Integrating a Centrifugal Extraction and Pipeline Transportation System to Improve Efficiency in Shrimp Harvesting Management

Abstract

The integration of a centrifugal extraction and pipeline transportation system to improve efficiency in shrimp harvesting management into closed-pond aquaculture systems represents a significant advancement in aquaculture technology. This study introduces and assesses the efficiency of the shrimp harvester compared to manual harvesting methods, examining key parameters such as shrimp harvester quality, shrimp harvester loss rates, and shrimp harvester speed. A particularly noteworthy aspect is the innovative transportation of shrimp through a pipeline, which enhances the transformative potential of this technology. Results indicate that the centrifugal shrimp harvester outperforms manual methods, achieving an impressive yield rate of 3338 kg/h with a minimal loss rate of 0.01%; the trend values for harvester capacity ranged from 0.501 to 1.884 tons of shrimp per hour at 240 rpm, 2.391 to 3.081 tons per hour at 270 rpm, and 3.338 to 3.816 tons per hour at 300 rpm. While this technology shows promise for increasing productivity and minimizing shrimp damage, further investigation is needed to evaluate its economic viability, including operational costs and labor expenses. The study highlights the transformative potential of the centrifugal shrimp harvester and emphasizes the need for ongoing research to ensure its practical application in real-world aquaculture settings. Overall, the centrifugal shrimp harvester is poised to revolutionize shrimp harvesting practices, contributing to more sustainable and efficient aquaculture production.

1. Introduction

The global demand for shrimp has a significant impact on the aquaculture industry [1], where shrimp farming techniques are essential for meeting this need. The establishment of artificial ponds is a critical component in the cultivation of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [2]. These ponds create a controlled environment by utilizing recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) [3], which offer advantages such as reduced water consumption and improved disease management [4]. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is used to enhance resource efficiency and minimize disease risks by combining shrimp farming with other aquaculture practices, which have been evaluated for their environmental impact [5]. It is important to address potential environmental concerns related to shrimp farming, including water pollution, habitat disruption, and waste discharge [6]. This highlights the need for sustainable practices and further investigation into environmental challenges [7].

Managing disease outbreaks in shrimp farming presents formidable challenges. This segment delves into strategies for disease control, including the adoption of biosafety protocols, genetic selection, and vaccination [8]. The economic and social ramifications of shrimp farming are of utmost importance for ensuring sustainability. This relies on the adoption of responsible methods that encompass ethical food sourcing, effective waste management, and certification initiatives [9]. Furthermore, the economic advantages, employment prospects, and social effects linked to shrimp farming are explored in this section [10]. Shrimp farming plays a pivotal role in the aquaculture industry [11], especially in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in Asian countries, contributing significantly to economic growth and food security. This section underscores the importance of shrimp farming within ASEAN nations. The predominant method employed in shrimp farming is intensive aquaculture [12], widely adopted across ASEAN countries. Semi-intensive pond culture, characterized by moderate stocking density and partial reliance on natural productivity, emphasizes feed management and water quality control [13]. Another approach, expanded pond culture, prioritizes environmental sustainability in rural and coastal areas through low stocking density and minimal artificial inputs [14,15]. However, it is worth noting that shrimp farming does present environmental challenges, including water pollution, habitat disruption, and disease outbreaks. This section addresses these specific environmental challenges related to shrimp farming in ASEAN nations [16].

Government regulations are pivotal in the context of shrimp farming. This segment evaluates the policies and regulations related to shrimp farming in ASEAN countries, with a specific emphasis on initiatives for sustainable development and responsible aquaculture practices [17,18]. Finally, the article explores future directions for shrimp farming in ASEAN countries, highlighting emerging trends, technological advancements, research and development, and the significance of knowledge transfer and capacity building. The harvest of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in enclosed pond systems necessitates adherence to specific standards and regulations. A crucial measure involves reducing the water level to ensure worker safety during net entry. A specialized workforce of 19 individuals efficiently gathers white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at a rate of 1000 kg/h in the pond [19]. To alleviate stress and minimize impact during harvesting, ornamental white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, are immersed in water below 7 °C [20]. However, challenges persist, including potential shrimp injury during transportation to the sorting yard and the degradation of white shrimp quality according to established catch standards. This section also assesses the potential of centrifugal pump technology in shrimp harvesting, examining its impact on environmental advancements and sustainable practices [21].

