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Article

Optimizing Soybean Crop Performance through the Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers: A Study on Alkaline Soil in Afghanistan

by
Abdul Basir Turabi
1,
Safiullah Habibi
2,*,
Kifayatullah Kakar
3,
Shafiqullah Aryan
3,
Mohammad Daud Haidari
4 and
Sabqatullah Alipour
5
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Wardak University, Wardak 1303, Afghanistan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
4
Department of Soil Science and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Kabul 1001, Afghanistan
5
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ghazni University, Ghazni 2301, Afghanistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crops 2024, 4(1), 82-94; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010007
Submission received: 23 January 2024 / Revised: 28 February 2024 / Accepted: 1 March 2024 / Published: 7 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Nutrients, 2nd Volume)

Abstract

The excess application of chemical fertilizer contributes to environmental pollution. Therefore, this study aims to explore the integrated use of animal manure and chemical fertilizer to identify a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to nitrogen fertilizer. Two experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at Kabul University, Afghanistan, using an LD04-13265 soybean variety. The integration of animal manure and chemical fertilizer was categorized into six treatments: (1) control (no fertilizer), (2) animal manure low dose (AMLD), (3) animal manure high dose (AMHD), (4) chemical fertilizer (CF), (5) CF 50% + AMLD, and (6) CF 75% + AMLD. The results revealed that AMHD and its integration with 75% chemical fertilizer greatly influenced the vegetative growth of soybean plants in experiments I and II. The number of pods per plant and pod length significantly (p < 0.05) increased under the CF 75% + AMLD treatment. In experiment I, soybean yield increased the most with the CF treatment, followed by CF 75% + AMLD. In contrast, in experiment II, the highest yield per hectare was observed in the CF 75% + AMLD treatment, followed by CF. The CF 75% + AMLD treatment significantly increased the SPAD value in both experiments. Consequently, a strong relationship was observed between the SPAD value and yield (r = 0.74) in experiment I and between SPAD and pod length (r = 0.82) in experiment II. Incorporating animal manure with chemical fertilizer significantly impacted soybean growth and yield, offering a potential possibility for reducing reliance on nitrogen fertilizer application to mitigate environmental pollution.
Keywords: animal manure; nitrogen fertilizer; soybean; SPAD value; yield animal manure; nitrogen fertilizer; soybean; SPAD value; yield

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MDPI and ACS Style

Turabi, A.B.; Habibi, S.; Kakar, K.; Aryan, S.; Haidari, M.D.; Alipour, S. Optimizing Soybean Crop Performance through the Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers: A Study on Alkaline Soil in Afghanistan. Crops 2024, 4, 82-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010007

AMA Style

Turabi AB, Habibi S, Kakar K, Aryan S, Haidari MD, Alipour S. Optimizing Soybean Crop Performance through the Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers: A Study on Alkaline Soil in Afghanistan. Crops. 2024; 4(1):82-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Turabi, Abdul Basir, Safiullah Habibi, Kifayatullah Kakar, Shafiqullah Aryan, Mohammad Daud Haidari, and Sabqatullah Alipour. 2024. "Optimizing Soybean Crop Performance through the Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers: A Study on Alkaline Soil in Afghanistan" Crops 4, no. 1: 82-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010007

APA Style

Turabi, A. B., Habibi, S., Kakar, K., Aryan, S., Haidari, M. D., & Alipour, S. (2024). Optimizing Soybean Crop Performance through the Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers: A Study on Alkaline Soil in Afghanistan. Crops, 4(1), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010007

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