag estimation of transiting cyclists. The system relies upon the use of large-scale stereoscopic PIV and the conservation of momentum within a control volume in a frame of reference [...] Read more.
A novel measurement system, the Ring of Fire, is deployed which enables the aerodynamic drag estimation of transiting cyclists. The system relies upon the use of large-scale stereoscopic PIV and the conservation of momentum within a control volume in a frame of reference moving with the athlete. The rider cycles at a velocity of approximately 8 m/s, corresponding to a torso based Reynolds number of 3.2 × 105. The measurements upstream and in the wake of the athlete are conducted at a rate of 2 kHz within a measurement plane of approximately 1000 × 1700 mm2. The non-dimensional, ensemble-averaged streamwise velocity fields compare well to literature and the ensemble-averaged drag area shows a rather constant value along the wake with an uncertainty of 5%. A comparison with wind tunnel force balance measurements shows discrepancies which may be partly attributed to the bike supports and stationary floor in the wind tunnel measurements. The 25% drag difference measured between a rider in upright and time-trial position, however, matches literature well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 640 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Some Effects of Crosswind on the Lateral Dynamics of a Bicycle
by A. L. Schwab, George Dialynas and Riender Happee
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060218 - 24 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
The bicycle, being unstable at low speed and marginally stable at high speed, is sensitive to lateral perturbations. One of the major lateral perturbations is crosswind, which can lead to accidents and fatalities. Here we investigate the effect of crosswind on the lateral [...] Read more.
The bicycle, being unstable at low speed and marginally stable at high speed, is sensitive to lateral perturbations. One of the major lateral perturbations is crosswind, which can lead to accidents and fatalities. Here we investigate the effect of crosswind on the lateral dynamics and control of the bicycle in a wide range of forward speeds and various crosswinds, by means of computer model analysis and simulation. A low dimensional bicycle model is used together with experimentally identified rider control parameters. The crosswind forces are obtained from a recent experimental study. Analysis and simulation show that crosswind decreases the stability of the bicycle and is clearly a safety issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 560 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Modeling the Expenditure and Recovery of Anaerobic Work Capacity in Cycling
by Phoebe Bickford, Vijay Sarthy M. Sreedhara, Gregory M. Mocko, Ardalan Vahidi and Randolph E. Hutchison
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060219 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2894
Abstract
The objective of this research is to model the expenditure and recovery of Anaerobic Work Capacity (AWC) as related to Critical Power (CP) during cycling. CP is a theoretical value at which a human can operate indefinitely and AWC [...] Read more.
The objective of this research is to model the expenditure and recovery of Anaerobic Work Capacity (AWC) as related to Critical Power (CP) during cycling. CP is a theoretical value at which a human can operate indefinitely and AWC is the energy that can be expended above CP. There are several models to predict AWC-depletion, however, only a few to model AWC recovery. A cycling study was conducted with nine recreationally active subjects. CP and AWC were determined by a 3-min all-out test. The subjects performed interval tests at three recovery intervals (15 s, 30 s, or 60 s) and three recovery powers (0.50CP, 0.75CP, and CP). It was determined that the rate of expenditure exceeds recovery and the amount of AWC recovered is influenced more by recovery power level than recovery duration. Moreover, recovery rate varies by individual and thus, a robust mathematical model for expenditure and recovery of AWC is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 767 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Sway in Ballroom Dancing
by Tadashi Shioya
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060223 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5585
Abstract
According to syllabi of ballroom dancing, the sway is explained as the inclination of the body towards the inside of the turn. This explanation is questionable and a more adequate explanation is given based on a mechanical analysis with a new concept of [...] Read more.
According to syllabi of ballroom dancing, the sway is explained as the inclination of the body towards the inside of the turn. This explanation is questionable and a more adequate explanation is given based on a mechanical analysis with a new concept of inclination and bending sways. First, the sway mechanism is explained as the balance of the inertia force and the inclination using one-element model. Further a two-element model is introduced including both the inclination and the bending effects. The model explains the control and stability of sway. The sway process is classified into three stages, and the change of the inclination and bending with time is demonstrated by the analysis. The understanding of sway mechanism improves the dancers’ swing movements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 815 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Smart Kote Glove for Assessment of Scoring Parameters of Dan and Kyu Grade Kendokas
by Kwangyul Jeong, Adin Ming Tan and Franz Konstantin Fuss
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060225 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4921
Abstract
Kendo is one of the most ancient swordsmanship arts in Japan. The aims of this study are to develop and test an innovative smart Kote glove for assisting the Kendoka to distinguish scoring from non-scoring Kote (wrist) strikes. An in-house developed pressure sensing [...] Read more.
Kendo is one of the most ancient swordsmanship arts in Japan. The aims of this study are to develop and test an innovative smart Kote glove for assisting the Kendoka to distinguish scoring from non-scoring Kote (wrist) strikes. An in-house developed pressure sensing platform was utilized to develop the smart Kote glove. Ten kendo practitioners, comprising of five Dan (black belts equivalent) and five Kyu (lower level/ungraded of both genders), participated in this study. The results showed significant differences between Dan and Kyu participants in both accuracy and sharpness of the strikes. Dan grade participants showed higher percentage of hitting the target comparing to Kyu grade (92% and 75% respectively). The percentage of scoring was also significantly higher in Dan (78%) than in Kyu (37%) grades. The average impact force of scoring by Dan grade (1159 ± 379 N) was higher than by Kyu grade (852 ± 429 N). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 420 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Swing Movement in Ballroom Dancing
by Tadashi Shioya
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060224 - 27 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4837
Abstract
Natural rise and fall movement represents typical characteristics of the swing dances in ballroom dances. The rise and fall movements are analyzed in the mechanical point of view in the presentation. The biomechanics of the rise and fall movements were analyzed in terms [...] Read more.
Natural rise and fall movement represents typical characteristics of the swing dances in ballroom dances. The rise and fall movements are analyzed in the mechanical point of view in the presentation. The biomechanics of the rise and fall movements were analyzed in terms of the potential energy and the velocity of the body. Some basic figures of Waltz are taken as examples with application suggestion to the other dances. A sinusoidal function is employed for vertical and horizontal movements in the analysis featuring the natural swing movement of the dancer’s body. The height of center of gravity of dancer and its vertical acceleration are quantitatively exhibited in graphs for each basic movement of the figures of these dances. It is shown that the maximum height in the movement depends on each figure in each dance and that it is limited by the acceleration analysis regardless of dancer’s height or weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1277 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Force-Sensing Hangboard to Enhance Finger Training in Rock Climbers
by Michael Anderson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060227 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3862
Abstract
In rock climbing, finger strength is directly related to performance. Here, a novel device is described to enhance finger strength training or aid in rehabilitation of finger injuries. The device incorporates load cells into an existing hangboard to measure finger force, record it [...] Read more.
In rock climbing, finger strength is directly related to performance. Here, a novel device is described to enhance finger strength training or aid in rehabilitation of finger injuries. The device incorporates load cells into an existing hangboard to measure finger force, record it and display it to the athlete in real time. The device was characterized for accuracy, linearity, hysteresis and repeatability, and found to have a resolution of ±01.5 N, sample rate of 10 Hz, and linearity of 0.9998. Preliminary athlete trials of the device verified its ability to more accurately record training exertion, that biases exist between the right and left hands of climbers and that this real-time performance feedback can improve training quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 494 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect on Bowling Performance Parameters When Intentionally Increasing the Spin Rate, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
by Franz Konstantin Fuss, Batdelger Doljin and René E. D. Ferdinands
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060226 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3238
Abstract
A smart cricket ball was used to investigate the influence of increased spin rate on the bowling performance parameters. In three spin bowlers, the performance parameters were compared before and after increasing the spin rate. The first bowler increased the spin rate by [...] Read more.
A smart cricket ball was used to investigate the influence of increased spin rate on the bowling performance parameters. In three spin bowlers, the performance parameters were compared before and after increasing the spin rate. The first bowler increased the spin rate by 22%, decreased the normalised precession the angle at which the spin rate vector moves into the torque vector—the lower the more efficient), and increased the torque, angular acceleration and power, showing an improvement in all performance parameters. The second bowler showed no improvement in any performance parameters. The third bowler increased the spin rate marginally, but insignificantly; but improved the normalised precession dramatically (reducing it by 50%). The research results suggest that the mere intention to improve the spin rate changes bowling technique in way that optimises normalised precession, even if the spin rate does not actually increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1389 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Towards a Combined CAD and CFD Development Process of a Wingsuit
by Nazanin Ansari, Sybille Krzywinski and Jochen Fröhlich
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060228 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3527
Abstract
A wingsuit gives the human body an airfoil-like shape to fly in the sky. The paper proposes a holistic design approach combining the fluid mechanical simulation of the function with appropriate CAE-software for the generation of pattern cuttings. A parametric CAD model of [...] Read more.
A wingsuit gives the human body an airfoil-like shape to fly in the sky. The paper proposes a holistic design approach combining the fluid mechanical simulation of the function with appropriate CAE-software for the generation of pattern cuttings. A parametric CAD model of the flyer wearing a wingsuit is created enabling easy changes in its posture and the wingsuit geometry. The flow simulation is set up using a commercial CFD code. Since there is no database available for the flow around a wingsuit, validation is conducted for a delta wing. This configuration is close to a wingsuit in terms of geometry and flow regime, but simpler and with sound experimental data available. Boundary conditions, mesh and selected turbulence model are validated with this configuration and experience gained about parameters of the solution process. Due to the computational link between CAE and CFD it’s possible to accelerate the development of wingsuits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 932 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Studying Moisture Transport Trough “Active” Fabrics Using Humidity-Temperature Sensor Nodes
by Andrey Koptyug, Mikael Bäckström, Kajsa Nilsson and Mats Ainegren
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060230 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2631
Abstract
Active fabrics providing better comfort of the garments and footwear rapidly become an essential part of our life. However, only limited information about the performance of such fabrics is commonly available for the garment and footwear designers, and tests are often done only [...] Read more.
Active fabrics providing better comfort of the garments and footwear rapidly become an essential part of our life. However, only limited information about the performance of such fabrics is commonly available for the garment and footwear designers, and tests are often done only with the final products. Thus development of the objective testing methods for the fabric assemblies containing microporous membranes and garments using them is one of the important topics. Garment tests in the climate chamber when exercising in windy and rainy conditions with a set of temperature and humidity sensors placed over the body allow comparing manufactured garments for thermal and humidity comfort. To allow for better material testing a new laboratory setup was developed for studying the dynamics of the humidity transport through different fabrics at realistic conditions in extension of the existing ISO test procedure. Present paper discusses the experimental procedures and first results acquired with new setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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8 pages, 842 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Triathlon Suit Characteristics Relevant to Thermophysiology of an Athlete
by Chris Watson, Nazia Nawaz and Olga Troynikov
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060229 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2682
Abstract
The thermophysiological function of clothing influences athletic wellbeing and performance, particularly in outdoor endurance activities such as triathlon. However, there is very little existing research on the performance of triathlon suits relative to thermophysiological function of the wearer. This pilot study provides a [...] Read more.
The thermophysiological function of clothing influences athletic wellbeing and performance, particularly in outdoor endurance activities such as triathlon. However, there is very little existing research on the performance of triathlon suits relative to thermophysiological function of the wearer. This pilot study provides a benchmark for triathlon suit performance and insights into improving the suit design and material engineering. The study assessed the thermal and breathability attributes of 6 triathlon suits and concluded that while both of the attributes were similar overall, they varied in different body zones due to different design, construction and materials. Local thermal and evaporative performance were affected by fabric construction; double fabric layering in the stomach panel; the number, size, shape and material structure of rear pockets; cycle crotch pad size, shape and thickness; and panel design. The results of this study show the importance of garment design, construction and materials for the best thermal and evaporative resistance attributes of sportswear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 822 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Thermal-Regulation and Comfort Associated with User Perceptions and Garment Performance
by Paul K. Collins, Rory Purdie, Kris Hinck, Chelsea Leissner, Bart Scicchitano, Robert Gathercole and Clara Usma
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060231 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2537
Abstract
This study is designed to understand post-exercise comfort perceptions by exploring the relationship between users and garments. Influenced by new technologies from fibres, manufacturing techniques, and surface coatings athletic apparel is changing. These technologies can influence the quality of daily pursuits, and by [...] Read more.
This study is designed to understand post-exercise comfort perceptions by exploring the relationship between users and garments. Influenced by new technologies from fibres, manufacturing techniques, and surface coatings athletic apparel is changing. These technologies can influence the quality of daily pursuits, and by assessing psychological and physiological responses to physical activity, it’s possible to optimise garment performance. To that end, this paper presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of thermal regulation and comfort perceptions within a controlled laboratory environment. A group of eleven healthy athletic female participants performed a twenty-minute high-intensity interval training running session (HIIT) and subsequent transition activity period. Participants had vitals monitored and were periodically prompted with specific questions to gauge their perceptions of effort, temperature, exertion, and comfort. The results suggest that perceptual differences are minor when evaluating apparel design during high-intensity exercise, and perhaps the efforts of garment design optimization would be best placed in an immediately subsequent activity type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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5 pages, 672 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Measurement of Interaction between Futsal Footwear and Futsal Pitch Surface under Different Outsole Condition
by Shariman Ismadi Ismail, Hiroyuki Nunome, Fatin Farhana Marzuki and Izzat Su’aidi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060233 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2708
Abstract
The interaction between footwear and the pitch surface is an important aspect for successful performance and injury prevention in futsal. We aimed to investigate shoe-surface interaction of non-marking and multi-studded outsole designs. Five university players were recruited to perform two futsal specific movements [...] Read more.
The interaction between footwear and the pitch surface is an important aspect for successful performance and injury prevention in futsal. We aimed to investigate shoe-surface interaction of non-marking and multi-studded outsole designs. Five university players were recruited to perform two futsal specific movements (front translational traction-FTT and side translational traction-STT). A motion capture system including an embedded force plate covered by a synthetic material for futsal pitch, were utilized to collect the ground reaction force components. During FTT and STT, the multi-studded outsole was characterized by significantly higher mean peak traction forces. Moreover, although there were no significant differences in peak coefficient of traction between the two types of futsal shoes during STT, the multi-studded outsole tended to produce marginally higher peak coefficient of traction during FTT. It can be concluded that the multi-studded outsole design is prone to generate higher traction force and coefficient of traction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 744 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Wearing Electronic Performance and Tracking System Devices in Association Football: Potential Injury Scenarios and Associated Impact Energies
by Marcus Dunn, John Hart and David James
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060232 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4812
Abstract
In competitive association football, wearing electronic performance and tracking system (EPTS) devices was approved in 2015. Safety concerns regarding their use have been raised; however, research and understanding is limited. Recently, FIFA has taken steps to assess possible injury mechanisms associated with wearing [...] Read more.
