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16 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Humic Acid Improves Plant Yield, Antimicrobial Activity and Essential Oil Composition of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart)

by Zehra Aytaç, Aysel Gülbandılar and Mine Kürkçüoğlu

Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2086; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092086 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2573

Abstract

The effects of humic acid on plant yield, essential oil content, the composition of essential oil and the antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) (cv. Tinmaz) cultivated in 2017 and 2018 under Eskisehir ecological conditions were evaluated. Three humic acid [...] Read more.

The effects of humic acid on plant yield, essential oil content, the composition of essential oil and the antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) (cv. Tinmaz) cultivated in 2017 and 2018 under Eskisehir ecological conditions were evaluated. Three humic acid (HA) doses in response to 50.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 50), 30.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 30) and 0.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 0, as control) were applied to soil at the vegetative stage and beginning of the blooming stage of the plant throughout each harvest in both years. Essential oil composition was determined using GC-FID/GC-MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activity were determined by the well-diffusion method. Fresh herb yield, dry herb yield and dry leaf yield were highest at HA 50 both years, although essential oil content increased in 2017 at both HA 50 and HA 30, but was greatest at HA 50 in the second year. The essential oil content differences between the control dose and 50.0 L HA ha⁻¹ were 0.46% and 0.42% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil samples against two bacteria species (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two yeast species (Candida albicans and Candida parapisilosis) was generally higher than that of the control drugs, and the activity increased with increasing HA doses. Analysis of the essential oil components showed that the carvacrol and γ-Terpinene ratios generally increased as the HA doses increased to 50.0 L HA ha⁻¹. Soil HA applications could be recommended for higher quality, plant yield and antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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10 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Lactate Increases Productivity and Quality of Baby Leaf Red Perilla

by Piotr Salachna and Łukasz Łopusiewicz

Agronomy 2022, 12(5), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051182 - 14 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3110

Abstract

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spicy culinary herb leafy vegetable as well as medicinal and ornamental plant. However, little is known about protocols for baby leaf perilla production. Native chitosan is a well-known biostimulant [...] Read more.

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spicy culinary herb leafy vegetable as well as medicinal and ornamental plant. However, little is known about protocols for baby leaf perilla production. Native chitosan is a well-known biostimulant used in crop plant production. Nevertheless, the influence of water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOL) on plant growth and bioactive compounds content remains unknown. The present pot experiment determines the effects of ChOL (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) on growth and selected biochemical characteristics of baby leaf red perilla. Compared to the untreated plants, ChOL application at 50 and 100 mg/L increased plant height (by 14.6% and 13.2%), the fresh weight of the above-ground part of plants (by 17.1% and 26.7%), leaves (by 21.8% and 35.5%) and roots (by 52.2%). The levels of total reducing sugars, polyphenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in perilla leaves were significantly higher in all plants treated with ChOL at all tested concentrations. This was confirmed by macromolecules (FT-IR) studies showing higher band intensity for key functional groups in leaf samples. The application of ChOL also enhanced the antioxidant activity by using DPPH, ABTS and O₂⁻ radical scavenging activity assays. Based on the research, results suggested that ChOL may be used an effective plant biostimulant for high quality production of baby leaf red perilla. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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20 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Foliar Fertilizers Beneficial to Growth and Yield of Wild Lowbush Blueberries?

by Rafa Tasnim, Lily Calderwood, Brogan Tooley, Lu Wang and Yong-Jiang Zhang

Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020470 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3295

Abstract

Wild lowbush blueberry is an economically and culturally important crop in North America. Different fertilizer companies have been advertising their foliar fertilizer products to the wild blueberry growers, claiming better growth and production of this crop with no scientific proof. Although foliar fertilization [...] Read more.