Fish pumps have revolutionized the transportation of live fish by reducing handling and stress. Demonstrations have confirmed the effectiveness of fish pumps in maintaining fish welfare and decreasing energy consumption during transport [22,23,24,25]. Recent research emphasizes the optimization of fish pump systems to lessen environmental impact, as highlighted by Huang [26]. Effective shrimp transportation is crucial for preserving product quality, minimizing stress-induced mortalities and preventing economic losses. With the growing global demand for high-quality seafood, optimizing shrimp transportation methods has become essential. This section examines various shrimp transportation approaches [27], including traditional methods and modern practices such as tank systems with advanced oxygenation techniques and recirculating systems [28,29]. Despite these advancements, challenges like stress-induced mortality, susceptibility to disease, and physical damage continue to be issues in shrimp transportation [30]. The complex relationship between water quality, temperature variations, and handling practices emphasizes the need for a deep understanding of their effects on shrimp welfare [31]. Current research has led to progress in shrimp transportation technology, introducing innovative tank designs with real-time monitoring and automated adjustment features [32]. Investigations into new materials, additives, and transportation conditions aim to enhance shrimp resilience and reduce stress-related mortalities [33]. The exploration of environmentally friendly transportation methods further highlights the dynamic nature of this field.

Integrating a centrifugal extraction and pipeline transportation system into closed-pond aquaculture represents a significant advancement in aquaculture technology for improving efficiency in shrimp harvesting management. This study introduces and evaluates the efficiency of the shrimp harvester compared to manual harvesting methods, focusing on key parameters such as the quality of the shrimp harvester, loss rates, and harvesting speed.

2. Material and Methods

The research examines the efficiency of shrimp harvesters in comparison to manual harvesting methods. It analyzes key factors such as the quality of shrimp harvesters, their loss rates, and their speed. A particularly noteworthy feature is the innovative transportation of shrimp through a pipeline, which significantly enhances the potential of this technology.

2.1. Experimental Setup

The study explored the complexities of harvesting white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a commercial pond, comparing two distinct methods: the traditional netting technique and the innovative centrifugal approach. The research was conducted meticulously in the Praneet Subdistrict, Khao Saming District, Trat Province, Thailand (12.445239104012108° N, 102.33619210240366° E).

The investigation focused on harvesting white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a commercial pond using the centrifugal shrimp harvester as opposed to the traditional netting method. The study comprised several phases:

• Preparatory phase (traditional netting method):

  (a)

  Prepare the necessary equipment, including nets, baskets, and sorting mechanisms.

  (b)

  Establish the designated area for shrimp receiving and sorting, equipped with appropriate chilling facilities.

  (c)

  Organize an 18-member workforce divided into two teams to ensure efficient workflow.

• Preparatory phase (centrifugal shrimp harvester):

  (a)

  Arrange essential equipment, including pipelines, machinery for white shrimp harvesting, electrical systems, and connectors.

  (b)

  Set up the designated area for shrimp receiving and sorting, complete with freezing and sorting mechanisms.

  (c)

  Deploy an 18-member workforce organized into two teams to optimize workflow.

• Initiation of experimental process (both methods):

  (a)

  Activate the sluice gate to guide shrimp towards the central area of the pond.

  (b)

  Employ the respective harvesting method—traditional netting or centrifugal harvesting—to extract shrimp from the collection pool.

  (c)

  Convey shrimp through the harvesting process using the designated method.

• Shrimp separation and monitoring (both methods):

  (a)

  Implement a dedicated mechanism for shrimp separation to isolate shrimp from the water.

  (b)

  Vigilantly monitor shrimp enumeration and movement throughout the harvesting process.

• Operational procedure of the centrifugal shrimp harvester (centrifugal method):

  (a)

  Securely connect the suction pipe to both the shrimp pond and the harvested shrimp pipe.

  (b)

  Ensure that air valves are closed to prevent air ingress.

  (c)

  Connect the discharge pipe to the 360 m transportation pipe without any air leaks.

  (d)

  Ensure proper positioning and connections between all pipes to prevent airlocks.

  (e)

  Install the shrimp water separator at the sourcing yard and connect it to the transportation pipe.

  (f)

  Activate the vacuum pump to initiate the suction system for water.

  (g)

  Start the main motor at a constant speed of 120 revolutions per minute (RPM).

  (h)

  Utilize the vacuum pump as needed to eliminate air pockets and ensure continuous water flow.

  (i)

  Open the suction channel in the shrimp pond to facilitate harvesting.