In competitive association football, wearing electronic performance and tracking system (EPTS) devices was approved in 2015. Safety concerns regarding their use have been raised; however, research and understanding is limited. Recently, FIFA has taken steps to assess possible injury mechanisms associated with wearing EPTS devices. This study identifies potential injury scenarios in football and associated impact energies. EPTS device use was first surveyed by questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Unexpected, backward falls were highlighted as potential injury scenarios. An anthropomorphic test device (ATD), wearing a mock-EPTS device, was dropped onto 3G turf. Impact energy was 142.4 ± 42.1 and 5.8 ± 4.0 J whilst wearing and not wearing mock-EPTS devices respectively. Results indicate that wearing EPTS devices markedly increased impact energy experienced at the upper-back during falls. Further investigation into possible injury mechanisms (e.g., EPTS device shape and/or contact-area) of skin laceration and/or contusion risk, is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 721 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Flow Visualisation around Spinning and Non-Spinning Soccer Balls Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method
by Takeshi Asai, Sungchan Hong, Kaoru Kimachi, Keiko Abe, Hisashi Kai and Atsushi Nakamura
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060237 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
The drag and lift of footballs have been mainly measured by wind tunnel tests. In the present study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the lattice Boltzmann method were used to visualise the wakes of spinning and non-spinning footballs and analyse the dynamics of [...] Read more.
The drag and lift of footballs have been mainly measured by wind tunnel tests. In the present study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the lattice Boltzmann method were used to visualise the wakes of spinning and non-spinning footballs and analyse the dynamics of the observed vortex structures. The dominant vortex structures in the wakes of the footballs were determined to be large-scale counter-rotating vortex pairs. The fluctuation of the vortex pair for the spinning football was also estimated to be smaller and more stable than that for the non-spinning football. Although the presence of an unstable, large-scale counter-rotating vortex pair in the wake of a non-spinning ball has been previously observed in wind tunnel tests, the present study particularly found that the dominant vortex structure of a spinning ball was a stable, large-scale counter-rotating vortex pair. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 728 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Optimal Football Pressure as a Function of a Footballer’s Physical Abilities
by Andrew Christenson, Pei Cao and Jiong Tang
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060236 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5414
Abstract
Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played by a diverse set of people, from little kids to professional athletes, who possess a large range of physical abilities and skill. One of the most important pieces of [...] Read more.
Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played by a diverse set of people, from little kids to professional athletes, who possess a large range of physical abilities and skill. One of the most important pieces of equipment is the football itself. This paper examines the physics behind the optimal football pressure as a function of ball speed, touch and force of kick, considering the vibration and dynamics of the football as it is kicked. It was observed that the pressure of a football plays a significant role in the dynamic interaction between the ball and foot. A low-order nonlinear lumped mass dynamic model of kicking foot and ball with mass, stiffness and damping was proposed and equations of motion were derived. Simulations were conducted and the optimal football pressure between 0.138 bar (2 psi) and 0.965 bar (14 psi) was proposed considering a multi-objective DIRECT optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 582 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Giving Inertial Sensor Data Context for Communication in Applied Settings: An Example of Visual Exploration in Football
by Thomas B. McGuckian, Daniel Chalkley, Jonathan Shepherd and Gert-Jan Pepping
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060234 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2595
Abstract
For an athlete to make an appropriate decision and successfully perform a skill, they need to perceive opportunities for action by visually exploring their environment. The head movements that support visual exploration can easily and accurately be recorded using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial [...] Read more.
For an athlete to make an appropriate decision and successfully perform a skill, they need to perceive opportunities for action by visually exploring their environment. The head movements that support visual exploration can easily and accurately be recorded using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) in research and applied settings. However, for IMU technology to be effective in applied settings, practitioners need to be able to communicate data to coaches and players. This paper presents methods of visualising and communicating exploratory head movement data, with the aim of giving a better understanding of (a) individual differences in exploratory action, and (b) how IMUs can be used in applied settings to assess and monitor visual exploratory action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 653 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
by Kaoru Kimachi, Sungchan Hong, Shuji Shimonagata and Takeshi Asai
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060235 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2893
Abstract
The kick skill and its analysis are important in Soccer. To detect impact point by using virtual impact model is aim of this study. The virtual impact model was made as a surface composed of virtual markers. As the result, mean coordinate values [...] Read more.
The kick skill and its analysis are important in Soccer. To detect impact point by using virtual impact model is aim of this study. The virtual impact model was made as a surface composed of virtual markers. As the result, mean coordinate values of impact point were below; straight (Lateral: −24.0 ± 5.6 mm, Horizontal: 152.7 ± 8.4 mm, Vertical: 52.3 ± 4.0 mm), curve (Lateral: −35.6 ± 4.8 mm, Horizontal: 151.6 ± 13.7 mm, Vertical: 47.5 ± 5.2 mm), knuckle (Lateral: −33.3 ± 9.0 mm, Horizontal: 140.8 ± 10.7 mm, Vertical: 52.1 ± 2.7 mm). According to comparison of coordinate value of each trial, mean point of straight was near the center line of foot on instep, mean point of curve was located on inside of foot, mean point of knuckle was near the foot joint. We revealed difference of impact point and showed trajectory of impact point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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8 pages, 1065 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of the Grip Acceleration on Club Head Rotation during a Golf Swing
by Kazuki Furukawa, Nobutaka Tsujiuchi, Akihito Ito, Kenta Matsumoto, Masahiko Ueda and Kosuke Okazaki
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060241 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
Golfers aim to hit the golf ball correctly and maximize its displacement. It is necessary to predict shaft movement during a golf swing via simulation in order to determine the appropriate shaft for each individual golfer’s swing. Our previous study simulating golf club [...] Read more.
Golfers aim to hit the golf ball correctly and maximize its displacement. It is necessary to predict shaft movement during a golf swing via simulation in order to determine the appropriate shaft for each individual golfer’s swing. Our previous study simulating golf club movement during the golf swing demonstrated 3D club movement via a finite element method simulation model with shaft flexibility. In this study, we added torque, taking into account the combination of grip acceleration and club head centroid, to the simulation model. In order to determine the influence of the torque, we then compared the measured and simulated results of shaft deflection and club head kinematics [HS (club head speed), Path (path angle), AA (attack angle), and FA (face angle)]. There was no significant torque influence for HS, AA, or shaft deflection. However, the Path and FA simulations were close to the measured values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 609 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Validation of an Inertial Sensor System for Swing Analysis in Golf
by Paul Lückemann, Daniel M. Haid, Philip Brömel, Stefan Schwanitz and Christian Maiwald
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060246 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3757
Abstract
Wearable inertial sensor systems are an upcoming tool for self-evaluation in sports, and can be used for swing analysis in golf. The aim of this work was to determine the validity and repeatability of an inertial sensor system attached to a player’s glove [...] Read more.
Wearable inertial sensor systems are an upcoming tool for self-evaluation in sports, and can be used for swing analysis in golf. The aim of this work was to determine the validity and repeatability of an inertial sensor system attached to a player’s glove using a radar system as a reference. 20 subjects performed five full swings with each of three different clubs (wood, 7-iron, wedge). Clubhead speed was measured simultaneously by both sensor systems. Limits of Agreement were used to determine the accuracy and precision of the inertial sensor system. Results show that the inertial sensor system is quite accurate but with a lack of precision. Random error was quantified to approximately 12%. The measurement error was dependent on the club type and was weakly negatively correlated to the magnitude of clubhead speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 919 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Golf Shaft’s Influence on Clubhead-Ball Impact Dynamics
by William McNally, John McPhee and Erik Henrikson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060245 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4709
Abstract
A long-held assumption in golf research is that the driver-ball impact is accurately modelled as a collision between two free bodies, i.e., the clubhead is not attached to the shaft. The purpose of this work was to examine the validity of this assumption [...] Read more.
A long-held assumption in golf research is that the driver-ball impact is accurately modelled as a collision between two free bodies, i.e., the clubhead is not attached to the shaft. The purpose of this work was to examine the validity of this assumption using multibody simulation and motion capture technology. Ten elite golfers were recruited to participate in a motion capture experiment to validate a Rayleigh beam model of a flexible club. Using the six degree-of-freedom motion of the grip as an input to the model, the simulated shaft deflections showed good agreement with the experiment. An impact model based on volumetric contact was integrated with the flexible club model and was used to compare the launch conditions of free-body and full-club impacts. Analysis of the launch conditions revealed that the shaft creates a stiffening effect that resists clubhead rotation during contact, corresponding to an increase in ball speed and suppression of the gear-effect relative to free-body impacts. The results demonstrate that shaft dynamics cannot be treated as negligible when evaluating driver impact mechanics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 581 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Dynamics of the Golf Club-Grip Interaction
by Colin Brown and John McPhee
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060239 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3154
Abstract
A two degree of freedom hand-grip model was developed and simulated with a golfer downswing model, which contained an experimentally validated flexible shaft model. Experimental modal analysis was performed on a golf club to derive frequency response functions for both fixed-free and hands-free [...] Read more.
A two degree of freedom hand-grip model was developed and simulated with a golfer downswing model, which contained an experimentally validated flexible shaft model. Experimental modal analysis was performed on a golf club to derive frequency response functions for both fixed-free and hands-free boundary conditions. Simulated frequency response functions were generated with the developed grip model to impose a hands-free boundary condition. Direct collocation using GPOPS-II was utilized to optimize the swing model with and without the grip model. An increase in clubhead velocity and decrease in shaft deflection was observed with the grip model implemented. In addition, the direct collocation approach resulted in similar joint angle trajectories, shaft deflection patterns, and joint torque profiles to those reported in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1503 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Dynamic Optimization of the Golf Swing Using a Six Degree-of-Freedom Biomechanical Model
by William McNally and John McPhee
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060243 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6256
Abstract
Advances in golf club performance are typically based on the notion that golfer biomechanics do not change when modifications to the golf club are made. The purpose of this work was to develop a full-swing, forward dynamic golf drive model capable of providing [...] Read more.
Advances in golf club performance are typically based on the notion that golfer biomechanics do not change when modifications to the golf club are made. The purpose of this work was to develop a full-swing, forward dynamic golf drive model capable of providing deeper understanding of the interaction between golfer biomechanics and the physical properties of golf clubs. A three-dimensional biomechanical model of a golfer, a Rayleigh beam model of a flexible club, an impact model based on volumetric contact, and a spin-rate dependent aerodynamic ball flight model are used to simulate a golf drive. The six degree-of-freedom biomechanical model features a two degree-of-freedom shoulder joint and a pelvis to model the X-factor. It is driven by parametric joint torque generators designed to mimic muscle torque production, which are scaled by an eccentric-concentric torque-velocity function. Passive resistive torque profiles fit to experimental data are applied to the joints, representing the resistance caused by ligaments and soft tissues near the joint limits. Using a custom optimization routine combining genetic and search-based algorithms, the biomechanical golf swing model was optimized by maximizing carry distance. Comparing the simulated grip kinematics to a golf swing motion capture experiment, the biomechanical model effectively reproduced the motion of an elite golf swing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 926 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Construction of a Finite Element Model of Golf Clubs and Influence of Shaft Stiffness on Its Dynamic Behavior
by Katsumasa Tanaka and Kazuhiro Sekizawa
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060247 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
The objective of this study was to construct a finite element model for a carbon fiber reinforced plastic club shaft, and to investigate the effects of the torsional stiffness of the shaft on the dynamic behavior of a golf club during the swing. [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to construct a finite element model for a carbon fiber reinforced plastic club shaft, and to investigate the effects of the torsional stiffness of the shaft on the dynamic behavior of a golf club during the swing. Mechanical properties of the shaft with orthotropic elasticity were determined using the rule of mixture which was defined by a volume fraction of fiber and resin. Swing simulations were conducted using club models with different torsional stiffness. The effect of the torsional stiffness on the clubhead alignment at impact tended to be stronger with the impact velocity of the clubhead due to the centrifugal force acting on the head. This indicates that the clubhead alignment at impact tends to be subject to effects of the timing of the impact, which depends on the relationship between the ball position and the impact velocity in addition to the mechanical properties of the shaft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1005 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Aerodynamics of Golf Balls in Still Air
by Bin Lyu, Jeff Kensrud, Lloyd Smith and Taylor Tosaya
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060238 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10328
Abstract
The following considers lift and drag measurements of 13 production golf ball models propelled through still air in a laboratory setting. The balls travelled at speeds ranging from 18 m/s to 91 m/s and spin ranging from 1500 rpm to 4500 rpm. Speed [...] Read more.
The following considers lift and drag measurements of 13 production golf ball models propelled through still air in a laboratory setting. The balls travelled at speeds ranging from 18 m/s to 91 m/s and spin ranging from 1500 rpm to 4500 rpm. Speed sensors measured the speed and location of the balls at three locations from which the coefficient of lift and drag were found. The sensors were sufficiently close (3.81 m to 5.08 m) so that the lift and drag effects were nearly constant. Lift and drag were observed to depend on speed, spin rate, and ball model. The difference in the drag coefficient between the ball models were relatively large (>0.1) at low speed (Re < 105), and smaller (<0.05) at high speed (Re > 105). The lift coefficient had a non-linear dependence on spin (fit with a 2nd order polynomial). A trajectory of each ball model was found from the measured lift and drag response. Carry distance varied by 18 m over the models considered here and was not strongly correlated with ball cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 983 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Influence of Toe-Hang vs. Face-Balanced Putter Design on Golfer Applied Kinetics
by Sasho MacKenzie and Erik Henrikson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060244 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5253
Abstract
The influence of the location of the center of mass (cm) of the putter head, relative to the shaft, on golfer applied kinetics at the grip was investigated. Participants made 12 attempts at a straight up-hill (2.2° slope) 8 ft putt with half [...] Read more.
The influence of the location of the center of mass (cm) of the putter head, relative to the shaft, on golfer applied kinetics at the grip was investigated. Participants made 12 attempts at a straight up-hill (2.2° slope) 8 ft putt with half of the attempts executed using a PING Anser 4 toe-hang putter (TH) and half with an Anser 5 face-balanced putter (FB). The net torque applied by the golfer, acting about the long axis of the shaft, was significantly greater in magnitude with the TH putter in comparison to the FB putter. The TH putter was also associated with a higher angular velocity about the shaft and a more open face at impact. These findings may have important implications for fitting the style of putter to a particular stroke or individual golfer as golfer applied kinetics would be strongly associated with the ‘feel’ of a putter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 575 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of Face Angle and Club Path on the Resultant Launch Angle of a Golf Ball
by Paul Wood, Erik Henrikson and Chris Broadie
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060249 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 18516
Abstract
A two-part experimental study was conducted in order to better understand how the delivered face angle and club path of a golf club influences the initial launch direction of a golf ball for various club types. A robust understanding of how these parameters [...] Read more.