Wild lowbush blueberry is an economically and culturally important crop in North America. Different fertilizer companies have been advertising their foliar fertilizer products to the wild blueberry growers, claiming better growth and production of this crop with no scientific proof. Although foliar fertilization has shown to be efficient for delivering micronutrients in deficit for different crops by reducing soil activation and environmental contamination, limited research has been done in wild blueberries. It is still unknown how foliar fertilizers affect the physiology, growth, and yield of this crop. Therefore, we tested the impacts of seven foliar treatments containing macro- and micro-nutrients and plant hormones (Seacrop16, Salvador, Agro-Phos applied in 2019 and Kali-T, Nano-Gro, Poma, Poma + Nanocellulose applied in 2020) on this crop for one crop cycle from vegetative year (2019) to crop year (2020). We tested these products against the standard soil-applied granular fertilizer called Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and control (no fertilizer) in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates in a conventional wild blueberry field in Maine, USA. In 2019, no significant differences across the applied treatments were observed in crop physiology and growth except in leaf chlorophyll concentration. In 2020, there was significantly higher leaf chlorophyll concentration in SeaCrop16 and Poma+Nanocellulose plots, but significantly lower photosynthetic rates in DAP and SeaCrop16 treated plots compared to the control. Meanwhile, no significant differences in plant height, leaf characteristics, or blueberry yield were found among the treatments. Overall, mobile nutrients (N, P, K) from soil applied fertilizers and foliar fertilizers containing other immobile nutrients (Ca) and/or plant hormones might benefit crop growth, but the impact on yield is limited. We also reveal that the wild blueberry physiological and morphological traits and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year are more related to the crop yield than those traits in the crop year. This implies that a combination of wild blueberry physiology, morphology, and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year largely impact their yield in the following crop year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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14 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Commercial Seaweed Extract and Microbial Biostimulant on Growth, Yield, Phytochemical Content, and Nutritional Quality of Five Abelmoschus esculentus Genotypes

by Adeyemi O. Aremu, Gugulethu Makhaye, Samson Zeray Tesfay, Abe Shegro Gerrano, Christian P. Du Plooy and Stephen O. Amoo

Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020428 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

Biostimulant application during the cultivation of underutilized crops is an environmental-friendly approach for their production and utilization to promote food security and human health. This study investigated the effect of two commercial biostimulants (a seaweed-based extract, Kelpak^® (1:100, 1:40, and 1:20, dilutions), [...] Read more.

Biostimulant application during the cultivation of underutilized crops is an environmental-friendly approach for their production and utilization to promote food security and human health. This study investigated the effect of two commercial biostimulants (a seaweed-based extract, Kelpak^® (1:100, 1:40, and 1:20, dilutions), and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15, dilutions)) on the growth, yield, phytochemical content, and nutritional quality of five selected Abelmoschus esculentus genotypes. Biostimulant application significantly influenced vegetative growth and yield in a dose-dependent manner. Plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, number of pods, and total pod fresh and dry weights increased with a decrease in dilution of the biostimulants. The application of PGPR (1:5) significantly promoted both the vegetative growth (plant height, chlorophyll content, and stem diameter) and yield (number of pods, total fresh weight, and total dry weight) when compared to the control (untreated plants) and other biostimulant dilutions. Genotype and biostimulant application had an interactive effect on all the phytochemical (total phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins) and nutritional (β-carotene, vitamin C, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc) qualities evaluated. This study demonstrated the differential effect of biostimulant application on A. esculentus genotypes. These biostimulants can be used to enhance growth, yield, biochemical, and nutritional contents of underutilised crops such as A. esculentus, depending on the crop genotype, in order to improve crop productivity and combat food insecurity especially in food insecure communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

13 pages, 7931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Flowering Characteristics of Oncidium Gower Ramsey Varieties under Various Fertilizer Management Treatments in Response to Light Intensities

by Chia-Man Chang, Kuan-Hung Lin, Meng-Yuan Huang, Chung-I Chen, Mei-Li Hsueh, Ching-Wen Wang and Kai-Wen Yeh

Agronomy 2021, 11(12), 2549; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122549 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Oncidium are grown worldwide and play important economic roles. The objective of this study was to investigate the pseudobulb growth and flowering characteristics of the two Oncidesa Gower Ramsey cultivars, ‘Honey Angel (HA)’ and ‘Golden Star (GS)’, cultivated under 3 kinds of fertilizer [...] Read more.