  (j)

  Adjust the inlet pipe and impeller speed as required, maintaining a constant impeller speed of 270 RPM.

  (k)

  Connect the suction pipe directly to the outlet pipe of the water suction point in the middle of the shrimp pond.

  (l)

  Operate the harvester at a constant speed of 270 RPM.

• Monitoring and quality grading (both methods):

  (a)

  Observe the efficient operation of each shrimp harvesting method.

  (b)

  Monitor the progress and quality of harvested shrimp throughout the process.

  (c)

  Assess and grade the quality of harvested shrimp, ensuring that only the highest-quality specimens are collected.

• Evaluation and data collection (both methods):

  (a)

  Analyze potential shrimp damage resulting from the harvesting process.

  (b)

  Conduct precise weighing of harvested white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to record essential data for further analysis.

• Achieving successful harvesting (both methods):

  (a)

  Complete the shrimp harvesting process using the chosen method.

  (b)

  Record the total quantity of harvested white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, ensuring accurate measurement.

• Data analysis and conclusion (both methods):

  (a)

  Compare the efficiency and quality of shrimp harvested using the centrifugal shrimp harvester with those obtained through the traditional netting method.

  (b)

  Analyze data on shrimp liveliness, condition, size, weight, and quantity.

2.2. Measuring Tools and Equipment

This experiment used essential measuring tools and equipment, which include the following:

• Inverter: Mitsubishi Electric, Model FR-A840-22K-1, with serial number K08857001. The primary motor drive is a 22 kW, 6-pole induction motor, SF-JV type, manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric Automation (Thailand) with the serial number A16.
• Vacuum Pump: ENVA Liquid Ring, Model 1EN015-03, with serial number 2025450. This is accompanied by a Vacuum Motor: ABB Germany, Model M2BAX90SA2, with serial number 8G1020360777864001.
• Clamp Meter: Model FLUKE 325, with serial number 463198MV.
• Ultrasonic Flow Meter: Manufactured by IMARI, Model CLM-700, with serial number 200323-H-81979116, made in Japan (12.445239104012108N, 102.33619210240366E).

The measurements of dissolved oxygen and temperature were conducted using the OxyGuard Model Handy Polaris C/N 01e77c92150000, Probe 2833df0d050000.

This study investigates shrimp harvesting by comparing the innovative centrifugal shrimp harvester with the traditional netting method. It includes a comprehensive examination of equipment setup, operation, monitoring, and data analysis, offering valuable insights into advancements in shrimp harvesting practices within commercial aquaculture settings.

2.3. Hardware and System Configuration

The designated experimental shrimp pond measured approximately 46 m in both width and length, with an average depth ranging from 1.7 to 1.8 m. In this carefully designed aquatic environment, we cultivated a thriving population of around 250,000 white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Each shrimp had an average size distribution of 20 to 30 individuals per kilogram. The cultivation period for this shrimp population lasted 67 days, allowing for significant growth and development in line with our research objectives as depicted in Figure 1.

Central to the experimental setup was a specially engineered harvesting device for white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, inspired by the principles of a centrifugal pump. This purpose-built shrimp harvester measured 1744 mm in width, 2903 mm in length, and 1900 mm in height, as depicted in Figure 2. This innovative harvester was crucial in streamlining the shrimp collection process efficiently.

2.4. Design and Quality Assessment of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei

To assess the quality of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, a thorough examination of their physical condition is necessary, followed by classification based on specific criteria.

Classification of shrimp:

• Shrimp Number 1: These shrimp are lively and in overall good condition, with an average size of 20 pieces per kilogram.
• Shrimp Number 2: Similar to Shrimp Number 1, these shrimps also exhibit liveliness and good health, but they are slightly larger, averaging 30 pieces per kilogram.
• Shrimp Number 3: This category includes shrimp with a pale appearance and soft shells, indicating recent molting. Their shells have not fully hardened yet, making them vulnerable to damage. Insufficient calcium intake during the molting process can lead to wounds and weakened shell integrity. Newly molted shrimp may appear pale due to their soft shells, which are more susceptible to damage from strong impacts caused by interactions with other shrimp or equipment in a water-pumping pond.
• Shrimp Number 4: These shrimp may show signs of damage, such as broken necks, heads, and red bodies, which can occur during the harvesting process.

Injuries often result from trampling, dragging, or bumping during transfers between tanks, as depicted in Figure 3. To handle these delicate shrimps without causing further harm, it is essential to use a sludge suction machine.