A two-part experimental study was conducted in order to better understand how the delivered face angle and club path of a golf club influences the initial launch direction of a golf ball for various club types. A robust understanding of how these parameters influence the ball direction has implications for both coaches and club designers. The first study used a large sample of golfers hitting shots with different clubs. Initial ball direction was measured with a Foresight Sports camera system, while club delivery parameters were recorded with a Vicon motion capture system. The second study used a golf robot and Vision Research camera to measure club and ball parameters. Results from these experiments show that the launch direction fell closer to face angle than club path. The percent toward the face angle ranged from 61% to 83%, where 100% designates a launch angle entirely toward the face angle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 754 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Variable Face Milling to Normalize Putter Ball Speed and Maximize Forgiveness
by Jacob Lambeth, Dustin Brekke and Jeff Brunski
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060248 - 24 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3523
Abstract
The forgiveness of golf putters is traditionally achieved through weight distribution. Higher MOI (moment of inertia) putters will show less ball speed loss on impacts away from the sweet spot. A very large MOI putter, however, may not be desired by a golfer [...] Read more.
The forgiveness of golf putters is traditionally achieved through weight distribution. Higher MOI (moment of inertia) putters will show less ball speed loss on impacts away from the sweet spot. A very large MOI putter, however, may not be desired by a golfer due to weight or appearance. The relationship between ball speed and impact location is affected by the mass properties of the putter (i.e., CG location, mass, moments of inertia, products of inertia) and the putter face. It has been shown that certain face properties, such as milling patterns, grooves, or soft inserts, can have small effects on ball speed. This paper proposes a method to normalize the ball speed on laterally miss-hit putter impacts using a “model-specific” milling pattern of variable depth and pitch, resulting in the largest possible region of the face providing consistent putt distances, thus improving performance given the average player’s impact pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 793 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Development of a New Performance Metric for Golf Clubs Using COR Maps and Impact Probability Data
by Jacob Lambeth, Jeff Brunski and Dustin Brekke
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060240 - 24 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3184
Abstract
Golf clubs are often evaluated by many methods to determine their performance. For drivers in particular, the primary performance indicator is ball speed, which is directly related to distance. Golf club manufacturers make many claims about how extra ball speed is achieved. For [...] Read more.
Golf clubs are often evaluated by many methods to determine their performance. For drivers in particular, the primary performance indicator is ball speed, which is directly related to distance. Golf club manufacturers make many claims about how extra ball speed is achieved. For example, these may include: design features, face thickness, materials, center of gravity location, and moments of inertia. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the performance of golf clubs from a single metric. With the benefits of modern launch monitors, accurate impact location data can be captured very efficiently. Using this, along with COR (coefficient of restitution) map testing, the Expected Value of COR can be calculated for a golfer or population of golfers. The “Expected COR” metric takes into account many engineering properties of a particular club that affect ball speed, along with the impact variation of the golfer, to give a single score for rating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 674 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Novel Putter Design to Minimise Range Variability in Golf Putts
by Nicholas J. Emerson, Tom Morris and Jonathan R. Potts
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060242 - 6 Mar 2018
Viewed by 3911
Abstract
Putting accounts for more shots in a round of golf than any other type of play. The percentage of putts holed decreases as putt length increases, because golfers struggle to achieve a consistent range and direction. Range variation has been partly attributed to [...] Read more.
Putting accounts for more shots in a round of golf than any other type of play. The percentage of putts holed decreases as putt length increases, because golfers struggle to achieve a consistent range and direction. Range variation has been partly attributed to the ball striking the club face away from the central plane of the putter face. Tests have shown a 30 mm off-centre impact can reduce the roll distance of a putt by 13%. In this paper, changes in mass distribution of the putter body and the addition of a flexible striking surface are considered. Physical testing and Finite Element Analysis are used to produce a club design with more consistent roll distance. Redistribution of mass reduced the roll distance variation across the clubface. Combining this with a flexible impact surface reduced the variation between a central impact and one 20 mm from center to just 1%. The proposed design could significantly reduce distance variation; aiding golfers in holing putts. Future work will optimise the design and validate through physical prototyping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1193 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Composite Design for a Foiling Optimist Dinghy
by Carolyn Oddy, Elias Blomstrand, Daniel Johansson, Niklas Karlsson, Niklas Olofsson, Petra Steen, Martin Fagerström, Leif E. Asp, John McVeagh, Matz Brown and Christian Finnsgård
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060252 - 12 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3216
Abstract
In April 2017, a foiling Optimist dingy designed entirely by students, was successfully tested under standard sailing conditions in the waters outside Gothenburg. In order to achieve take of wind speeds as low as 6 m/s, a stiff and lightweight design of the [...] Read more.
In April 2017, a foiling Optimist dingy designed entirely by students, was successfully tested under standard sailing conditions in the waters outside Gothenburg. In order to achieve take of wind speeds as low as 6 m/s, a stiff and lightweight design of the dinghy and its foiling components was necessary. There have been few successful attempts to make an Optimist foil in a stable manner, as such there were no standards or recommendations available for the design. Therefore, a simulation driven structural design methodology for hydrofoils, centreboards, centreboard-to-hull connections, and necessary hull reinforcements using sandwich structures was adopted. The proposed design was then manufactured, allowing for a significantly stiffer hull and a 20% decrease in weight over a conventional Optimist. Excluding the rig and sail, the final weight came to 27 kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 550 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Use of Particulate Injection Moulding for Fabrication of Sports and Leisure Equipment from Titanium Metals
by Paul D. Ewart
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060254 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
Advanced materials such as metal alloys, carbon fibre composites and engineered polymers have improved athlete performances in all sporting applications. Advances in manufacturing has enabled increases in design complexity and the ability to rapidly prototype bespoke products using additive manufacturing also known as [...] Read more.
Advanced materials such as metal alloys, carbon fibre composites and engineered polymers have improved athlete performances in all sporting applications. Advances in manufacturing has enabled increases in design complexity and the ability to rapidly prototype bespoke products using additive manufacturing also known as 3D printing. Another recent fabrication method widely used by medical, electronics and armaments manufacturers is particulate injection moulding. This process uses exact quantities of the required material, in powder form, minimising resource and energy requirements in comparison to conventional manufacturing techniques. The process utilises injection moulding techniques and tooling methods developed and used in the plastics industry. It can produce highly complex component geometries with excellent repeatability and reduced cost where volume manufacturing is required. This is especially important when considering materials such as titanium that are not only expensive in comparison to other metals but are difficult to process by regular machining and fabrication methods. This work presents a review of titanium use in the sporting sector with a focus on sporting devices and equipment. It also proposes that the sports engineering sector could increase performance and enable improvements in safety by switching to design methods appropriate to processing via the particulate injection moulding route. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 740 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Controlling Density and Modulus in Auxetic Foam Fabrications—Implications for Impact and Indentation Testing
by Olly Duncan, Tom Allen, Leon Foster, Ruben Gatt, Joseph N. Grima and Andrew Alderson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060250 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3901
Abstract
Foams are commonly used for cushioning in protective sporting equipment. Volumetrically compressing open-cell polyurethane foam buckles cell ribs creating a re-entrant structure—set by heating then cooling—which can impart auxetic behaviour. Theoretically, auxetic materials improve impact protection by increasing indentation resistance and energy absorption, [...] Read more.
Foams are commonly used for cushioning in protective sporting equipment. Volumetrically compressing open-cell polyurethane foam buckles cell ribs creating a re-entrant structure—set by heating then cooling—which can impart auxetic behaviour. Theoretically, auxetic materials improve impact protection by increasing indentation resistance and energy absorption, potentially reducing sporting injuries and burdens on individuals, health services and national economies. In previous work, auxetic foam exhibited ~3 to ~8 times lower peak force (compared to its conventional counterpart) under impacts adopted from tests used to certify protective sporting equipment. Increases to the foam’s density and changes to stress/strain relationships (from fabrication) mean Poisson’s ratio’s contribution to reduced peak forces under impact is unclear. This work presents a simple fabrication method for foam samples with comparable density and linear stress/strain relationship, but different Poisson’s ratios ranging between 0.1 and −0.3, an important step in assessing the Poisson’s ratio’s contribution to impact force attenuation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 751 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Application of Auxetic Material for Protective Sports Apparel
by Charlotte Moroney, Andrew Alderson, Tom Allen, Mohammad Sanami and Praburaj Venkatraman
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060251 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4738
Abstract
Current research of auxetic materials highlights its potential as personal protective equipment for sports apparel with enhanced properties such as conformability, superior energy absorption and reduced thickness. In contrast, commercially available protective materials have proven to be problematic in that they inhibit movement, [...] Read more.
Current research of auxetic materials highlights its potential as personal protective equipment for sports apparel with enhanced properties such as conformability, superior energy absorption and reduced thickness. In contrast, commercially available protective materials have proven to be problematic in that they inhibit movement, breathability, wicking and that molded pads are prone to saddling. Foam components are embedded within personal protective equipment for sports apparel, where protective material is positioned at regions of the body frequently exposed to injury of the soft tissue through collision, falls or hard impact. At present, the impact resistance of auxetic open cell polyurethane foam and some additively manufactured auxetic structures have been established, and processes for manufacturing curved auxetic materials as well as molding methods have been developed. Despite this, auxetic materials have not yet been applied as personal protective equipment for sports apparel in current research. This paper argues that there is scope to investigate auxetic materials potential for enhanced wearer functionality through properties of synclastic curvature and biaxial expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 704 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Optimization of Lightweight Axles for an Innovative Carving Skateboard Based on Carbon Fiber Placement
by Marc Fleischmann, Conrad Ehemann, Jörg Kaufmann and Holger Cebulla
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060253 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
In 2003, the BMW Group developed a longboard called “StreetCarver”. The idea behind this product was to bring the perfect carving feeling of surf- and snowboarding on the streets by increasing the maneuverability of classical skateboard trucks. The outcome was a chassis based [...] Read more.
In 2003, the BMW Group developed a longboard called “StreetCarver”. The idea behind this product was to bring the perfect carving feeling of surf- and snowboarding on the streets by increasing the maneuverability of classical skateboard trucks. The outcome was a chassis based on complex kinematics. The negative side effect was the StreetCarver’s exceptional high weight of almost 8 kg. The main reason for this heaviness was the choice of traditional metallic engineering materials. In this research, modern fiber reinforced composites were used to lower the chassis’ mass by up to 50% to reach the weight of a common longboard. To accomplish that goal, carbon fibers were placed along pre-simulated load paths of the structural components in a so-called Tailored- Fiber-Placement process. This technology allows an angle-independent single-roving placement and leads not only to the reduction of weight but also helps to save valuable fiber material by avoiding cutting waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 760 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Using a Robust Design Approach to Optimize Chair Set-up in Wheelchair Sport
by David S. Haydon, Ross A. Pinder, Paul N. Grimshaw and William S. P. Robertson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060482 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
Optimisation of wheelchairs for court sports is currently a difficult and time-consuming process due to the broad range of impairments across athletes, difficulties in monitoring on-court performance, and the trade-off set-up that parameters have on key performance variables. A robust design approach to [...] Read more.
Optimisation of wheelchairs for court sports is currently a difficult and time-consuming process due to the broad range of impairments across athletes, difficulties in monitoring on-court performance, and the trade-off set-up that parameters have on key performance variables. A robust design approach to this problem can potentially reduce the amount of testing required, and therefore allow for individual on-court assessments. This study used orthogonal design with four set-up factors (seat height, depth, and angle, as well as tyre pressure) at three levels (current, decreased, and increased) for three elite wheelchair rugby players. Each player performed two maximal effort sprints from a stationary position in nine different set-ups, with this allowing for detailed analysis of each factor and level. Whilst statistical significance is difficult to obtain due to the small sample size, meaningful difference results aligning with previous research findings were identified and provide support for the use of this approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 2085 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Stereophotogrammetric Analysis of Pushing Kinematics of Wheelchair Rugby Players on an Inertial Ergometer
by Nicola Petrone, Michael Benazzato, Francesco Bettella, Paolo Sacerdoti, Giuseppe Marcolin and Stefano Masiero
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060258 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2265
Abstract
The aim of the work was the kinematic analysis of pushing technique of four wheelchair rugby players using a stereophotogrammetric motion capture system. The four players presented an increasing level of ability expressed by their wheelchair rugby classification point. An original contribution of [...] Read more.
The aim of the work was the kinematic analysis of pushing technique of four wheelchair rugby players using a stereophotogrammetric motion capture system. The four players presented an increasing level of ability expressed by their wheelchair rugby classification point. An original contribution of the work is the fact that exercises were recorded on an inertial drum ergometer with players using their own game wheelchair. The ergometer inertia was tuned to reproduce the linear inertia of each player: subjects performed sprint tests without additional resistance and Wingate tests. The Initial Contact and Hand Release values at the wheel were recorded for each test in the early stages and at the end. The shoulder flexion/extension angle and the elbow flexion angle were plotted against each other to highlight a tendency to a synchronous joint kinematics with increasing classification points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 856 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of a Competition Wheelchair Based on Estimation of Muscle Activity for Forward Linear Operation by Using Inverse Dynamics Analysis
by Yuki Kobayashi and Katsumasa Tanaka
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060259 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2810
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate an optimum structure for a rugby wheelchair by estimating the muscle force during forward linear operation of the wheelchair using an inverse dynamics analysis. The simulation model was represented by restraining the contact area between [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to evaluate an optimum structure for a rugby wheelchair by estimating the muscle force during forward linear operation of the wheelchair using an inverse dynamics analysis. The simulation model was represented by restraining the contact area between the frame and seat of the wheelchair and the body model. Three body model variations were constructed with different degrees of disability. Wheelchair models were also constructed by varying the range of camber angle, wheel diameter and axle positions, respectively. The effects of the design parameters for the wheelchair on the muscle force were investigated. As a result, the axle position had the strongest effect on the muscle force of the upper limbs, and it is effective to lower the axle position for reducing the muscle force required. This implies that the adjustment of the axle position leads to a reduction in risk of injury occurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 775 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Collection of in-Field Impact Loads Acting on a Rugby Wheelchair Frame
by Francesco Bettella, Maria Laura Magrini and Nicola Petrone
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060260 - 23 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2064
Abstract
This work was included in a wider project oriented to the improvement of residual neuromuscular skills in disabled athletes playing wheelchair rugby: the wheelchair rugby Italian national team was involved and tests allowed to analyse the impact loads on a rugby wheelchair frame. [...] Read more.