Oncidium are grown worldwide and play important economic roles. The objective of this study was to investigate the pseudobulb growth and flowering characteristics of the two Oncidesa Gower Ramsey cultivars, ‘Honey Angel (HA)’ and ‘Golden Star (GS)’, cultivated under 3 kinds of fertilizer treatments in response to 40% light intensity (LI-40) and 30% light intensity (LI-30, as control) photosynthetic photon flux density over a 5-month period. The conventional-fertilizer (CF) treatment, as a control, consisted of a liquid manure solution of N:K = 1:1.12, mixed with 7.8% N, 0.8% P₂O₅, 0.3% K₂O, and 57.3% of organic matter that was foliage-applied to plants twice weekly. The stage-fertilizer (SF) treatment consisted of N:P:K = 1:1:5 foliage-applied to plants in an unsheathing pseudobulb stage until reaching inflorescence, followed by N:P:K = 1:1:1 application until the end of the experiment. The fortnight-fertilizer (FF) treatment consisted of N:P:K = 1:1:5 and N:P:K = 1:1:1 with interval-rotate foliage-application to plants weekly until the end of the experiment. Pseudobulb length (PL), pseudobulb major axis (PW), and pseudobulb minor axis (PT), and inflorescence length (FL), number of pedicel (FB), and floret numbers (FN) per plant were recorded and calculated from two months after pseudobulb maturity until the end of the five-month experimental period. The GS variety significantly increased PL when treated with CF and FF compared to HA, and GS treated with CF under LI-30 exhibited the longest PL at 81.65 mm. PW increased as LI increased under FF treatment, and the largest PW was observed in GS treated with FF under LI-40. A maximal and significant increase in PT occurred in LI-40 compared to LI-30 under the CF treatment. GS had a significantly higher FL compared to HA treated with CF, and the longest FL was detected in GS under LI-30. HA had a significantly higher FB and FN under LI-40 than under LI-30, and the highest number of FB and FN in HA occurred when it was treated with CF and SF, respectively. Precision management of fertilization treatments in response to LI can maximize pseudobulb growth, development, and flowering quality in Oncidesa species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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15 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mild Salinity Stimulates Biochemical Activities and Metabolites Associated with Anticancer Activities in Black Horehound (Ballota nigra L.)

by Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu, Zahra Dibazarnia, Shahin Oustan, Teniyah Vinson, Ramesh Katam and Nasser Mahna

Agronomy 2021, 11(12), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122538 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2625

Abstract

Black horehound (Ballota nigra L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, as a rich source of health-promoting essential oils and metabolites. Salinity stress affects plant development and alters antioxidant activity and plant metabolite composition. The present research aimed to study the [...] Read more.

Black horehound (Ballota nigra L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, as a rich source of health-promoting essential oils and metabolites. Salinity stress affects plant development and alters antioxidant activity and plant metabolite composition. The present research aimed to study the effect of salinity on physiological and biochemical changes and metabolites of B. nigra under greenhouse and in vitro culture conditions. The plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (25, 50, 75, 100 mM), and morphological characteristics of the plant were measured. The growth-related traits and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) were decreased both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, increased salt concentration negatively affected the cell membrane integrity. The total phenolic content and flavonoids of plants growing in the greenhouse increased by 21% at 50 mM of NaCl, but the amounts decreased significantly at higher stress levels (100 mM of NaCl). Antioxidant activity was also measured. Among the NaCl treatments, the most increased DPPH scavenging activities (IC₅₀) under greenhouse and in vitro conditions were detected at mild salinity stress, but the activity significantly decreased in higher salinity treatments (i.e., 75 and 100 mM). In general, with increasing the salinity level to 75 mM, the activities of CAT and APX were significantly upregulated in both greenhouse and in vitro culture conditions. A correlation between total phenolics and flavonoids contents as well as antioxidant activity was obtained. Salinity level caused a shift in the metabolite expression. Mild salinity stress elevated the metabolites involved in anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, such as β-ionone and caryophyllene oxide. However, the higher salt stress resulted in a significant reduction in their expression. Differential expression of metabolites to various levels of salt stress can be further exploited for the in vitro biosynthesis of metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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15 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Components and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Mentha × piperita L. from Field-Grown and Field-Acclimated after In Vitro Propagation Plants