By evaluating the physical condition of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and categorizing them accordingly, it is possible to implement quality control measures that ensure the overall quality and integrity of the harvested shrimp. This assessment helps identify potential vulnerabilities and damage causes, allowing for the adoption of appropriate handling practices to minimize adverse effects.

2.5. Shrimp Harvester Machine Using Centrifugal Technique

A specialized white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, harvester was developed to facilitate the efficient harvesting of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, drawing inspiration from the principles of a centrifugal pump. The harvester had dimensions of 1744 mm in width, 2903 mm in length, and 1900 mm in height. It consisted of several essential components, including a stainless-steel structure, the pump housing, the main motor, a 22-kilowatt unit that provided power to the machine through a belt drive transmission system, and a vacuum pump powered by a 1.5-kilowatt motor. Additionally, an electric control unit was integrated to manage the operation of the white shrimp harvester’s electrical system. This control unit included a speed control set and an inverter, allowing for the precise regulation of water volume and propeller velocity.

2.5.1. Centrifugal Force in a Bladeless Shrimp Harvester Design

This study investigates the sludge retention capacity of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, ponds while considering the impact of aerator placement layout on the water surface. By comprehending and optimizing these factors, the overall efficiency of shrimp harvesting can be significantly improved. The primary objective of this research centers on the conceptualization and explanation of the centrifugal force phenomenon in a bladeless shrimp harvester.

A fundamental understanding of centrifugal force is crucial for a complete grasp of this concept, as defined in the following:

$$H={\displaystyle \frac{\left(P_{dis}-P_{su}\right)}{\rho g}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\left(V_{dis}^2-V_{su}^2\right)}{2g}}+Z_{dis}-Z_{su}$$

(1)

where H = pump head; $P_{dis}$ = pressure at the discharge; $P_{su}$ = pressure at the suction; $\rho$ = fluid density; $g$ = acceleration due to gravity; $V_{dis}$ = velocity at the discharge; $V_{su}$ = velocity at the suction; $Z_{dis}$ = elevation at the discharge; $Z_{su}$ = elevation at the suction.

Similarly, in the context of turbines, the formula representing the power output of a turbine is expressed as follows:

$$P_{out}=\dot{m}·H·{\eta }_{turb}$$

(2)

where $P_{out}$ = turbine power output; $\dot{m}$ = mass flow rate; $H$ = head developed by the turbine; ${\eta }_{turb}$ = turbine efficiency.

Enhancing the stability, efficiency, and operational lifespan of centrifugal pumps is essential to achieve higher energy efficiency and align with global carbon neutrality objectives [34,35]. Substantial research endeavors have been dedicated to exploring the relationship between energy dissipation and entropy generation in fluid machinery, providing valuable insights into pump performance optimization [36,37].

2.5.2. Exploration and Development of the Centrifugal Shrimp Harvester Prototype

Previous scholarly endeavors involved an in-depth exploration of the design aspects of the centrifugal harvester. An important revelation emerged during this investigation, emphasizing the potential of using a finless propeller in this design. This developmental process followed a pathway guided by the principles of centrifugal force and involved systematic simulations. These efforts generated nuanced values represented graphically with further details explained in our narrative. Central to this exploration is the impeller for the centrifugal shrimp harvester, a pivotal component that orchestrates the system’s operation and ensures its seamless functionality.

The impeller-based harvester operates on the principles of a centrifugal pump. A finless centrifugal pump design functions at a controlled speed of 270 RPM, ensuring shrimp safety. It applies a calculated pressure of 157,864 Pa and a flow rate of 657 m³/h. These parameters facilitate shrimp movement within the harvester while minimizing stress.

2.5.3. Shrimp Condition Transfer via Piping System

The pipeline transportation of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, represents an innovative experimental system that has not been previously attempted, primarily due to concerns among shrimp farmers regarding the dissolved oxygen levels in the water during transportation, which could potentially lead to shrimp mortality. It is of utmost importance to maintain a stable temperature throughout the transportation process to prevent any potential harm to the shrimp caused by rapid temperature changes. Moreover, the duration of delivery through the pipeline system also significantly impacts the quality of the shrimp. Consequently, this experiment aims to assess the practical efficiency of the shrimp harvester in handling large quantities of shrimp in comparison to the manual harvesting conducted by workers. The study examines various variables, including dissolved oxygen levels at the inlet and outlet of the tubes, inlet and outlet water temperature, the quality of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, shrimp harvest rate, water flow rate, and shrimp biomass per water volume.