This work was included in a wider project oriented to the improvement of residual neuromuscular skills in disabled athletes playing wheelchair rugby: the wheelchair rugby Italian national team was involved and tests allowed to analyse the impact loads on a rugby wheelchair frame. The frame of a rugby wheelchair offensive model, made by OffCarr Company, was instrumented with four strain gauge bridges in four different points. Then, three test types were conducted in laboratory: two static calibrations with the application of known loads, the first with horizontal load and the second with vertical load, and a dynamic horizontal calibration, impacting against a fix load cell in order to validate the results of horizontal static calibration. Finally, a test session took place in the field with the collaboration of two team players. The test consisted in voluntary frontal impacts between the two players, starting from 6 meters distance each other. The opponent of the instrumented wheelchair was a defender. From this test, the value of the horizontal load received by the frame in the impact instant was quantified. Moreover, also the vertical load acting on the wheelchair during the rebound of the player after the hit was evaluated: these informations were useful to the wheelchair frame manufacturer for the proper static, impact and fatigue design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 564 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Injury Prevention of Elite Wheelchair Racing Athletes Using Simulation Approaches
by Amy R. Lewis, Elissa J. Phillips, William S. P. Robertson, Paul N. Grimshaw and Marc Portus
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060255 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3038
Abstract
A high prevalence of shoulder injuries exists across the wheelchair using populations. To maintain competitive longevity and optimise performance, athletes must employ techniques which pose minimal injury risk. A computational model was used to assess relationships between the magnitude of reaction moments at [...] Read more.
A high prevalence of shoulder injuries exists across the wheelchair using populations. To maintain competitive longevity and optimise performance, athletes must employ techniques which pose minimal injury risk. A computational model was used to assess relationships between the magnitude of reaction moments at the shoulder with key propulsion characteristics, including; contact and release angles, hand speed at contact, and joint angles at contact. Subject-specific musculoskeletal models (mass, maximum isometric force) for two elite wheelchair racing athletes were derived, and driven through kinetic and kinematic data obtained using motion capture. Greater reaction moments (min 72.6 Nm, max: 1077.8 Nm) at the shoulder were correlated with hand velocity (7.2 m/s–9.3 m/s) at contact (|r| > 0.866, p < 0.013), push time (|r| > 0.866, p < 0.013), and kinematic positioning at contact (|r| > 0.784, p < 0.020). Variations between athlete reaction force at the pushrim and joint reaction moments demonstrate the importance of coupled kinematic and modelling analysis in prescribing technique adaptations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 504 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Intra-Stroke Profiling of Wheelchair Propulsion Using Inertial Measurement Units
by Amy R. Lewis, Elissa J. Phillips, William S. P. Robertson, Paul N. Grimshaw and Marc Portus
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060256 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
The instrumentation of wheelchair racing chairs is currently limited by the influence of the athlete-wheelchair system mass and performance. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide a lightweight solution, and have demonstrated accurate kinematic monitoring of wheelchair ball sports. With the aim of investigating the [...] Read more.
The instrumentation of wheelchair racing chairs is currently limited by the influence of the athlete-wheelchair system mass and performance. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide a lightweight solution, and have demonstrated accurate kinematic monitoring of wheelchair ball sports. With the aim of investigating the capability of IMUs detecting contact and release timings, a study was performed on seven national level wheelchair racing athletes (T34 and T54 classifications). Athletes performed treadmill-based propulsion at speeds ranging between 19 km/h and 32 km/h, with the population sample enabling comparison between classification, propulsion speed, gender, age, glove type and wheel type. Contact and release timing points of each athlete were verified against measures obtained using video capture (100 Hz), which is considered a gold standard measure. IMUs identified contact timings for all athletes, however could not consistently identify release points for all athletes. Propulsion speed and gender were found to have minimal influence on the capacity to determine contact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 807 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Study of Bio-Mimicry Surfaces for Optimization of Coupling Performance in Wheelchair Racing Gloves
by Clara Usma, Ned Volk, Damien Elderfield and Paul K. Collins
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060261 - 5 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
In wheelchair racing, the optimal pair of gloves, as well as knowledge of conditioning of glove-rim contact surfaces can have a significant impact on race performance. Extreme temperatures, humidity, wet or dry conditions can considerably influence not only the hand-rim friction coupling (effectiveness [...] Read more.
In wheelchair racing, the optimal pair of gloves, as well as knowledge of conditioning of glove-rim contact surfaces can have a significant impact on race performance. Extreme temperatures, humidity, wet or dry conditions can considerably influence not only the hand-rim friction coupling (effectiveness of the athlete’s push cycle) but also the risk of injuries, blisters or sore areas which in turn, can influence the endurance of the athlete across long distance events. This paper reports an experimental study of the effect of bio-mimicry surface textures as a supplement for heightening glove-rim coupling for dry and wet weather conditions. The paper also provides recommendations for the practical implementation of the study findings through a proposal for the design and development of a pair of bespoke gloves for a wheelchair racing athlete for initial prototyping and performance trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 997 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Development of New Wheel-Chair for Sports Competition
by Akira Shionoya and Yusuke Kenmotsu
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060257 - 13 Mar 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2412
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop the new wheel-chair which had the function to drive straight by one-hand operation. To perform this purpose, the driving force transmission axis (DFTA) which had transmitted the driving force from the one side of wheel [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to develop the new wheel-chair which had the function to drive straight by one-hand operation. To perform this purpose, the driving force transmission axis (DFTA) which had transmitted the driving force from the one side of wheel to another side of that was developed. The wheel-chair could drive straight by one-hand operation by the DFTA. The large torque, however, was generated in the DFTA, because the DFTA transmitted the driving force from the one side of wheel to another side by the axis of small diameter. Furthermore, the shear stress in the DFTA generated by this torque would lead to the DFTA break. The shear stress in the DFTA was calculated to examine the axial strength and durability. On the DETA of the wheelchair, the maximum shear stress calculated from the torque in driving was 39.53 MP and this was defined as the standard of the demand specifications as a strength and durability of the DFTA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1190 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Effect of Camber on Badminton Shuttlecock
by Yasufumi Konishi, Yusuke Matsushima, Takashi Misaka, Hiroyuki Okuizumi, Kensuke Tanaka and Shigeru Obayashi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060266 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2862
Abstract
In this study, we conducted experimental measurements and computational analysis to investigate the aerodynamics of a shuttlecock, especially the effects of the camber of the shuttle’s skirt. The static aerodynamic coefficient from the experiment showed that the camber of the skirt was able [...] Read more.
In this study, we conducted experimental measurements and computational analysis to investigate the aerodynamics of a shuttlecock, especially the effects of the camber of the shuttle’s skirt. The static aerodynamic coefficient from the experiment showed that the camber of the skirt was able to modify the aerodynamic characteristics. A positive camber, which indicates bending the blade toward the outside, causes a slight increase in lift and a decrease in drag. On the other hand, a negative camber causes an increase in drag, and an insensitive region in the lift and a pitching coefficient of approximately 0° was observed. This result leads to instability in the flight of the shuttlecock. The pressure distribution calculated using computational fluid dynamics revealed that each blade functions as a two-dimensional airfoil. However, in most cases, the blade is in stall condition due to an initial divergence angle of the skirt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 617 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Effect of Ball Wear on Ball Aerodynamics: An Investigation Using Hawk-Eye Data
by Simon Choppin, Simon Albrecht, James Spurr and Jamie Capel-Davies
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060265 - 11 Feb 2018
Viewed by 4254
Abstract
The Hawk-Eye electronic line-calling system gives players the ability to challenge line-calling decisions. It also creates large datasets of ball and player movements during competitive play. In this paper we used a dataset taken from 5 years of the Davis and Fed Cup [...] Read more.
The Hawk-Eye electronic line-calling system gives players the ability to challenge line-calling decisions. It also creates large datasets of ball and player movements during competitive play. In this paper we used a dataset taken from 5 years of the Davis and Fed Cup tournaments (comprising 71,019 points in total) to examine the effect of ball wear on aerodynamic performance. Balls were categorized as new or used depending on whether they were used in the first two games following a ball change (new) or the last two games before a ball change (used). Data falling into neither category was discarded. The coefficients of drag (Cd) of 9224 first serves from the Davis Cup were calculated by simulating their trajectories. New balls had a significantly lower average Cd of 0.579 compared to used balls’ 0.603 (p < 0.0001)—first serves made with new balls arrive 0.0074 s sooner than first serves made with used balls on average. Large sport datasets can be used to explore subtle effects despite a relative lack of precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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8 pages, 1217 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Simulation of Mechanical Characteristics of Tennis Racket String Bed Considering String Pattern
by Akihiro Matsuda, Motoho Nakui and Tomohiro Hashiguchi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060264 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3570
Abstract
The effect of string pattern on the mechanical characteristics of a tennis racket were simulated numerically. A numerical simulation program to evaluate deformation of the string bed of a tennis racket was developed using the finite element method. The formulation of a numerical [...] Read more.
The effect of string pattern on the mechanical characteristics of a tennis racket were simulated numerically. A numerical simulation program to evaluate deformation of the string bed of a tennis racket was developed using the finite element method. The formulation of a numerical simulation code is described in this paper. The applicability of the developed simulation program was investigated by comparing experimental results of loading tests on string bed specimens, for which the distance between strings was 12 mm. The out-of-plane stiffness and sliding characteristics of strings of an actual racket were simulated using the developed simulation code. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 522 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Recommendations for Measuring Tennis Racket Parameters
by Tom Allen, Robyn Grant, Matthew Sullivan, Luca Taraborrelli, Simon Choppin, James Spurr and Steve Haake
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060263 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5617
Abstract
Tennis rackets have advanced significantly since the invention of the game in 1874, including innovations in both shape and materials. Advances in these design parameters have implications for racket performance, especially swing speed. This study tested one hundred rackets, spanning brands and eras, [...] Read more.
Tennis rackets have advanced significantly since the invention of the game in 1874, including innovations in both shape and materials. Advances in these design parameters have implications for racket performance, especially swing speed. This study tested one hundred rackets, spanning brands and eras, using simple, portable instruments in order to pilot protocols and make recommendations for streamlining testing procedures for tennis rackets. A wide range of properties were measured and documented for each racket. We suggest that since Transverse and Lateral Moment of Inertia are well correlated, measuring both is not necessary when processing a large number of rackets. In addition, it is also possible to predict the Transverse Moment of Inertia well from models that use simple dimension and mass measurements, which may be preferable in larger studies. Exploring the use of more complex modelling will allow us to better understand the impact of tennis racket design on performance in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 703 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Behavior of Badminton Shuttlecocks from an Engineering Point of View
by Christoffer Johansson, Kelken Chang, Christer Forsgren and Magnus Karlsteen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060267 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4360
Abstract
This was a study of the properties of a badminton shuttle. The analysed feather was made of the brand Yonex. The properties related to the trajectory were analysed by two experiments. The first experiment provided data for the trajectory by using a camera [...] Read more.
This was a study of the properties of a badminton shuttle. The analysed feather was made of the brand Yonex. The properties related to the trajectory were analysed by two experiments. The first experiment provided data for the trajectory by using a camera system to capture the properties of the trajectory. Position and velocity were used to draw conclusions about the deviation to the right, as seen from the hitter. The experiment generated discrete points which made it possible to plot the data, the accuracy was estimated to ±1 cm and ±0.5 m/s. The second experiment examined the rotation of the shuttle by using a high-speed camera to capture the rotation of the shuttle. By measuring the rotation at discrete distances from the hitter, the development of the rotational speed was captured, with an accuracy of ±30 rotations per minute. The experiments described and explained a connection between sideways deviation and rotation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 967 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Novel Instrumented Human Head Surrogate for the Impact Evaluation of Helmets
by Nicola Petrone, Giovanni Carraro, Stefano Dal Castello, Luca Broggio, Andrey Koptyug and Mikael Bäckström
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060269 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3660
Abstract
A novel Human Head Surrogate was obtained from available MRI scans of a 50th percentile male human head. Addictive manufacturing was used to produce the skull, the brain and the skin. All original MRI geometries were partially smoothed and adjusted to provide the [...] Read more.
A novel Human Head Surrogate was obtained from available MRI scans of a 50th percentile male human head. Addictive manufacturing was used to produce the skull, the brain and the skin. All original MRI geometries were partially smoothed and adjusted to provide the best biofidelity compatible with printing and molding technology. The skull was 3D-printed in ABS and ten pressure sensors were placed into it. The brain surrogate was cast from silicon rubber in the 3D-printed plastic molds. Nine tri-axial accelerometers (placed at the tops of the lobes, at the sides of the lobes, in the cerebellum and in the center of mass) and a three-axis gyroscope (at the center of mass) were inserted into the silicon brain during casting. The cranium, after assembly with brain, was filled with silicon oil mimicking the cerebral fluid. Silicon rubber was cast in additional 3D-printed molds to form the skin surrounding the cranium. The skull base was adapted to be compatible with the Hybrid-III neck and allow the exit of brain sensors cabling. Preliminary experiments were carried out proving the functionality of the surrogate. Results showed how multiple accelerometers and pressure sensors allowed a better comprehension of the head complex motion during impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 415 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Effect of Soil Type and Moisture Content on Head Impacts on Natural Grass Athletic Fields
by Kyley Dickson, William Strunk and John Sorochan
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060270 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
Studies are warranted to evaluate head injury criterion (HIC) on athletic fields to determine baseline numbers and compare those findings to current critical thresholds for impact attenuation. A two year (2016 and 2017) study was conducted on University of Tennessee athletic fields (Knoxville, [...] Read more.
Studies are warranted to evaluate head injury criterion (HIC) on athletic fields to determine baseline numbers and compare those findings to current critical thresholds for impact attenuation. A two year (2016 and 2017) study was conducted on University of Tennessee athletic fields (Knoxville, TN, USA) to determine the effect of soil type (cohesive soil, United States Golf Association sand specifications) and grass species (Poa pratensis and Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) on HIC. Additionally soil moisture conditions monitored were: dry (0.06–0.16 m3/m3), acceptable (0.17–0.29 m3/m3), and wet (0.30–0.40 m3/m3). A linear relationship (r = 0.91) was identified between drop height (0.5–2.9 M) and HIC value (35-1423 HIC) on granular root zones of both grass types. However, HIC on cohesive soil is a function of soil water content in addition to drop height. These results demonstrate to aid in head injury prevention on cohesive soil athletic fields the HIC can be lowered by managing soil water content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 658 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of a Differentiation Scheme for Estimating Angular Acceleration from Angular Velocity
by Derek Nevins, Philip Petersen and Lloyd Smith
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060271 - 23 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2322
Abstract
Headform impact testing is commonly used in the evaluation of helmets and head gear, head impact sensors and in sports related accident reconstruction. While linear acceleration of the headform center of mass can be measured using three linear accelerometers, the preferred method for [...] Read more.