by Olga V. Shelepova, Tatyana A. Dilovarova, Alexander A. Gulevich, Ludmila S. Olekhnovich, Anna V. Shirokova, Irina T. Ushakova, Ekaterina V. Zhuravleva, Ludmila N. Konovalova and Ekaterina N. Baranova

Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112314 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3240

Abstract

In this work, we studied in vitro propagation of three cultivars of Mentha × piperita L. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ BAP was the most optimal medium for micropropagation of the cultivars studied. The ability of peppermint plants [...] Read more.

In this work, we studied in vitro propagation of three cultivars of Mentha × piperita L. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ BAP was the most optimal medium for micropropagation of the cultivars studied. The ability of peppermint plants field-acclimated after in vitro micropropagation to produce essential oils (EOs) was investigated. EO was obtained by hydrodistillation from dried leaves and flowering shoots from control (field grown) plants and plants acclimated in field conditions after in vitro propagation. The samples were collected at the first and second year of vegetation, and their chemical composition was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differences were observed in the yield, as well as in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the EOs extracted from the control plants and field-acclimated plants after in vitro propagation. Menthol was the main component of the EO in control plants, while pulegone and menthone were dominant in the EO pattern in field-acclimated in vitro regenerants in the first year of the growing season. However, in the second year of vegetation, the content of the main EO components in field-acclimated peppermint plants was approximately the same as in control plants. The antioxidant activity of EOs extracted from field-acclimated after in vitro micropropagation plants was found to be the same as in control field-grown M. × piperita plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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12 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Ginger and Turmeric Rhizome Sprouting

by Marlon Retana-Cordero, Paul R. Fisher and Celina Gómez

Agronomy 2021, 11(10), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101931 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6141

Abstract

Ginger and turmeric are tropical plant species with medicinal, beverage, and edible uses. Both species are typically propagated using seed rhizomes that often lack uniformity when sprouting, ultimately affecting the transplant growth and quality. Our objectives were to (1) develop a model to [...] Read more.

Ginger and turmeric are tropical plant species with medicinal, beverage, and edible uses. Both species are typically propagated using seed rhizomes that often lack uniformity when sprouting, ultimately affecting the transplant growth and quality. Our objectives were to (1) develop a model to predict the effect of temperature on rhizome sprouting and transplant growth and (2) characterize the morphological factors affecting the sprouting of ginger and turmeric rhizomes. Two experiments were conducted where the rhizomes were placed in plastic bags with a moist substrate inside dark incubator chambers. Five temperature treatments (21, 25, 27, 30, and 32 °C) were used for calibrating the model, and six temperature treatments (14, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) were used in the validation phase. The number of days for rhizomes to develop 1- and 5-cm sprouts were counted; after which, the total number of sprouts, total leaf length, and root quality were measured. A nonlinear regression analysis was used to develop temperature–response curves. Ginger and turmeric had optimal sprouting temperatures of 27.5 and 30.1 °C, respectively. Temperatures close to the optimal reduced the time to sprout and to subsequently reach the transplant stage. No sprouting was observed at 14 °C, and the minimum temperature to develop 5-cm sprouts was estimated at slightly above 17 °C in both species. Temperatures above 32 °C resulted in tissue damage and rhizome loss. The results from this study show the potential to produce uniform ginger and turmeric transplants using temperature treatments that accelerate sprouting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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18 pages, 10934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dihydroisocoumarin Content and Phenotyping of Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. serrata Cultivars under Different Shading Regimes

by Marcel Dieter Moll, Alena Sophia Vieregge, Charis Wiesbaum, Maria Blings, Frederik Vana, Silke Hillebrand, Jakob Ley, Thorsten Kraska and Ralf Pude

Agronomy 2021, 11(9), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091743 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3506

Abstract

Hortensias (Hydrangea macrophylla L.) are well known as ornamental plants with their impressive flowers. Besides being an ornamental plant, some hortensia species contain constituents of nutritional and pharmaceutical interest. In this context, H. macrophylla subsp. serrata contains dihydroisocoumarins (DHCs), in particular hydrangenol [...] Read more.