2.6. Operation of the Centrifugal Shrimp Harvester: Shrimp Transfer via a 360 m Pipeline

The initiation of the experimental protocol entails a preparatory phase that involves arranging essential equipment, including pipelines, machinery for white shrimp harvesting, electrical systems, and various connectors. The designated area for shrimp reception and sorting is equipped with functional freezing and sorting mechanisms and is staffed by a well-coordinated workforce. For this purpose, a team of 18 personnel is deployed and organized into two operative groups to enhance workflow efficiency.

The initial step involves activating the sluice gate to guide shrimp movement towards the central section of the pond, effectively gathering them at a designated external collection point. Subsequently, the white shrimp harvesting apparatus is set into motion, facilitating the extraction of shrimp from the external collection pool. These harvested shrimps are then conveyed through a conduit spanning a distance of 360 m using the harvesting machine. Upon reaching the designated endpoint, a dedicated mechanism is deployed to separate the shrimp from the surrounding aquatic environment. The hydrodynamic flow directs water towards the machine’s base while the shrimp collect at the front of the shrimp reservoir. Throughout this sequential progression, meticulous monitoring of shrimp enumeration remains essential.

The operational framework of the centrifugal shrimp harvester is implemented following a detailed procedural plan, incorporating a well-coordinated sequence of steps designed to effectively acquire white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, from commercial aquaculture enclosures. This innovative technological advancement aims to reshape shrimp harvesting methods, providing a systematic and structured approach for optimal results. This initiative marks an initial exploration within genuine commercial pond settings, concentrating on white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, specimens with an average size ranging from 20 to 30 shrimp per kilogram.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Traditional Shrimp Harvesting Using Netting Method

The evaluation of shrimp quality using the conventional netting harvesting method provides valuable insights into the attributes and overall condition of the harvested shrimp. This assessment is based on specific parameters that offer a comprehensive understanding of how the netting method impacts shrimp liveliness, condition, size, weight, and overall quality.

The results indicate that a significant majority of the harvested shrimp, specifically 78.47% (Shrimp No. 1), exhibited high liveliness and good overall condition, as shown in

Table 1. Shrimp quality report by shrimp number and condition with traditional harvesting using the netting method and the utilization of a harvester machine with 360 m transportation by pipe.

Shrimp Number	Liveliness	Condition	Size (Pieces/kg)	Reason	Traditional Netting Method			Shrimp Harvester Machine with 360 m Transportation by Pipe
					Shrimp Weight (kg)	Shrimp Quantity (Pieces)	Percent (%)	Shrimp Weight (kg)	Shrimp Quantity (Pieces)	Percent (%)
1	High	Good	20	Shrimp exhibiting high liveliness and good overall condition.	3532.17	70,643.4	78.47	2897.05	57,940	81.66
2	High	Good	30	Shrimp displaying high liveliness and good overall condition.	462.80	13,884.00	15.42	399.42	11,983	16.88
3	Moderate	Soft-shelled	25	Shrimp showing moderate liveliness with soft-shelled condition due to recent molting; harvesting method induces stress and disturbance in shrimp	122.23	3055.75	3.39	41.2	1029	1.45
4	Low	Damaged	25	Shrimp with low liveliness and damaged condition, potentially due to harvesting methods.	97.80	2445.00	2.72	0.337	9	0.01
Total					4215.00	90,028.15	100.00	3338	70,962	100.00
Total harvesting time					253 min			60 min

. This finding highlights the effectiveness of the traditional netting method in maintaining the quality of a substantial portion of the harvested shrimp.

Additionally, 15.42% of the harvested shrimp are shrimp of smaller size (Shrimp No. 2) which displayed high liveliness along with good overall condition, further demonstrating the method’s ability to yield shrimp of satisfactory quality. However, a smaller fraction, amounting to 3.39% (Shrimp No. 3), exhibited moderate liveliness and a soft-shelled condition, which was attributed to recent molting. This suggests that the harvesting method may have induced some stress and disturbance on these specimens.

Furthermore, a minor segment of the harvested shrimp, comprising 2.72% (Shrimp No. 4) of the total, showed low liveliness and a damaged condition. This observation raises concerns about the potential adverse effects of the netting method on shrimp well-being [3,4,5,6].

In total, 4215 shrimp were harvested through the traditional netting method, resulting in a combined weight of 90,028.15 kg. The harvesting process was completed in approximately 253 min, as depicted in Table 1.