Headform impact testing is commonly used in the evaluation of helmets and head gear, head impact sensors and in sports related accident reconstruction. While linear acceleration of the headform center of mass can be measured using three linear accelerometers, the preferred method for measuring rotational acceleration of the headform requires six or more additional accelerometers. Some measurement systems use gyroscopes to directly measure headform angular velocity and obtain angular acceleration through differentiation. This approach simplifies instrumentation of the headform and reduces costs, but at the expense of accuracy. Error introduced through differentiation of angular velocity data can be prohibitively large for some sports applications, particularly in the consideration of un-helmeted headform impacts. This work considers the application of a new, optimization-based differentiation technique to improve the fidelity of headform angular acceleration estimates based on gyroscope measures of headform angular velocity. A Hybrid III headform instrumented with three gyroscopes and nine linear accelerometers was subject to drop impacts, as well as being impacted with soccer balls and softballs projected over a range of velocities. Measures of resulting headform angular acceleration were obtained from the gyroscope data using five-point stencil differentiation and the new optimization based algorithm. These results were compared to the nine accelerometer array measurements of angular acceleration across impact scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 395 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Outcomes of a Cross-Disciplinary Concussion Prevention and Diagnosis Workshop Series
by Patrick Drane, Xingwei Wang, Murat Inalpolat and James Sherwood
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060268 - 25 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
This paper reports the outcomes of a series of two Concussion Research Workshops held in Lowell, MA, USA. The workshop examined the state-of-the-art in concussion research, research challenges and the future directions of research within the following three core topic areas: (A) Concussion [...] Read more.
This paper reports the outcomes of a series of two Concussion Research Workshops held in Lowell, MA, USA. The workshop examined the state-of-the-art in concussion research, research challenges and the future directions of research within the following three core topic areas: (A) Concussion Prevention Techniques & Technology, (B) Concussion Diagnosis, and (C) Treatment of Concussions. Concussions are a form of traumatic brain injury caused by an impact and are a growing concern among athletes and those who are involved with sports. Recent years have led to increasing awareness and research related to concussions with limited definitive understanding of the specific mechanism and pathology. Technology is beginning to take on an important role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of concussions. Currently, sensors provide data about the impact and the athlete. However, sensors and better protective equipment can enable an effective monitoring and thus protection of athletes. Only when a more definitive understanding of the injury mechanism is achieved, can sensors and protective equipment design contribute to effective monitoring and protection of athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 607 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Measurement Accuracy of the Body Weight with Smart Insoles
by Adin Ming Tan, Yehuda Weizman and Franz Konstantin Fuss
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060274 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2549
Abstract
A participant wearing the Pedar-X performed 6 activities on level ground: Slow, medium and fast walk, medium and fast run, and limping. Static BW was measured prior each activity. The dynamic and static BWs were calculated from the mean of the sum of [...] Read more.
A participant wearing the Pedar-X performed 6 activities on level ground: Slow, medium and fast walk, medium and fast run, and limping. Static BW was measured prior each activity. The dynamic and static BWs were calculated from the mean of the sum of forces of both feet over time and compared to the force measured from the force-plate. As the base pressure during the swing phase was not zero, it was treated in 3 ways: including the base pressure; subtracting the mean base pressure from the swing phase; subtraction of the base pressure from the entire signal. The calculated BWs were normalised to the actual BW of the participant. From the results, the BWs calculated had 10% error when static and 6% error when walking. To zero or subtract the baseline pressures improved the BW measurement by 1.75% and 4% respectively. Running data could not be analysed at a sampling rate of 50 Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 922 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Introduction of 1-m MSBS in Tohoku University, New Device for Aerodynamics Measurements of the Sports Equipment
by Hiroyuki Okuizumi, Hideo Sawada, Hayato Nagaike, Yasufumi Konishi and Shigeru Obayashi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060273 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2932
Abstract
Support interference in wind tunnel testing is an unavoidable effect. It is difficult to measure the aerodynamic force acting on a model such as a ball owing to this effect [1]. A magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) suspends the model without any [...] Read more.
Support interference in wind tunnel testing is an unavoidable effect. It is difficult to measure the aerodynamic force acting on a model such as a ball owing to this effect [1]. A magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) suspends the model without any mechanical supports by using magnetic force, and at the same time, can measure the aerodynamic force acting on the model. The 1-m MSBS, located at the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, is the world’s largest MSBS. It has a 1-m-wide octagonal cross section. A sphere is taken as the experimental object, and the results of the aerodynamic force acting on it are presented. The diameter of the sphere is 150 mm, and its blockage ratio is 2.1%. The experiment was conducted at Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.5 × 105 to 4.7 × 105. It clearly shows the drag crisis at approximately Re = 3.7 × 105, and the fluctuation of the sphere abruptly increase around this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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5 pages, 940 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Accuracy of Centre of Pressure Gait Measurements from Two Pressure-Sensitive Insoles
by Yehuda Weizman, Adin Ming Tan and Franz Konstantin Fuss
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060277 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2730
Abstract
Footwear-based wearable applications are relevant to numerous fields and have great commercial and clinical potential. However, scientifically validated, reliable data on these devices is largely missing. Centre of pressure (COP) is an important and common factor for measuring balance and gait and hence [...] Read more.
Footwear-based wearable applications are relevant to numerous fields and have great commercial and clinical potential. However, scientifically validated, reliable data on these devices is largely missing. Centre of pressure (COP) is an important and common factor for measuring balance and gait and hence the validity of such devices is essential for reading accurate data. This study aims to investigate COP accuracy of an existing system, Pedar (PE), and a newly designed Smart Insole (SI) using a force plate (FP). This was done by means of COP data noise (R2), and gradient of the fit function (k). For the SI, the maximum COPx and COPy data achieved R2 values of 0.7837 and 0.9368 and k values of 0.8867 and 0.8538 respectively when compared with the FP. Conversely, the Pedar achieved R2 values of 0.8409 and 0.9401 and k values of 1.0492 and 1.08 when compared with the FP respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 717 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Thermal Test System for Helmet Cooling Studies
by Shaun Fitzgerald, Henry Atkins, Ryan Leknys and Richard Kelso
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060272 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4495
Abstract
One of the primary causes of discomfort to both irregular and elite cyclists is heat entrapment by a helmet resulting in overheating and excessive sweating of the head. To accurately assess the cooling effectiveness of bicycle helmets, a heated plastic thermal headform has [...] Read more.
One of the primary causes of discomfort to both irregular and elite cyclists is heat entrapment by a helmet resulting in overheating and excessive sweating of the head. To accurately assess the cooling effectiveness of bicycle helmets, a heated plastic thermal headform has been developed. The construction consists of a 3D-printed headform of low thermal conductivity with an internal layer of high thermal mass that is heated to a constant uniform temperature by an electrical heating element. Testing is conducted in a wind tunnel where the heater power remains constant and the resulting surface temperature distribution is directly measured by 36 K-type thermocouples embedded within the surface of the head in conjunction with a thermal imaging camera. Using this new test system, four bicycle helmets were studied in order to measure their cooling abilities and to identify ‘hot spots’ where cooling performance is poor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 926 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Novel Thermal Analysis Model of the Foot-Shoe Sole Interface during Gait Motion
by Yasuhiro Shimazaki and Kazutoshi Aisaka
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060278 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
Excessive heat at the foot-shoe sole interface negatively affects a human’s thermal comfort. An understanding of the thermal behavior at this interface is important for alleviating this discomfort. During gait motion, a human’s body weight cyclically compresses a shoe sole (commonly constructed of [...] Read more.
Excessive heat at the foot-shoe sole interface negatively affects a human’s thermal comfort. An understanding of the thermal behavior at this interface is important for alleviating this discomfort. During gait motion, a human’s body weight cyclically compresses a shoe sole (commonly constructed of viscoelastic materials), generating heat during loading. To evaluate the thermal effects of this internal heat generation on foot comfort, we developed and empirically validated a thermal analysis model during gait motion. A simple, one-dimensional prediction model for heat conduction with heat generation during compressive loading was used. Heat generation was estimated as a function of the shoe sole’s material properties (e.g., elastic modulus) and various gait parameters. When compared with experimental results, the proposed model proved effective in predicting thermal behavior at the foot-shoe sole interface under various conditions and shows potential for improving a human’s thermal comfort during gait motion through informed footwear design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 665 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Identifying Lead Users for User-Centered Design (UCD) in Sports Product Development
by Robert Leen, Clara Usma, Kaja Antlej and Paul K. Collins
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060276 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3304
Abstract
There is great benefit for small medium enterprises (SMEs) and startups to utilize lead users in product development. By utilizing lead users companies can make products that are more commercially attractive and better accepted in the market. However, identifying lead users has traditionally [...] Read more.
There is great benefit for small medium enterprises (SMEs) and startups to utilize lead users in product development. By utilizing lead users companies can make products that are more commercially attractive and better accepted in the market. However, identifying lead users has traditionally been a difficult and expensive task. In the past, lead users have been found through time consuming personal networking, telephone interviews, mail questionnaires and data mining of often large user bases. This paper proposes that identification can be made more efficient by adapting some of these techniques, through taking a digital approach using existing social media communities such as those on Facebook. It is proposed that using social media application programming interfaces (APIs) could allow what used to be reserved for large multinationals, could be made accessible to SMEs and startup companies without extensive resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 690 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of Outdoor Shoe Sole Stiffness on the Metatarsophalangeal Joint Kinematics When Walking and Running in Different Conditions
by Paolo Mistretta, Giovanni Parolini, Giuseppe Marcolin, Christoph Hasler, Leano Viel and Nicola Petrone
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060275 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2557
Abstract
Understanding the action of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is fundamental to improving the design process of a new outdoor shoe. Coming from the stated consideration, the aim of this research is to study the influence of shoe sole stiffness and terrain slope on [...] Read more.
Understanding the action of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is fundamental to improving the design process of a new outdoor shoe. Coming from the stated consideration, the aim of this research is to study the influence of shoe sole stiffness and terrain slope on the MTP joint angle of subjects walking in different conditions. To pursue this intent, different data collection sessions have been carried out in-vitro and in-vivo, indoor and outdoor. Two different approaches have been used to collect gait kinematics: an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) based system for the first campaign of tests, and a 2D video analysis for the second. Major findings showed a linear correlation between shoe sole stiffness and peak MTP joint angle during gait, as well as consistency in the value of the slope of the linear regression curves corresponding to the different conditions examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 907 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Sports Surfaces with Angled Multi-Intensity Impact Tests
by Harutoshi Yukawa, Noriyuki Gyokusen and Shozo Kawamura
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060281 - 11 Feb 2018
Viewed by 1888
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to propose a two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model of sports surfaces for evaluating the shock attenuation and deformation properties in both the vertical and horizontal direction, especially in competitive track and field materials. We develop a 2-D impact [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to propose a two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model of sports surfaces for evaluating the shock attenuation and deformation properties in both the vertical and horizontal direction, especially in competitive track and field materials. We develop a 2-D impact test device that can control the initial impact angle and intensity with parallelogram linkage. Using this device, various intensity impacts with angles ranging from 5–25 degrees were performed on test specimen. A 2-D mathematical model for sports surfaces and parameter identification method is also proposed for evaluating such surfaces, especially for polyurethane competitive track and field materials. The model is constructed from vertical and horizontal elements, and the parameters for each element are identified separately. Finally, vertical and horizontal forces with various angles and intensities can be estimated with an identified parameter set. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 633 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Modelling Surface Temperatures on 3G Artificial Turf
by Matej Gustin, Paul R. Fleming, David Allinson and Stephen Watson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060279 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3489
Abstract
High surface temperatures are often recorded on or close to the surface of an artificial turf pitch (ATP). Many literature sources from different countries have reported surface temperatures on artificial pitches rising up to 90–95 °C on hot days, which has raised numerous [...] Read more.
High surface temperatures are often recorded on or close to the surface of an artificial turf pitch (ATP). Many literature sources from different countries have reported surface temperatures on artificial pitches rising up to 90–95 °C on hot days, which has raised numerous concerns about health risks for adult and child users. This study has investigated the thermal behavior of an instrumented 3rd generation ATP at Loughborough University in the UK, and related data also collected from several similar ATPs and a natural turf field. The data show the ATP is warming up and cooling down very quickly, up to 2.5–3.0 °C per minute. Solar radiation is the main factor driving the surface temperature fluctuations. A numerical model was developed to predict the surface temperatures and showed good approximation to the observed data. The model was used to show peak surface temperatures could be significantly reduced by increasing the albedo of the surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 973 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigation of Synthetic Clay Court’s Response under Cyclic Loading
by Panagiota Papadopoulou, Magnus Karlsteen, Magnus Gustafsson and Erik Hulthén
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060280 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2027
Abstract
The synthetic clay tennis court’s properties need to be examined and modified to converge towards the playing characteristics of the natural clay tennis court. The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of three distinct carpet-material combinations and evaluate how the [...] Read more.
The synthetic clay tennis court’s properties need to be examined and modified to converge towards the playing characteristics of the natural clay tennis court. The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of three distinct carpet-material combinations and evaluate how the materials’ alteration affected the results. The specimens were compressed uniaxially up to 2 kN at 400 N/s loading rate at varying number of cycles. Energy transformation, strain accumulation, step of strain accumulation and moduli of each surface combination were calculated. Results indicated that the measurements were affected by the loading history and that the carpet modification influenced mainly the energy transformation and the strain accumulation, while the material change affected additionally the moduli of the system. Conduction of the experiments enhanced understanding of the clay court’s response and could attribute to the initial modelling of the synthetic clay surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 670 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Mechanical Characterization and Numerical Modelling of Rubber Shockpads in 3G Artificial Turf
by David Cole, Steph Forrester and Paul Fleming
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060283 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2398
Abstract
Third generation (3G) artificial turf systems use in sporting applications is increasingly prolific. These multi-component systems are comprised of a range of polymeric and elastomeric materials that exhibit non-linear and strain rate dependent behaviours under the complex loads applied from players and equipment. [...] Read more.
Third generation (3G) artificial turf systems use in sporting applications is increasingly prolific. These multi-component systems are comprised of a range of polymeric and elastomeric materials that exhibit non-linear and strain rate dependent behaviours under the complex loads applied from players and equipment. To further study and better understand the behaviours of these systems, the development of a numerical model to accurately predict individual layers’ behaviour as well as the overall system response under different loading conditions is necessary. The purpose of this study was to characterise and model the mechanical behaviour of a rubber shockpad found in 3G artificial surfaces for vertical shock absorption using finite element analysis. A series of uniaxial compression tests were performed to characterise the mechanical behaviour of the shockpad. Compression loading was performed at 0.9 Hz to match human walking speeds. A Microfoam material model was selected from the PolyUMod library and optimised using MCalibration software before being imported into ABAQUS for analysis. A finite element model was created for the shockpad using ABAQUS and a compressive load applied to match that of the experimental data. Friction coefficients were altered to view the effect on the loading response. The accuracy of the model was compared using a series of comparative measures including the energy loss and root mean square error. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 4913 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Construction of Temporary Field of Play Facilities for Gold Coast Commonwealth Games
by Jarrod Hill
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060282 - 22 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2068
Abstract
The planning for major international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games require the use of a range of Field of Play facilities. Often these are required to be temporary overlay installations due to the cost of constructing new standalone [...] Read more.
