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Int. J. Transl. Med., Volume 4, Issue 3 (September 2024) – 2 articles

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17 pages, 1295 KiB  
Review
Future Therapeutics: Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway to Manage Diabetic Retinopathy Development and Progression
by Charisse Y. J. Kuo, Ilva D. Rupenthal, Rinki Murphy and Odunayo O. Mugisho
Int. J. Transl. Med. 2024, 4(3), 402-418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm4030027 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 382
Abstract
While existing local therapies partially restore vision loss from diabetic retinopathy (DR), there is currently no reliable treatment to prevent the onset or stop the progression of the disease. This review seeks to explore the inflammatory molecular mechanisms underpinning DR pathogenesis, which have [...] Read more.
While existing local therapies partially restore vision loss from diabetic retinopathy (DR), there is currently no reliable treatment to prevent the onset or stop the progression of the disease. This review seeks to explore the inflammatory molecular mechanisms underpinning DR pathogenesis, which have not been targeted by current interventions. Specifically, this review explores the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in DR onset and progression. Evidence through clinical trials has begun to note that specific drugs (fenofibrate, metformin) appear effective in slowing DR progression independent of lipid or glucose-lowering, respectively, suggesting that other mechanisms are at play. Novel therapeutics that inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway may provide a novel treatment for halting DR progression. Full article
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15 pages, 1467 KiB  
Review
Current Practice in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Localized Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
by Zachary Lee, Divya Mohanraj, Abraham Sachs, Madhavi Kambam and Sandra DiBrito
Int. J. Transl. Med. 2024, 4(3), 387-401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm4030026 - 21 Jun 2024
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Abstract
Gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare, neuroectodermal tumors primarily residing in the stomach with characteristic genetic mutations. They are often identified using ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging, or they are noted during endoscopy. Localized gastric GISTs are commonly treated with surgical resection, with [...] Read more.
Gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare, neuroectodermal tumors primarily residing in the stomach with characteristic genetic mutations. They are often identified using ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging, or they are noted during endoscopy. Localized gastric GISTs are commonly treated with surgical resection, with the possible use of neoadjuvant or adjuvant medical therapies as they are considered to have malignant potential. The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as imatinib has been shown to successfully reduce pre-operative tumor burden, recurrence, and disease progression. Surgical resection considerations vary depending on tumor size, location, and malignant potential. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant TKI therapy dosing varies in response to the type of GIST mutation present and greatly influences prognosis. Novel cooperative minimally invasive surgical techniques and targeted therapies are currently in development to address challenges in GIST treatment for tumors in challenging locations or with significant potential for progression. The management of localized gastric GISTs continues to rapidly evolve; each case should be managed individually, where care is taken in considering details, including tumor location, tumor size, and the molecular genetic profile, before embarking on a course of treatment. Full article
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