3.2. Operational Aspects of the Centrifugal Shrimp Harvester

During the centrifugal harvesting and transportation process, the operation of the centrifugal shrimp harvester was marked by precise control over various critical parameters in accordance with

Table 2. Physical parameter settings for local pond geometry and components.

No.	Pond Geometry and Components	Parameters
1	Fluid properties:
	Density, kg/m3	999.79
	Viscosity, Pa·s	0.0017912
	Thermal conductivity, W/(m·K)	0.56104
	Specific heat, J/(kg·K)	4219.90
2	Condition of aerators:
	Inlet velocity, cm/s	38
	Temperature, K	273.16
	Environment pressure, kPa	101.32
3	Summary of the comparative analysis:
	Pump flow rate, ft3/min	31.38
	Selected target filling levels, ft3	2075
	Total pumping duration, min	36.92
	Total electricity consumption, kWhr	2.52
4	Technical Specification:
	Inlet size, mm	250
	Outlet size	250
	Max. Pump output, m3/h	750
	Max. Pump head (TDH), m	9
	Max. Pump suction, m	3
	Power Pump, Hp	30
	Vacuum Pump, Hp	2

. The harvester, maintaining a consistent impeller speed of 300 RPM, demonstrated its efficiency in extracting white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, from the cultivation pond. Moreover, it exhibited a biomass density of 8.345 kg of shrimp per unit of water volume and a harvesting capacity of 3.338 tons per hour, underscoring its suitability for large-scale shrimp procurement. The preservation of controlled water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels throughout the transportation system further facilitated the unhindered movement of shrimp through the pipeline, with conditions transitioning gradually from the initial point (29.6 °C and 6.11 ppm) to the final point (31.2 °C and 5.2 ppm) [19,21,22], as depicted in Figure 4.

3.3. Shrimp Quality Assessment Using the Centrifugal Shrimp Harvester

The evaluation of shrimp quality following the centrifugal harvesting and transportation process constituted a crucial component of the study. The assessment involved a total of 70,962 pieces of shrimp, as shown in

Table 3. Parameters at the initial and final points of shrimp transfer through a 360 m pipe.

Items	Initial Point	Final Point
Shrimp quantity (kg)	3338	3338
Shrimp size (pieces/kg)	20–30	20–30
Temperature (°C)	29.60	31.20
Dissolved oxygen (ppm)	6.11	5.20
Flow rate (m3/h)	400	400
Transfer time (h)	7:00 AM	8:00 AM
Impeller speed (rpm)	300	300
Biomass density (kg/m3)	8.345	8.345
Harvester capacity (tons shrimp/h)	3.338	3.338

, and revealed distinct categorizations based on liveliness, condition, size, and shrimp weight. The majority of the harvested shrimp, making up 81.66% (57,940 pieces of shrimp) of the total, exhibited high liveliness and good overall condition. Another category, representing 16.88% (11,983 pieces of shrimp) of the total, consisted of shrimp with high liveliness and larger size. A smaller fraction, amounting to 1.45% (1029 pieces of shrimp) of the total, displayed moderate liveliness with a soft-shelled condition attributed to recent molting. A minor proportion, approximately 0.01% (9 pieces of shrimp) of the total, as illustrated in Figure 5, displayed low liveliness and damage, potentially due to harvesting methods. The strong performance of the centrifugal shrimp harvester in maintaining high liveliness and good condition for the majority of harvested shrimp underscores its effectiveness in preserving shrimp quality throughout the harvesting and transportation process [7,8,26,28].

3.4. The Relationship Between Shrimp Catching Capacity, Flow Rate, Total Weight of Damaged Shrimp, and Electricity Consumption

When catching shrimp in each pond, the shrimp were immediately frozen in the cold room without re-testing. This method was implemented to prevent stress and molting in the shrimp, which could lead to poor quality and substandard results, as indicated by the test results shown in

Table 4. The standard deviation (± SD) correlation between shrimp quality assessment using the various speeds of the centrifugal shrimp harvester.