The planning for major international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games require the use of a range of Field of Play facilities. Often these are required to be temporary overlay installations due to the cost of constructing new standalone facilities. The planning for the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games included the construction of several permanent new build facilities that would be retained as legacies for the Gold Coast and Brisbane regions. The games will also include several temporary overlay Field of Play facilities; these are the competition and warm-up athletics track and field and the beach volleyball facilities. The design of such temporary overlay sites need to ensure the construction adheres with the governing sport body as well as providing quick and economical construction methodology. This paper provides an overview of the design for the temporary Field of Play facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 718 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming
by Kenzo Narita, Futoshi Ogita, Motomu Nakashima and Hideki Takagi
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060287 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the active drag values estimated by the MRT-method and the MAD-system. Six male competitive swimmers participated in this study and performed front crawl with arms only condition. The drag was compared at six-staged velocities ranged [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to compare the active drag values estimated by the MRT-method and the MAD-system. Six male competitive swimmers participated in this study and performed front crawl with arms only condition. The drag was compared at six-staged velocities ranged from 0.9 to 1.4 m/s between MRT-method and MAD-system. The drag estimated by MRT-method showed larger values than that obtained using MAD-system at each velocity (MRT-method/MAD-system: 119% at 1.0 m/s; 133% at 1.2 m/s; 147% at 1.4 m/s). In addition, the stroke length in MRT-method condition decreased with swimming velocity being increased, while that in MAD-system condition was constant. Therefore, swimmers had to increase their stroke frequency in MRT-method condition in order to achieve the same swimming velocities as MAD-system condition, especially at high velocities. It was concluded that the difference in the way of exerting propulsion between MAD-system and MRT-method influenced the active drag which were estimated in two methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1457 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Development of a Simulation Model for Swimming with Diving Fins
by Motomu Nakashima, Yosuke Tanno, Takashi Fujimoto and Yutaka Masutani
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060288 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3905
Abstract
The simulation model to assess the performance of diving fin was developed by extending the swimming human simulation model SWUM. A diving fin was modeled as a series of five rigid plates and connected to the human model by springs and dampers. These [...] Read more.
The simulation model to assess the performance of diving fin was developed by extending the swimming human simulation model SWUM. A diving fin was modeled as a series of five rigid plates and connected to the human model by springs and dampers. These plates were connected to each other by virtual springs and dampers, and fin’s bending property was represented by springs and dampers as well. An actual diver’s swimming motion with fins was acquired by a motion capture experiment. In order to determine the bending property of the fin, two bending tests on land were conducted. In addition, an experiment was conducted in order to determine the fluid force coefficients in the fluid force model for the fin. Finally, using all measured and identified information, a simulation, in which the experimental situation was reproduced, was carried out. It was confirmed that the diver in the simulation propelled forward in the water successfully. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 852 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A New Device for Propulsion Analysis in Swimming
by Nunzio Lanotte, Giuseppe Annino, Stefano Bifaretti, Giorgio Gatta, Cristian Romagnoli, Alessandro Salvucci and Vincenzo Bonaiuto
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060285 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
The mechanism of propulsion in swimming has been widely researched in recent years, but not completely clarified. While it is obvious that the movement of arms provides most of the thrust, it is unclear how each phase of the stroke translates into body [...] Read more.
The mechanism of propulsion in swimming has been widely researched in recent years, but not completely clarified. While it is obvious that the movement of arms provides most of the thrust, it is unclear how each phase of the stroke translates into body acceleration. Investigation is carried out mainly by video analysis or using Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) which do not measure forces. In this paper, we present a wearable data acquisition system for swimmers. The system is composed of two instrumented paddles, measuring the pressure difference between palm and back of the hands, and an IMU. The paddles provide information about the forces that cause propulsion, while the IMU measures the effects of these forces. Data are acquired by a microcontroller unit placed in waterproof case at the athlete’s waist, and transferred to PC via a Bluetooth link. Early experimental data are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 495 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Image Based Stroke-Rate Detection System for Swim Race Analysis
by Heather Driscoll, Chris Hudson, Marcus Dunn and John Kelley
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060286 - 23 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3666
Abstract
Swim race analysis systems often rely on manual digitization of recorded videos to obtain performance related metrics such as stroke-rate, stroke-length or swim velocity. Using image-processing algorithms, a stroke tagging system has been developed that can be used in competitive swimming environments. Test [...] Read more.
Swim race analysis systems often rely on manual digitization of recorded videos to obtain performance related metrics such as stroke-rate, stroke-length or swim velocity. Using image-processing algorithms, a stroke tagging system has been developed that can be used in competitive swimming environments. Test images from video footage of a women’s 200 m medley race recorded at the 2012 Olympic Games, was segmented into regions of interest (ROI) consisting of individual lanes. Analysis of ROI indicated that the red component of the RGB color map corresponded well with the splash generated by the swimmer. Detected red values from the splash were filtered and a sine-fitting function applied; the frequency of which was used to estimate stroke-rate. Results were compared to manually identified parameters and demonstrated excellent agreement for all four disciplines. Future developments will look to improve the accuracy of the identification of swimmer position allowing swim velocity to be calculated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 538 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigating Stroke Length and Symmetry in Freestyle Swimming Using Inertial Sensors
by Andy Stamm
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060284 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2824
Abstract
Athlete monitoring and performance investigations are crucial for athletes and coaches as part of training progress and injury recovery. Athlete training is not always conducted at special training facilities even at some points without a coach being able to take part at every [...] Read more.
Athlete monitoring and performance investigations are crucial for athletes and coaches as part of training progress and injury recovery. Athlete training is not always conducted at special training facilities even at some points without a coach being able to take part at every training session. Small IMUs are offering a great benefit as they allow recording nearly every conducted training session. The research presented here used a self-developed IMU in comparison with a tethered velocity meter to investigate the arm symmetry in freestyle swimming. The recorded data were firstly calibrated before it was high-pass filtered to remove gravity from the signal. A zero-crossing detection algorithm was applied to allow the separation into left- and right-arm strokes to find variations in distances. The results showed a very strong agreement between the IMU and the velocity meter of r2 > 0.99 for each individual athlete with a mean agreement over all participants of r2 = 0.9994. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1369 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Automated Method to Extract Three-Dimensional Position Data Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Camera
by Marcus Dunn, Davide Pavan, Paul Ramirez, Silvia Rava and Atiqah Sharin
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060502 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3106
Abstract
Traditional motion capture systems can be prohibitive in healthcare settings from time, cost, space and user-expertise perspectives. Ideally, movement analysis technologies for healthcare should be low-cost, quick, simple and usable in small spaces. This study demonstrates a simple, low-cost and close-range time-of-flight depth-camera [...] Read more.
Traditional motion capture systems can be prohibitive in healthcare settings from time, cost, space and user-expertise perspectives. Ideally, movement analysis technologies for healthcare should be low-cost, quick, simple and usable in small spaces. This study demonstrates a simple, low-cost and close-range time-of-flight depth-camera system, for automatic gait analysis. A method to automatically track three-dimensional position and orientation of retro-reflective marker-triads in real-time was developed. A marker-triad was applied to a participant (self-selected walking pace): thigh angle (wrt. global-vertical) was calculated. Trials were concurrently recorded using a motion capture system. Root-mean-square error was 2.5°, 1.3° and 2.2° for depth-camera distances of 0.8 m, 1.1 m and 1.4 m respectively. Results indicate that walking distances of 1.1 m are optimal for the current system. Further development and investigation into potential healthcare applications (e.g., low-cost, close-range gait analysis) is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 618 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Study on a Footwork Training and Testing System
by Qi Hu, Qi Chen, Yongqing Liu and Qingkai Zhen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060537 - 11 Feb 2018
Viewed by 3070
Abstract
In the sport science fields, for a long time there are various attempts to explore more advanced technology in order to collect kinds of information concerned during athletes training and matches. In the paper, a footwork training and testing system has been developed [...] Read more.
In the sport science fields, for a long time there are various attempts to explore more advanced technology in order to collect kinds of information concerned during athletes training and matches. In the paper, a footwork training and testing system has been developed by adopting the advanced technology of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The system is comprised of some wireless senor nodes and gateways, system control software and so on. By means of the system, the daily footwork training methods and modes will be simulated to automatically guide the training of the athletes, at the same time the training data concerned will be automatically recorded, including moving velocity, moving frequency and success average, moving exercise duration and so on, and it is facilitate to evaluate digitally the training and testing effects for coaches and athletes. The system will bring about an auxiliary means in sport science training and research, make coaches and researchers have more options for the technical and information forms, and provide the technology foundation for synchronizing and intermingling the training and testing smoothly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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5 pages, 765 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Video Based Accurate Step Counting for Treadmills
by Qingkai Zhen, Yongqing Liu, Qi Hu and Qi Chen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060301 - 12 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2210
Abstract
The number of steps can be used to measure the distance, intensity, frequency, and oxygen consumption of the human activities indirectly, it has great significance to evaluate the amount of human movement. Different from traditional methods which based on wearable sensors, video based [...] Read more.
The number of steps can be used to measure the distance, intensity, frequency, and oxygen consumption of the human activities indirectly, it has great significance to evaluate the amount of human movement. Different from traditional methods which based on wearable sensors, video based methods have the advantages of non-contact. In this paper, we propose a novel infrared video based accurate step counting algorithm for treadmills. Our approach is mainly divided into two parts, e.g., shoulder tracking and step counting. Shoulder movement is less disturbed and can accurately reflect the gait information than other body parts in the processing of running. By tracking the position of the shoulder in the image sequence, and analyzing the peaks and troughs of the trajectory, we can calculate the number of steps accurately in real time. The experiments are conducted on our own datasets, and the result achieved clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 718 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Utilizing Virtual Reality to Understand Athletic Performance and Underlying Sensorimotor Processing
by Toshitaka Kimura, Daiki Nasu and Makio Kashino
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060299 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3187
Abstract
In behavioral sports sciences, knowledge of athletic performance and underlying sensorimotor processing remains limited, because most data is obtained in the laboratory. In laboratory experiments we can strictly control the measurement conditions, but the action we can target may be limited and differ [...] Read more.
In behavioral sports sciences, knowledge of athletic performance and underlying sensorimotor processing remains limited, because most data is obtained in the laboratory. In laboratory experiments we can strictly control the measurement conditions, but the action we can target may be limited and differ from actual sporting action. Thus, the obtained data is potentially unrealistic. We propose using virtual reality (VR) technology to compensate for the lack of actual reality. We have developed a head mounted display (HMD)-based VR system for application to baseball batting where the user can experience hitting a pitch in a virtual baseball stadium. The batter and the bat movements are measured using nine-axis inertial sensors attached to various parts of the body and bat, and they are represented by a virtual avatar in real time. The pitched balls are depicted by computer graphics based on previously recorded ball trajectories and are thrown in time with the motion of a pitcher avatar based on simultaneously recorded motion capture data. The ball bounces depending on its interaction with the bat. In a preliminary measurement where the VR system was combined with measurement equipment we found some differences between the behavioral and physiological data (i.e., the body movements and respiration) of experts and beginners and between the types of pitches during virtual batting. This VR system with a sufficiently real visual experience will provide novel findings as regards athletic performance that were formerly hard to obtain and allow us to elucidate their sensorimotor processing in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 544 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Research on Integration of Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Professional Athletic Training
by Yongqing Liu and Qi Chen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060295 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
GNSS is widely used in professional athletic training as an outdoor location based services, and the indoor positioning technology has gradually flourished in the gymnasium. To keep up with the demand for athletic training in indoor and outdoor environment, integration of indoor and [...] Read more.
GNSS is widely used in professional athletic training as an outdoor location based services, and the indoor positioning technology has gradually flourished in the gymnasium. To keep up with the demand for athletic training in indoor and outdoor environment, integration of indoor and outdoor positioning technology can achieve a seamless indoor/outdoor position solution. The proposed method uses GPS/BEIDOU with IMU-MEMS technology for outdoor positioning and UWB with IMU-MEMS technology for indoor positioning to provide high precision positioning services. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve meter level position accuracy in outdoor environment and centimeter level position accuracy in indoor environment, it can provide precise and real-time positioning service for effective athletic training aid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 646 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Utilising GPS Data to Quantify Torso Range of Motion in Field Hockey Athletes
by Geoffrey E. Warman, Daniel Chalkley, Michael H. Cole and Gert-Jan Pepping
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060294 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2637
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) along with micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS), technology is now commonplace in today’s sporting environment. Little has been published utilising this combination of technologies to quantify the postures of athletes during match-play. This paper presents the results of a preliminary [...] Read more.
Global Positioning System (GPS) along with micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS), technology is now commonplace in today’s sporting environment. Little has been published utilising this combination of technologies to quantify the postures of athletes during match-play. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation into developing a methodology that allows practitioners to use the technology readily available to them to quantify the postural demands of field hockey players during match-play. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 547 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Measuring and Classifying Land-Based and Water-Based Daily Living Activities Using Inertial Sensors
by Koichi Kaneda, Yuji Ohgi, Mark R. McKean and Brendan J. Burkett
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060298 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
This study classified motions of typical daily activities in both environments using inertial sensors attached at the chest and thigh to determine the optimal site to attach the sensors. Walking, chair standing and sitting, and step climbing were conducted both in water and [...] Read more.
This study classified motions of typical daily activities in both environments using inertial sensors attached at the chest and thigh to determine the optimal site to attach the sensors. Walking, chair standing and sitting, and step climbing were conducted both in water and on land. A mean, variance and skewness for acceleration data was calculated. A Neural Network and Decision Tree algorithm was applied for classifying each motion in both environments. In total, 126 and 144 samples of thigh and chest data sets were obtained for analysis in each condition. For the chest data, the algorithm correctly classified 80% of the water-based activities, and 90% of the land-based. Whilst the thigh sensor correctly classified 97% of water-based and 100% of land-based activities. The inertial sensor placed on the thigh provided the most appropriate protocol for classifying motions for land-based and water-based typical daily life activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1323 KB  
Proceeding Paper
3D Visualisation of Wearable Inertial/Magnetic Sensors
by Tomohito Wada, Mirai Mizutani, James Lee, David Rowlands and Daniel James
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060292 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2681
Abstract
Inertial and inertial-magnetic sensors are miniaturised and lightweight which allows the technology to be used to assess human movements in sports. These sensors can produce up to nine channels of time series data which can often be difficult to read and interpret. This [...] Read more.