Hortensias (Hydrangea macrophylla L.) are well known as ornamental plants with their impressive flowers. Besides being an ornamental plant, some hortensia species contain constituents of nutritional and pharmaceutical interest. In this context, H. macrophylla subsp. serrata contains dihydroisocoumarins (DHCs), in particular hydrangenol (HG) and phyllodulcin (PD), which determine produce quality. For the successful cultivation of H. macrophylla subsp. serrata, shading may be required. The response of H. macrophylla subsp. serrata as a source for DHCs was investigated in two growing seasons using three different cultivars (‘Amagi Amacha’, ‘Oamacha’ and ‘Odoriko Amacha’) under three different light conditions: no shade (100% photosynthetic active radiation, PAR), partial (72% PAR) and full shading (36% PAR). The shading regimes had no significant effect on dihydroisocoumarin content in leaf dry matter in each single cultivar. However, ‘Amagi Amacha’ and ‘Oamacha’ yielded significantly higher PD content in comparison to ‘Odoriko Amacha’, which showed, in contrast, the significantly highest HG content. The total biomass was not significantly affected by the shading regime, but slightly higher biomass was observed under partially shaded and full-shade conditions. Hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) and color measurements indicate less vital plants under no shade conditions. While lighting is an important growth factor for hortensia production, DHC is cultivar dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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17 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Carbon Source and Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) in the Induction and Maintenance of an In Vitro Callus Culture of Taraxacum officinale (L) Weber Ex F.H. Wigg

by María Eugenia Martinez, Lorena Jorquera, Paola Poirrier, Katy Díaz and Rolando Chamy

Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061181 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4165

Abstract

Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg, commonly known as dandelion, is a cosmopolitan and perennial weed, which has medicinal properties. In vitro propagation methods are widely used on plants that have difficulties in cultivation and, consequently, low extraction yields of active metabolites. [...] Read more.

Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg, commonly known as dandelion, is a cosmopolitan and perennial weed, which has medicinal properties. In vitro propagation methods are widely used on plants that have difficulties in cultivation and, consequently, low extraction yields of active metabolites. Thus, callus culture has been considered to be useful for the accumulation of several metabolites. In this study, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol for callus induction and maintenance of T. officinale, for which explant type, carbon source, light conditions, and nine different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/L) and 6-benzylaminopurine acid (BAP) (from 0.5 to 3.0 mg/L), were evaluated. The results showed that hypocotyls and roots from sterile seedlings are the best sources for callus induction, with 100% of callogenesis at every condition tested, and more than 95% of viability and friability. Complete darkness and a medium supplemented with sucrose at 2.3% (w/v) and 0.5 mg/L of NAA and 0.5 mg/L of BAP were the best conditions for callus induction, showing callus with low organogenesis and high friability. This study provides a basis for future studies on improving large-scale callus propagation and further establishment of suspension culture systems for commercial purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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10 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Germination Rate of Coastal Glehnia by Cold Stratification and Pericarp Removal

by Moon-Sun Yeom, Thi Kim Loan Nguyen, Ju-Sung Cho and Myung-Min Oh

Agronomy 2021, 11(5), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050944 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2636

Abstract

The medicinal plant, coastal glehnia (Glehnia littoralis F. Schmidt ex Miq.), belongs to the Apiaceae, which is known to exhibit morpho-physiological seed dormancy (MPD). In this study, we aimed to determine the dormancy type of this plant, along with the conditions for [...] Read more.