Motor Speed (rpm)	Experimental Pond 1				Experimental Pond 2				Experimental Pond 3
	Harvester Capacity (Tons Shrimp/h)	Total Flow Rate (m3/h)	Total Weight of Damaged Shrimps (kg)	Total Electricity Consumption (kW·h)	Harvester Capacity (Tons Shrimp/h)	Total Flow Rate (m3/h)	Total Weight of Damaged Shrimps (kg)	Total Electricity Consumption (kW·h)	Harvester Capacity (Tons Shrimp/h)	Total Flow Rate (m3/h)	Total Weight of Damaged Shrimps (kg)	Total Electricity Consumption (kW·h)
240	0.501 ± 0.001	138 ± 1	0.051 ± 0.001	2.02 ± 0.01	1.884 ± 0.001	519 ± 1	0.063 ± 0.001	2.48 ± 0.02	0.783 ± 0.002	216 ± 1	0.089 ± 0.001	3.16 ± 0.03
270	2.391 ± 0.003	657 ± 2	0.238 ± 0.001	2.27 ± 0.02	3.081 ± 0.002	849 ± 2	0.103 ± 0.001	4.07 ± 0.02	2.806 ± 0.001	774 ± 1	0.776 ± 0.002	3.71 ± 0.01
300	3.338 ± 0.002	921 ± 4	0.334 ± 0.002	2.52 ± 0.02	3.816 ± 0.002	1053 ± 2	0.668 ± 0.001	5.04 ± 0.02	3.627 ± 0.002	1001 ± 1	1.002 ± 0.002	4.79 ± 0.03

. It was also observed that the relationship between the water temperature in the tested ponds (Experimental Ponds 1, 2, and 3) and the pond size showed significant changes over time before the results were collected, as illustrated in Figure 6.

In investigating the relationship between harvester capacity and motor speed, results from Experimental Ponds 1, 2, and 3 showed that as motor speed increased—from 240 rpm to 270 rpm and finally to 300 rpm—the harvester capacities also increased. Specifically, the trend values for harvester capacity ranged from 0.501 to 1.884 tons of shrimp per hour at 240 rpm, 2.391 to 3.081 tons per hour at 270 rpm, and 3.338 to 3.816 tons per hour at 300 rpm [28,32], as illustrated in Figure 7.

When analyzing the relationship between total flow rate and motor speed at Experimental Ponds 1, 2, and 3, starting speeds of 240 rpm, 270 rpm, and 300 rpm were used, respectively. It was observed that total flow rates increased with higher motor speeds. Specifically, flow rates ranged from 138 to 519 m³/h at 240 rpm, 657 to 849 m³/h at 270 rpm, and 921 to 1053 m³/h at 300 rpm [18,26], as illustrated in Figure 8.

Furthermore, when considering the relationship between the total weight of damaged shrimp and motor speed at Experimental Ponds 1, 2, and 3—also starting at 240 rpm, 270 rpm, and 300 rpm—it was found that increasing motor speeds resulted in higher weights of damaged shrimp. The weights recorded were 0.051 to 0.089 kg at 240 rpm, 0.238 to 0.776 kg at 270 rpm, and 0.334 to 1.002 kg at 300 rpm. Notably, Experimental Ponds 2 and 3 exhibited higher total weights of damaged shrimp compared to Pond 1 [26,27,33], as shown in Figure 9.

Finally, when examining the relationship between total electricity consumption and motor speed, starting from 240 rpm, 270 rpm, and 300 rpm at Experimental Ponds 1, 2, and 3, it was found that increased motor speeds affected total electricity consumption. The consumption rates were between 2.02 to 3.16 kWhr at 240 rpm, 2.27 to 4.07 kWhr at 270 rpm, and 2.52 to 5.04 kWhr at 300 rpm. Similar to the previous analysis, Experimental Ponds 2 and 3 had higher consumption rates than Pond 1 [24,26], as illustrated in Figure 10.

3.5. Discussions

3.5.1. The Algorithm’s Structure, Parameters, or Decision-Making Process

Thailand, like many countries in Asia and around the world, has been significantly affected by the outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), which has severely impacted the shrimp industry. This situation has led to a dramatic decline in production capacity, reaching an all-time low in 2015. By 2021, the export volume had plummeted by 62.9%, falling from 200,438 tons per year to just 74,324 tons. Currently, there is no method available to completely prevent the outbreak of EMS. Although various measures, such as changing clothes and disinfecting equipment, can help eliminate pathogens, fully preventing EMS remains impossible [7,8,14].

This research presents the development of a shrimp harvesting system utilizing centrifugal pump techniques, which offers an effective solution for the industry. The process is designed for both open- and closed-pond farming, commonly practiced in Thailand and other Asian countries. The tested shrimp were sized at 80 to 20 pieces per kilogram, which is a standard size in both domestic and international markets. The shrimp-catching experiment was conducted on a real shrimp farm, focusing on harvesting the appropriate amount while either catching or closing the pond, ensuring alignment with actual market demands [12,13].