Inertial and inertial-magnetic sensors are miniaturised and lightweight which allows the technology to be used to assess human movements in sports. These sensors can produce up to nine channels of time series data which can often be difficult to read and interpret. This paper describes the development of a 3D visualisation tool for inertial/magnetic sensors. A sensor fusion technique known as an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) is used to calculate 3D orientation of the sensor. With AHRS data from a gyroscope and magnetometer can be expressed in animation as orientation of the sensor. However acceleration does not appear in the animation. Therefore the function to express the magnitude and direction of the acceleration using a shake of the sensor animation is added to the tool. It was confirmed that the tool produce an animation which clearly portrayed athlete posture and accelerations synchronised with the gait cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 750 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Design and Implementation of a Bluetooth Low Energy-Based Local Area Network for Fall Detection
by Tong Yu, Andy Stamm and Ronny Hartanto
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060289 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
Falls are harmful to the elderly; therefore, fall detection technologies have been developed by many researchers to help detecting these incidents. The research presented here investigates a Bluetooth Low Energy-based local area network for fall detection. One of the major concerns is not [...] Read more.
Falls are harmful to the elderly; therefore, fall detection technologies have been developed by many researchers to help detecting these incidents. The research presented here investigates a Bluetooth Low Energy-based local area network for fall detection. One of the major concerns is not only the detection of a fall incident but also the location where this incident occurred. This research utilizes a fall detection network with three different types of network nodes: alarm node, relay node, and center node. Alarm nodes are worn by the elderly for fall detection; relay nodes are fixed in the target area for receiving the signal from alarm nodes; and the center node is the hub of the detection network. When a fall incident occurs, the alarm node will send out alarm signals which will be passed towards the center node by the relay nodes. The center node forwards the alarm to any iMessage capable device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 574 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Validating Temporal Motion Kinematics from Clothing Attached Inertial Sensors
by Sam Gleadhill, Daniel James and James Lee
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060304 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
A major barrier to wearables utility for kinematic analysis is convenience. Attachment to skin requires significant expertise and is time consuming. Instead this research applies principles of sensor analysis to clothing attachments, to examine temporal immunity to clothing artefact. No known research has [...] Read more.
A major barrier to wearables utility for kinematic analysis is convenience. Attachment to skin requires significant expertise and is time consuming. Instead this research applies principles of sensor analysis to clothing attachments, to examine temporal immunity to clothing artefact. No known research has validated temporal outputs of inertial measurement units when embedded in clothing. Nine participants completed five repetitions of conventional deadlifts while being monitored with inertial sensors fixed on anatomical landmarks and embedded in clothing. The agreement of group means between timing outputs of inertial sensor anteroposterior axis data were compared between sensor locations. Will Hopkins Typical Error of the Estimate, Pearson's correlation and a Bland Altman Limits of Agreement analysis were implemented for validation. Strong agreement was found based on trivial standardised error (<0.1) for all agreement analyses. Results support past research for applications applying temporal features of wearables to monitor human movement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
6 pages, 889 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of the Design and Engineering-Process towards a First Prototype in the Field of Sports and Vitality
by Mark Janssen, Roy van den Heuvel, Carl Megens, Pierre Levy and Steven Vos
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060297 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3062
Abstract
The scope of technology has expanded towards areas such as sports and vitality, offering significant challenges for engineering designers. However, only little is known about the underlying design and engineering processes used within these fields. Therefore, this paper aims to get an in-depth [...] Read more.
The scope of technology has expanded towards areas such as sports and vitality, offering significant challenges for engineering designers. However, only little is known about the underlying design and engineering processes used within these fields. Therefore, this paper aims to get an in-depth understanding of these type of processes. During a three-day design competition (Hackathon), three groups of engineers were challenged to develop experience-able prototypes in the field of sports and vitality. Their process was monitored based on the Reflective Transformative Design process (RTD-process) framework, describing the various activities part of the design process. Groups had to keep track of their activities, and six group reflection-sessions were held. Results show that all groups used an open and explorative approach, they frequently swapped between activities, making them able to reflect on their actions. While spending more time on envisioning and creating a clear vision seem to relate to the quality of the design concept. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 865 KB  
Proceeding Paper
CSMA Neighbors Identification in Body Sensor Networks
by Haider A. Sabti and David V. Thiel
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060291 - 23 Feb 2018
Viewed by 1560
Abstract
A CSMA algorithm was implemented and tested using 2.45 GHz wearable sensors on five human subjects moving in formation. The algorithm forces the nodes to repeatedly sense the carrier frequency to recognize when other nodes are in/out of coverage. The paper reports different [...] Read more.
A CSMA algorithm was implemented and tested using 2.45 GHz wearable sensors on five human subjects moving in formation. The algorithm forces the nodes to repeatedly sense the carrier frequency to recognize when other nodes are in/out of coverage. The paper reports different sink nodes location on the body and the effect of transmitter power on the reliability. The results showed 100% successful wireless communications between sink nodes within coverage. Allowing this information to be available in real time have a significant importance on measuring up athlete proximity and performance with respect to time spent on one or multiple locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 637 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Design of a Wireless Wearable DAQ System for the Evaluation of Sports Performances
by Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Nunzio Lanotte, Cristian Romagnoli, Nicola Silvaggi and Giuseppe Annino
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060290 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
An accurate monitoring of the professional athletes’ exercises during training sessions is able to improve their performance by helping them in improving the effectiveness of the movement, in the injury prevention and in the rehabilitation protocols. Wearable and non-encumbrance DAQ (Digital Acquisition) systems [...] Read more.
An accurate monitoring of the professional athletes’ exercises during training sessions is able to improve their performance by helping them in improving the effectiveness of the movement, in the injury prevention and in the rehabilitation protocols. Wearable and non-encumbrance DAQ (Digital Acquisition) systems are required because it is important to collect data from the athlete’s performance in his natural environment rather than in the unspecific spaces of a laboratory. This paper deals with the design of a wireless data logger for the evaluation and analysis of the sport performance. In particular, the system is composed of a multichannel sEMG (surface Electromyography) system synchronized the kinematic signals obtained by an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) placed on the back of the athlete by the use of a belt. The system can be wirelessly connected with a proper terminal for data display and analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 448 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Deep learning—Accelerating Next Generation Performance Analysis Systems?
by Heike Brock
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060303 - 23 Feb 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
Deep neural network architectures show superior performance in recognition and prediction tasks of the image, speech and natural language domains. The success of such multi-layered networks encourages their implementation in further application scenarios as the retrieval of relevant motion information for performance enhancement [...] Read more.
Deep neural network architectures show superior performance in recognition and prediction tasks of the image, speech and natural language domains. The success of such multi-layered networks encourages their implementation in further application scenarios as the retrieval of relevant motion information for performance enhancement in sports. However, to date deep learning is only seldom applied to activity recognition problems of the human motion domain. Therefore, its use for sports data analysis might remain abstract to many practitioners. This paper provides a survey on recent works in the field of high-performance motion data and examines relevant technologies for subsequent deployment in real training systems. In particular, it discusses aspects of data acquisition, processing and network modeling. Analysis suggests the advantage of deep neural networks under difficult and noisy data conditions. However, further research is necessary to confirm the benefit of deep learning for next generation performance analysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 638 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Large Scale, Long-Term, High Granularity Measurement of Active Travel Using Smartphones Apps
by Ben W. Heller, Suvodeep Mazumdar and Fabio Ciravegna
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060293 - 24 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2932
Abstract
Accurate, long-term data are needed in order to determine trends in active travel, to examine the effectiveness of any interventions and to quantify the health, social and economic consequences of active travel. However, most studies of individual travel behaviour have either used self-report [...] Read more.
Accurate, long-term data are needed in order to determine trends in active travel, to examine the effectiveness of any interventions and to quantify the health, social and economic consequences of active travel. However, most studies of individual travel behaviour have either used self-report (which is limited in detail and open to bias), or provided logging devices for short periods, so lack the ability to monitor long-term trends. We have developed apps using participants’ own smartphones (Android or iOS) that monitor and feed-back individual user’s physical activity whilst the phone is carried or worn. The nature, time and location of any physical activity are uploaded to a secure survey and allow researchers to identify large scale behaviour. Pilot data from almost 2000 users have been logged and are reported. This constitutes a natural experiment, collecting long-term physical activity, transport mode and route choice information across a large cross-section of users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 767 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Vibe of Skating; Design and Testing of a Vibro-Tactile Feedback System
by Arjen J. Jansen, Marijke Dekker and Diederik van der Steen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060296 - 8 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2174
Abstract
Providing athletes with real-time feedback on their performance is becoming common in many sports, also in speed skating. This research-by-design project aims at finding a tool that allows the speed skater to get real-time feedback on his performance. Speed skaters often mention a [...] Read more.
Providing athletes with real-time feedback on their performance is becoming common in many sports, also in speed skating. This research-by-design project aims at finding a tool that allows the speed skater to get real-time feedback on his performance. Speed skaters often mention a so-called “good feeling” when skating behind a better skater. It is the feeling nearly every speed skater is after when skating alone; skate with less power while maintaining the same speed and feeling of ease. A longer push-off phase at a constant cadence has proven to contribute to this ideal situation but is hard for the coach alone to influence this. Therefore, a system was designed that measures the skating cadence and challenges the skater to change his skating stroke by means of vibro-tactile feedback. Four subjects have tested the feedback system. From this test, we concluded that the system provides meaningful feedback towards changing the skating cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 770 KB  
Proceeding Paper
RFID Timing Antenna for Open Water Swimming Competitions
by Helmut Woellik
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060300 - 15 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
RFID timing is the common method for processing results in mass sport events. Typically, it is used in running, cycling and triathlon events, but with some modifications even swimming athletes in water can be detected. In open water swimming competitions, the distance between [...] Read more.
RFID timing is the common method for processing results in mass sport events. Typically, it is used in running, cycling and triathlon events, but with some modifications even swimming athletes in water can be detected. In open water swimming competitions, the distance between the athletes and the RFID antenna must be larger so that escort boats or small ships can pass the gate without getting into dangerous situations. In this paper a design of an underwater RFID antenna is presented which was used during swimming events, It could span a distance up to 12 m width inside a swimming channel or offshore. The whole construction was completely immerged under the water line. The electronic components were housed in some meter distance on the beach, in a boat or in a buoy. With a reading range up to 1.5 m distance a detection rate between 94.6% and 100% could be achieved. Full article
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7 pages, 1160 KB  
Proceeding Paper
CFD for Surfboards: Comparison between Three Different Designs in Static and Maneuvering Conditions
by Luca Oggiano and Fabio Pierella
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060309 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4490
Abstract
The present paper aims to show the potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers for surfboard design and its applicability by comparing three different surfboards with minimal changes in design. In fact, surfboard manufacturing routines are moving towards more controlled and reproducible manufacturing [...] Read more.
The present paper aims to show the potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers for surfboard design and its applicability by comparing three different surfboards with minimal changes in design. In fact, surfboard manufacturing routines are moving towards more controlled and reproducible manufacturing processes, in particular Computer numerically controlled (CNC) shaping techniques. As a consequence, three dimensional (3D) computer models of the boards start to be available, and can be imported in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs. This opens up a new design methodology, where the performances of the different shapes can be studied and quantitatively evaluated, highlighting details that would be otherwise impossible to identify from a field test. The commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+ is used in the present work to compare the performance of three different surfboards, with different curvature at the bottom and different tail shapes. In the simulations, an Unsteady Reynolds Navier Stokes (URANS) approach is used, with the volume of fluid (VOF) method as free surface discretization method and the k-omega-SST turbulence model as numerical closure of the RANS equations. CFD proved to be a valid tool to compare the performances of the different shapes, bringing into light subtle but important differences between the designs. In particular, the static simulations showed that the rocker affects the performances by increasing the lift but also the drag of the board, also generating higher forces in maneuvering conditions. On the other hand, the tail shape did not affect the performances of the board in the analyzed cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 1112 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigation on Rudder Hydrodynamics for 470 Class Yacht
by Shijie Lin, Yong Ma, Weitao Zheng, Song Zhang, Xiaoshan Lei and Yangying He
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060308 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2359
Abstract
The rudder is an important appendage and used to adjust the course and balance the lateral displacement in the sailing regatta. RANSE (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Equations) was used to simulate the viscous flow field of the hull for 470 Class yacht based on CFD [...] Read more.
The rudder is an important appendage and used to adjust the course and balance the lateral displacement in the sailing regatta. RANSE (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Equations) was used to simulate the viscous flow field of the hull for 470 Class yacht based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). It is found that the stall angle was 30 degrees when the displacement is 280 kg and the boat speed is 2 m/s to 8 m/s. If the speed increases, the wake flow of the hull will influence the valid area of the rudder and span-chord ratio and the stall angle will be 35 degrees at the speed of 10 m/s. The lift-drag ratio will increase when the rudder angle is from 10 degrees to 25 degrees. The results would provide a theoretical reference for athletes to manipulate the sailboat. Full article
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6 pages, 963 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Investigation on Hull Hydrodynamics with Different Draughts for 470 Class Yacht
by Yong Ma, Shijie Lin, Yangying He, Xiaoshan Lei and Song Zhang
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060307 - 22 Feb 2018
Viewed by 1935
Abstract
Class 470 yacht attracts more and more attention at the World Championships. The hull hydrodynamics is important for winning the games. Hull draughts influence ship maneuverability, seakeeping, rapidity and stability. Numerical simulation by solving RANS equations is used to hull hydrodynamics with different [...] Read more.
Class 470 yacht attracts more and more attention at the World Championships. The hull hydrodynamics is important for winning the games. Hull draughts influence ship maneuverability, seakeeping, rapidity and stability. Numerical simulation by solving RANS equations is used to hull hydrodynamics with different draughts for the 470 Class yacht. Turbulence model is (SST) k-ω. The results show that wave resistance, viscous pressure resistance, friction resistance with the Froude number is different when the hull draught is different. According to the results about hull hydrodynamics with different draughts and the aerodynamics of the sail wing, the resistance performance of the hull is good when the hull draft for 470 Class yacht is within a relatively reasonable zone. This study on resistance performance of the hull provides a theoretical reference for coaches to talent selection of sailing athletes, weight distribution of athletes, estimate the sailing route and maneuverability of the sailing boat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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8 pages, 1055 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Detailed On-Water Measurements of Blade Forces and Stroke Efficiencies in Sprint Canoe
by Stephen Tullis, Cameron Galipeau and Dana Morgoch
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060306 - 5 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2723
Abstract
Measurements of blade forces are made using a load cell mounted between the blade and shaft of a modified paddle. All six force components and moments are measured simultaneously to give a full picture of blade hydrodynamic forces as the centre of pressure [...] Read more.