The medicinal plant, coastal glehnia (Glehnia littoralis F. Schmidt ex Miq.), belongs to the Apiaceae, which is known to exhibit morpho-physiological seed dormancy (MPD). In this study, we aimed to determine the dormancy type of this plant, along with the conditions for breaking dormancy, and how to increase its germination rate for mass production. Initially, the seeds of coastal glehnia had undeveloped embryos, which gradually developed following cold (5 °C) stratification over eight weeks. The embryo to seed (E:S) ratio increased to 66.7%, confirming that the seeds had the MPD type. Coastal glehnia seeds with pericarp did not show inhibited water uptake, and the germination inhibitory chemicals were not detected. However, removal of the pericarp improved the final germination percentage, germination speed, and T₅₀ of coastal glehnia seeds compared with those of seeds with pericarp at 20 °C, which showed the highest value compared with other temperature treatments. Thus, cold stratification at 5 °C for eight weeks and removing the pericarp of germinating seeds maintained at 20 °C is efficient ways to break dormancy and improve the germination rate for the mass production of coastal glehnia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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9 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yield and Quality of Inflorescences in the Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill. ‘Albomaculata’ after the Treatment with AMF and GA₃

by Roman Andrzejak and Beata Janowska

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040644 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2385

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the influence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the flowering and quality of Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill ‘Albomaculata’ plants. Before planting, the rhizomes were soaked in water or an aqueous solution [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to assess the influence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the flowering and quality of Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill ‘Albomaculata’ plants. Before planting, the rhizomes were soaked in water or an aqueous solution of GA₃ at a concentration of 150 mg dm⁻³ for 30 min. A mixture of AMF was applied to the rhizomes a week after planting. The AMF treatment increased the yield of inflorescences of the ‘Albomaculata’ cultivar by 100%. AMF and GA₃ had a favourable effect on the quality of inflorescences, expressed by the length of peduncles, whereas AMF individually positively affected the length of the spathes. AMF and GA₃ had no effect on the level of macroelements in calla lily leaves, with the exception of calcium (Ca). The leaves of mycorrhized plants had a high content of sodium (Na) and micronutrients, except for iron (Fe). The results of the study showed that GA₃ could be replaced by mycorrhizal inoculation when applied to Zantedeschia plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

9 pages, 2958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Propagation of Selaginella tamariscina through Optimized Medium Composition

by Kyungtae Park, Bo Kook Jang, Ha Min Lee, Ju Sung Cho and Cheol Hee Lee

Agronomy 2021, 11(3), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030578 - 19 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4033

Abstract

Selaginella tamariscina is a medicinal plant that contains a variety of plant secondary metabolites; however, it is currently being collected indiscriminately from its native habitats. Hence, we have developed an efficient propagation method for S. tamariscina. Explants grown in vitro were cultured [...] Read more.

Selaginella tamariscina is a medicinal plant that contains a variety of plant secondary metabolites; however, it is currently being collected indiscriminately from its native habitats. Hence, we have developed an efficient propagation method for S. tamariscina. Explants grown in vitro were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium of various strengths (1/16–2x), and the highest number of sporophytes (65.7) were obtained with 1/4x MS medium. Culturing explants at various lengths (3–12 mm) for 12 weeks indicated 12 mm as the most appropriate size for sporophyte propagation. We then evaluated various concentrations of individual components, sucrose (0–5%), total nitrogen (7.5–30 mM), nitrogen ratio (3:0–0:3), and agar (0.6–0.8%), in the 1/4x MS medium for explant growth for 12 weeks. The maximum number of sporophytes were formed in media containing 3% sucrose, 15 mM nitrogen, and 0.6% agar, with a nitrogen ratio of 1:2. The propagated S. tamariscina was then acclimatized in a controlled environment to improve survival in an external environment. These results demonstrate the effective conditions for in vitro mass propagation of S. tamariscina, finding that methods utilizing sporophytes were more efficient than conventional propagation methods and yielded numerous plants in a short period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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10 pages, 1070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Content of Biologically Active Substances in Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora ‘Lucifer’ Tubers after Treatment with GA₃

by Beata Janowska, Roman Andrzejak, Lidia Szwajkowska-Michałek and Kinga Stuper-Szablewska

