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Article

Duralumin Alloys in World War II Heritage Aircraft: Correlations Between Manufacturing Parameters and Alloys’ Properties

by
Agathe Duclos
1,2,
Elena Bernardi
3,
Luc Robbiola
4,
Christophe Deshayes
1,
Luiza de Souza Machado
1,2,
Carla Martini
5,
Cristina Chiavari
6,
Andrea Balbo
7,
Cesar Escobar
8,
Elodie Guilminot
8,
Benoît Malard
2 and
Magali Brunet
1,*
1
CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31055 Toulouse, France
2
CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, 31030 Toulouse, France
3
Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
4
TRACES UT2J, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
5
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
6
Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
7
Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione et Metallurgia “A.Dacco”, Engineering Department, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
8
GPLA-Arc’Antique, Département de Loire Atlantique, 44300 Nantes, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Heritage 2024, 7(12), 6772-6790; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120313
Submission received: 13 September 2024 / Revised: 8 November 2024 / Accepted: 25 November 2024 / Published: 28 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Restoration of Metal Artifacts)
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Abstract

Duralumin-type alloys have been employed for structural and non-structural parts of aircraft since the early 1920s up to now. In the European project “PROtection and Conservation of Heritage AirCRAFT” (PROCRAFT), up to 34 aircraft wrecks from World War II from different nations (United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy) were identified. On most of them, the collection of numerous fragments was possible, thus constituting a large sampling group. A metallographic analysis was carried out, and elemental composition, microstructure and hardness were measured. This article focuses firstly on the elemental composition of this group of historical Al alloys. From these data, some fine characteristics specific to the manufacturing countries will be investigated through principal component analysis. Then, on a restricted group constituted of German alloys, we will discuss how some manufacturing parameters, such as micro-alloying and thermo-mechanical treatments, influence the mechanical properties of the assessed aircraft components. Other influencing parameters, linked to the archaeological nature of the parts, are considered and addressed based on a specific study of an alloy collected on a crashed JU88 aircraft originating from the German company Junkers.
Keywords: aluminium alloys; metallography; aircraft history aluminium alloys; metallography; aircraft history

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MDPI and ACS Style

Duclos, A.; Bernardi, E.; Robbiola, L.; Deshayes, C.; de Souza Machado, L.; Martini, C.; Chiavari, C.; Balbo, A.; Escobar, C.; Guilminot, E.; et al. Duralumin Alloys in World War II Heritage Aircraft: Correlations Between Manufacturing Parameters and Alloys’ Properties. Heritage 2024, 7, 6772-6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120313

AMA Style

Duclos A, Bernardi E, Robbiola L, Deshayes C, de Souza Machado L, Martini C, Chiavari C, Balbo A, Escobar C, Guilminot E, et al. Duralumin Alloys in World War II Heritage Aircraft: Correlations Between Manufacturing Parameters and Alloys’ Properties. Heritage. 2024; 7(12):6772-6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120313

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duclos, Agathe, Elena Bernardi, Luc Robbiola, Christophe Deshayes, Luiza de Souza Machado, Carla Martini, Cristina Chiavari, Andrea Balbo, Cesar Escobar, Elodie Guilminot, and et al. 2024. "Duralumin Alloys in World War II Heritage Aircraft: Correlations Between Manufacturing Parameters and Alloys’ Properties" Heritage 7, no. 12: 6772-6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120313

APA Style

Duclos, A., Bernardi, E., Robbiola, L., Deshayes, C., de Souza Machado, L., Martini, C., Chiavari, C., Balbo, A., Escobar, C., Guilminot, E., Malard, B., & Brunet, M. (2024). Duralumin Alloys in World War II Heritage Aircraft: Correlations Between Manufacturing Parameters and Alloys’ Properties. Heritage, 7(12), 6772-6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120313

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