Measurements of blade forces are made using a load cell mounted between the blade and shaft of a modified paddle. All six force components and moments are measured simultaneously to give a full picture of blade hydrodynamic forces as the centre of pressure on the blade varies throughout the stroke. Blade orientation was also measured using inertial measurement units, one on the blade shaft, and the other on the canoe giving the relative position of blade with respect to the boat, as well as boat speed, acceleration and motion. Testing of the instrumented paddle was undertaken by one of the authors, an ex-national team athlete. The measured forces (and propulsive/vertical forces) are analyzed in detail through the stroke and as stroke averages. Various measures of propulsive efficiency are proposed using either the input force and propulsive force, or using input force and boat speed, and can be used for stroke analysis, or as training tools/targets. Full article
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6 pages, 913 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Attitude Estimation of Skis in Ski Jumping Using Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Units
by Xiang Fang, Christoph Göttlicher and Florian Holzapfel
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060317 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2907
Abstract
This paper presents an approach to estimate the attitude of skis for an entire ski jump using wearable, MEMS-based, low-cost Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). First of all, a kinematic attitude model based on rigid-body dynamics and a sensor error model considering bias and [...] Read more.
This paper presents an approach to estimate the attitude of skis for an entire ski jump using wearable, MEMS-based, low-cost Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). First of all, a kinematic attitude model based on rigid-body dynamics and a sensor error model considering bias and scale factor error are established. Then, an extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoother is used to combine measurement data provided by both gyroscope and magnetometer to achieve an attitude estimation. Moreover, parameters for the bias and scale factor error in the sensor error model and the initial attitude are determined via a maximum-likelihood principle based parameter estimation algorithm. By implementing this approach, an attitude estimation of skis is achieved without further sensor calibration. Finally, results based on both the simulated reference data and the real experimental measurement data are presented, which proves the practicability and the validity of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 679 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Effect of a Vibration Absorber on the Damping Properties of Alpine Skis
by Stefan Schwanitz, Wolfgang Griessl, Carlo Leilich, Rico Krebs, Benjamin Winkler and Stephan Odenwald
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060305 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5104
Abstract
Coupled bending-torsion vibrations at the shovel are a severe problem when running an alpine ski at high velocities on hard or icy slopes. Thus, a major goal for ski manufacturers is to dampen vibrations through a proper multi-material design and/or additional absorbers. The [...] Read more.
Coupled bending-torsion vibrations at the shovel are a severe problem when running an alpine ski at high velocities on hard or icy slopes. Thus, a major goal for ski manufacturers is to dampen vibrations through a proper multi-material design and/or additional absorbers. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a particular vibration absorber on a commercial slalom ski through a series of laboratory tests as well as a subjective field evaluation. Therefore, two identical pairs of ski were used and the absorber was deactivated on one pair. Laboratory tests revealed reductions of 5% to 49% of bending vibrations on skis with activated absorber. Subjective evaluation by 6 subjects suggested minor differences in the mean of the evaluated criteria turnablity, edge grip, steering behavior and stability towards a better performance of the skis with activated absorber. Subjects were able to identify the absorber mode with a success rate of 61.1%. Full article
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6 pages, 685 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Increased Impact Resistance of Cross-Country Ski Poles by Improved, Simulation Assisted Composite Design
by Martin Granlund, Gustav Gräsberg, Hana Zrida, Martin Fagerström and Andreas Karlsson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060318 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2936
Abstract
High-end carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) ski poles of today are lighter and stiffer than previous generations, explained by the higher specific stiffness (stiffness to density ratio) for CFRPs, typically in the range of 0.1 GPa m3/kg compared to approximately 0.03 [...] Read more.
High-end carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) ski poles of today are lighter and stiffer than previous generations, explained by the higher specific stiffness (stiffness to density ratio) for CFRPs, typically in the range of 0.1 GPa m3/kg compared to approximately 0.03 GPa m3/kg for aluminium. In this study, we have analysed different CFRP pole designs on the market by mechanical testing and microscopy. We conclude that the strive for optimised weight and bending stiffness has generally driven the pole design to be sub-optimal towards stiffness making them unnecessarily sensitive to transverse and impact loads. Based on the experimental findings, we have developed numerical simulation models to predict the bending and stress state in CFRP ski poles under axial as well as transverse (impact) loading conditions. These numerical model has then been used to find a new conceptual pole design with similar weight and stiffness but with seemingly higher impact resistance. Full article
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6 pages, 503 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparison of Power Output Estimates in Treadmill Roller-Skiing
by David Sundström, Peter Carlsson and Erik Andersson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060312 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2331
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare various power output estimates and estimate anaerobic energy supply during treadmill roller-skiing. Roller-skiing sprint time-trial performance on a treadmill was compared to numerical simulations of three different power output estimates; non-inertial power estimate [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare various power output estimates and estimate anaerobic energy supply during treadmill roller-skiing. Roller-skiing sprint time-trial performance on a treadmill was compared to numerical simulations of three different power output estimates; non-inertial power estimate (NIP), inertial power estimate (IP), and optimization power estimate (OP). The OP was in best agreement with the measured speed of the skier. However, the IP was in better agreement with the measured finishing time of the real time trial, which may suggest that the IP better approximated the mean power than the other two estimates. Moreover, the NIP and IP are more simplistic than the OP and thereby more practical from a scientific standpoint. Based on this we recommend the use of the IP estimate. Full article
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6 pages, 3052 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Drag Area, Frontal Area and Drag Coefficient in Cross-Country Skiing Techniques
by Mats Ainegren and Patrik Jonsson
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060313 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3314
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the air drag, frontal area and coefficient of drag of cross-country skiing classical and free style techniques. One highly skilled cross-country skier performed skiing-like classical and free style techniques on a force plate in a [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the air drag, frontal area and coefficient of drag of cross-country skiing classical and free style techniques. One highly skilled cross-country skier performed skiing-like classical and free style techniques on a force plate in a wind tunnel. The skier was also photographed from the front in order to analyze the projected frontal area, which was determined from digital images using Matlab. From the results of the air drag and the frontal area measurements, the drag coefficient was also calculated. The results can be used by researchers to calculate the theoretical effect of air drag on cross-country skiing performance. Full article
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7 pages, 1005 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Near Wake Analysis of a Two-Man Bobsleigh Scaled Model
by Andrea Sciacchitano and Pallav Pattnaik
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060319 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2689
Abstract
The flow field in the near wake of a 1:5.5 bobsleigh model was investigated by means of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. The time-averaged flow field revealed two counter-rotating vortices and a strong downwash between them. From the velocity field, the aerodynamic drag was [...] Read more.
The flow field in the near wake of a 1:5.5 bobsleigh model was investigated by means of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. The time-averaged flow field revealed two counter-rotating vortices and a strong downwash between them. From the velocity field, the aerodynamic drag was retrieved invoking the conservation of momentum. This approach enabled relating the aerodynamic loads with the flow structures responsible of the loads. Measurements were repeated with different front-cowling rotations between 0° and 20°. It was found that small nose rotations allowed a drag reduction by approximately 5%, whereas for nose rotations exceeding 10° the drag coefficient remained approximately constant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 663 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Multi-Body Ski Jumper Model with Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Muscle Control for Trajectory Optimization
by Patrick Piprek, Franziska Glas, Xiang Fang, Veronica Bessone, Johannes Petrat, Matthias Bittner and Florian Holzapfel
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060321 - 13 Feb 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3251
Abstract
This paper presents an approach to model a ski jumper as a multi-body system for an optimal control application. The modeling is based on the constrained Newton-Euler-Equations. Within this paper the complete multi-body modeling methodology as well as the musculoskeletal modeling is considered. [...] Read more.
This paper presents an approach to model a ski jumper as a multi-body system for an optimal control application. The modeling is based on the constrained Newton-Euler-Equations. Within this paper the complete multi-body modeling methodology as well as the musculoskeletal modeling is considered. For the musculoskeletal modeling and its incorporation in the optimization model, we choose a nonlinear dynamic inversion control approach. This approach uses the muscle models as nonlinear reference models and links them to the ski jumper movement by a control law. This strategy yields a linearized input-output behavior, which makes the optimal control problem easier to solve. The resulting model of the ski jumper can then be used for trajectory optimization whose results are compared to literature jumps. Ultimately, this enables the jumper to get a very detailed feedback of the flight. To achieve the maximal jump length, exact positioning of his body with respect to the air can be displayed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 578 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Robust Trajectory Optimization of a Ski Jumper for Uncertainty Influence and Safety Quantification
by Patrick Piprek and Florian Holzapfel
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060320 - 13 Feb 2018
Viewed by 2066
Abstract
This paper deals with the development of a robust optimal control framework for a previously developed multi-body ski jumper simulation model by the authors. This framework is used to model uncertainties acting on the jumper during his jump, e.g., wind or mass, to [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the development of a robust optimal control framework for a previously developed multi-body ski jumper simulation model by the authors. This framework is used to model uncertainties acting on the jumper during his jump, e.g., wind or mass, to enhance the performance, but also to increase the fairness and safety of the competition. For the uncertainty modeling the method of generalized polynomial chaos together with the discrete expansion by stochastic collocation is applied: This methodology offers a very flexible framework to model multiple uncertainties using a small number of required optimizations to calculate an uncertain trajectory. The results are then compared to the results of the Latin-Hypercube sampling method to show the correctness of the applied methods. Finally, the results are examined with respect to two major metrics: First, the influence of the uncertainties on the jumper, his positioning with respect to the air, and his maximal achievable flight distance are examined. Then, the results are used in a further step to quantify the safety of the jumper. Full article
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7 pages, 688 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Empirical Model of Aerodynamic Drag in Alpine Skiing
by Ola Elfmark and Lars M. Bardal
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060310 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3616
Abstract
This paper describes an empirical model of aerodynamic drag for a range of body positions commonly used in alpine skiing. In order to calculate the drag coefficient (CD), a method for calculating the frontal area of an alpine skier, inside a [...] Read more.
This paper describes an empirical model of aerodynamic drag for a range of body positions commonly used in alpine skiing. In order to calculate the drag coefficient (CD), a method for calculating the frontal area of an alpine skier, inside a wind tunnel, was used with an uncertainty of 0.012 m2. The general model for aerodynamic drag was based on measurements from one alpine skier. To make the model applicable for athletes of different body sizes and shapes, an investigation of individual adjustments of the model was made, based on measurements of four alpine skiers. The results showed a variation of ±1.4% in the drag coefficient between the different subjects. The frontal area in a reference position was considered a suitable scaling variable. Validations showed an uncertainty of ±3% for the individually adjusted model. Full article
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6 pages, 909 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Landing in Ski Jumping by Means of Inertial Sensors and Force Insoles
by Veronica Bessone, Johannes Petrat, Wolfgang Seiberl and Ansgar Schwirtz
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060311 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3676
Abstract
Landing and its preparation are important phases for performance and safety of ski jumpers. A correct ski positioning could influence the jump length as also the cushioning effect of the aerodynamic forces that permits the reduction of landing impacts. Consequently, the detection of [...] Read more.
Landing and its preparation are important phases for performance and safety of ski jumpers. A correct ski positioning could influence the jump length as also the cushioning effect of the aerodynamic forces that permits the reduction of landing impacts. Consequently, the detection of ski angles during landing preparation could allow for analyzing landing techniques that result in reduced impact forces for the athletes. In this study, two athletes performed with force insoles and inertial sensors positioned on the ski during training conditions on the ski jumping hill. The results confirmed previous studies, showing that impact forces can reach more than four times body weight. In the analyzed cases, the force distribution resulted to be more concentrated on the forefoot and the main movement influencing the impact was the pitch. The combination of inertial sensors, in particular gyroscopes, plus force insoles demonstrated to be an interesting set up for ski jumping movement analysis. Full article
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6 pages, 828 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Finite Element Model of an Impact on a Palmar Pad from a Snowboard Wrist Protector
by Chloe Newton-Mann, Keith Winwood, Heather Driscoll, Nick Hamilton and Tom Allen
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060314 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3509
Abstract
Wrist injuries are the most common types of injury in snowboarding. Protectors can reduce injury risk by limiting wrist hyperextension and attenuating impact forces. There are a range of wrist protector concepts available, but it is unclear if any particular design is more [...] Read more.
Wrist injuries are the most common types of injury in snowboarding. Protectors can reduce injury risk by limiting wrist hyperextension and attenuating impact forces. There are a range of wrist protector concepts available, but it is unclear if any particular design is more effective. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a finite element model of an impact on the palmar pad from a protector. Pad material from a protector was characterised to obtain stress vs strain data, and determine whether it was rate dependent. Material data was implemented into a finite element model to predict impact behavior at 2.5 J. Four material models were investigated, with an Ogden model paired with a Prony series providing the best agreement to experimental data. Future work will build a model of a complete protector for predicting the protective levels of these products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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6 pages, 906 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Alpine Skiing Recommendation Tool and Performance Prediction
by Camille Brousseau and Alexis Lussier Desbiens
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060316 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
Selecting appropriate skis remains a difficult task for many customers due to the lack of information provided on the bending and torsional stiffnesses of these products. This work investigates how these mechanical properties influence the on-snow ski performance and how an individual skier [...] Read more.
Selecting appropriate skis remains a difficult task for many customers due to the lack of information provided on the bending and torsional stiffnesses of these products. This work investigates how these mechanical properties influence the on-snow ski performance and how an individual skier profile is related to its preferred mechanical properties. To do so, twelve skis were manufactured to exhibit large variations in stiffnesses. Twenty-three skiers provided on-snow feedback and skier profiles through a questionnaire. Simple and multivariable linear correlation analyses were carried out between the skier profile data, their evaluations of the skis and the stiffnesses of the skis. Strong relationships were found between the properties of the skis and some performance criteria, and between the profile of the skiers and the properties of their favourite skis. With further testing, these relationships could be used to design personalized recommendation tools or to guide the design of custom skis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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7 pages, 1355 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluating the Directional Stability of Alpine Skis through the Simulation of Ski Deformation during a Steady-State Turn
by Jonas Truong and Alexis Lussier Desbiens
Proceedings 2018, 2(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060315 - 22 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
Directional stability is an important performance criterion for alpine skis and has been shown to correlate with the second moment of running surface pressure distribution. However, this stability index is complex to measure while skiing and is not practical for testing many skis. [...] Read more.
Directional stability is an important performance criterion for alpine skis and has been shown to correlate with the second moment of running surface pressure distribution. However, this stability index is complex to measure while skiing and is not practical for testing many skis. It therefore remains unclear what range one can expect in the variation of stability between commercially available skis. In this study, the mechanical properties of 179 skis were measured and the ski deformation was simulated during a steady-state turn to evaluate the stability index. The resulting data provide insight as to what values of stability, which ranged from 0.1 to 98 N m², are to be expected. A novel parameter, the product of the force required to flatten a ski and the square of its sidecut length, was introduced. Its high correlation with a ski’s stability suggests it can be used as an accurate predictor of stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
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