The results of the study provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and quality of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, harvesting methods. The following discussion will explore the implications and significance of these findings.

-

Improved shrimp quality:

The centrifugal shrimp harvester demonstrates an exceptional ability to maintain the liveliness and overall condition of the shrimp. This reduces stress and damage during harvesting, resulting in improved shrimp quality and increased market value [20,24].

-

Reduced damage:

The significant decrease in shrimp damage associated with the centrifugal shrimp harvester highlights its gentle and non-invasive approach. This method stands in stark contrast to the physically demanding and potentially harmful traditional netting technique. The reduction in damage supports sustainable aquaculture principles [27,29].

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Enhanced efficiency and labor utilization:

Although the harvester yields fewer shrimp, its remarkable efficiency significantly reduces the harvesting time from 253 min (using the traditional method) to just 60 min. This optimization not only improves labor utilization but also accelerates processing and lowers operational costs [13,32]. The traditional method of shrimp harvesting requires approximately nineteen workers and has a harvest capacity of about 500 kg per hour. This results in higher labor costs due to the large number of workers needed. In contrast, the centrifugal pumping technique only requires four workers and has a harvest capacity of 1000 kg per hour. This leads to a significant reduction in labor costs. The cost-effectiveness of the centrifugal pumping technique highlights its potential economic advantages for shrimp farms.

3.5.2. Shrimp Quality and the Impact of Different Harvesting Methods

The experimental investigation evaluated the efficiency and quality of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, harvesting using the centrifugal shrimp harvester in comparison to the traditional netting method. The study assessed various factors, such as shrimp vitality, overall condition, size, weight, quantity, and potential damage.

Shrimp quality assessment

The centrifugal shrimp harvester demonstrated exceptional performance in maintaining the liveliness and overall condition of the harvested shrimp. The shrimp collected using this harvester exhibited higher liveliness and better overall condition compared to those harvested through the traditional netting method. The quality assessment revealed that the harvester achieved an 81.66% yield of high-liveliness, good-condition shrimp, surpassing the traditional method’s yield of 78.46% [28,32].

Shrimp size, weight, and quantity

Shrimp size classification remained consistent between the two methods, with an average size of 20 pieces per kilogram. In terms of weight, the harvester collected 3338 kg of shrimp per hour, while the traditional method yielded only 1000 kg per hour. Despite harvesting fewer shrimp overall, the harvester consistently delivered higher quality shrimp [24,34].

Damage assessment

The evaluation of shrimp damage clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the centrifugal shrimp harvester in minimizing damage, which was only 0.01%, compared to a damage rate of 2.72% for the traditional netting method. This distinction underscores the harvester’s capability of reducing stress and damage during the harvesting process [30,35].

4. Conclusions

The results indicate that this innovative approach exceeds traditional manual methods in shrimp quality, operational efficiency, and damage reduction. A thorough analysis of shrimp condition, size, weight, and liveliness shows that the harvester upholds a high standard of shrimp health and overall well-being, which has promising implications for both sustainable aquaculture practices and the enhancement of market value. The significant reduction in shrimp damage observed with the centrifugal shrimp harvester demonstrates its ability to reduce stress and physical harm during the harvesting process. This advantage not only aligns with the principles of ethical and responsible aquaculture but also offers potential economic benefits through improved product quality and decreased post-harvest losses.

The findings of this study have implications that reach far beyond the harvesting of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The successful implementation of the harvester demonstrates the potential of technological innovation to address critical challenges in aquaculture, including sustainability, efficiency, and product quality. This research lays a foundation for future investigations, paving the way for further exploration into the integration of advanced technologies in aquaculture practices. As the aquaculture industry strives for responsible growth and sustainability, the centrifugal shrimp harvester stands out as an impressive advancement. Its ability to maintain high shrimp quality, reduce damage, and increase operational efficiency aligns with the industry’s evolving priorities. By combining innovation, scientific rigor, and practical application, this study contributes to a more robust and forward-thinking aquaculture sector that embraces technology for the benefit of both the industry and the environment.

Looking ahead, it is clear that the centrifugal shrimp harvester represents a transformative force in aquaculture, with the potential to revolutionize not only shrimp harvesting but also the broader landscape of sustainable seafood production. The successful integration of this technology illustrates the impact of scientific exploration and innovation in creating a more sustainable and prosperous future for aquaculture.