Agronomy 2021, 11(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030553 - 15 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2816

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the influence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the content of biologically active substances in Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora ‘Lucifer’ tubers. These tubers are a promising source of potential antioxidants, and their extracts can be used in [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to assess the influence of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the content of biologically active substances in Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora ‘Lucifer’ tubers. These tubers are a promising source of potential antioxidants, and their extracts can be used in pharmaceutical industry, as well as in cosmetics products and antifungal and antibacterial substances. Four groups of biologically active substances were determined from tubers: saponins, phenolic acid, flavonoids and carotenoids. The antioxidant activity of the extracts from tubers increased proportionally to the GA₃ concentrations. GA₃ at concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 mg dm⁻³ increased the content of medicagenic acid by 42.9–57.1% and the content of polygalic acid by 50% without affecting the content of medicagenic acid 3-O-triglucoside. The GA₃ concentrations used in the experiment positively influenced the accumulation of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and gallic acid. The highest content of caffeic acid was noted in the tubers soaked in GA₃ concentrated at 400 and 600 mg dm⁻³. GA₃ at a concentration used in the study stimulated the accumulation of kaempferol by 15%, quercetin by 7–8.2%, quercetin 3-O-glucoside by 1.8% (when GA₃ was applied at a concentration of 200 mg·dm⁻³) and by 4.1% and 3.6% (when GA₃ was applied at concentrations of 400 and 600 mg·dm⁻³) and kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside by 1.5–3.4%. The soaking of the tubers in GA₃ increased the content of β-carotene by 7.9%, 5.2% and 7.9%, respectively, without affecting the content of crocin. For soaking of Crocosmia tubers, it is recommended to use GA₃ at a concentration of 400–600 mg·dm⁻³. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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12 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Morphological Responses of Calendula officinalis L. “Radio” to the Foliar Application of Benzyladenine and Different Light Spectra

by Barbara Frąszczak, Beata Janowska and Dariusz Świerk

Agronomy 2021, 11(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030460 - 1 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

Pot marigold is a valuable medicinal plant with great decorative value. Three combinations of light (white (W)—170 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, white + blue (W+B)—230 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, white + red (W+R)—230 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) [...] Read more.

Pot marigold is a valuable medicinal plant with great decorative value. Three combinations of light (white (W)—170 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, white + blue (W+B)—230 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, white + red (W+R)—230 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) were used to analyse the influence of a diversified light spectrum on the morphological traits and flowering of Calendula officinalis L. “Radio”. The effect of foliar treatment of the plants with 6-benzyladenine (BA) at concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mg dm⁻³ at all the light spectrum combinations was analysed. BA had negative influence on the earliness of florescence and delayed it even by more than 10 days. W+B light intensified the delay, whereas red light partly reduced it. The BA treatment had the greatest influence on the biometric traits of the plants at the initial period of their development. W+B light significantly inhibited the growth of the plants. A high share of red light in the spectrum positively affected the Fv/Fm value, the relative chlorophyll content and the percentage of dry matter in the plants. When the amount of blue or red light in the spectrum increased, it was possible to obtain specific biometric traits of Calendula without the BA treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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Review

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30 pages, 1276 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cannabis sativa L.: Crop Management and Abiotic Factors That Affect Phytocannabinoid Production

by Ingrid Trancoso, Guilherme A. R. de Souza, Paulo Ricardo dos Santos, Késia Dias dos Santos, Rosana Maria dos Santos Nani de Miranda, Amanda Lúcia Pereira Machado da Silva, Dennys Zsolt Santos, Ivan F. García-Tejero and Eliemar Campostrini

Agronomy 2022, 12(7), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071492 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 15323

Abstract

The main characteristic of Cannabis sativa L. is the production of compounds of medicinal interest known as phytocannabinoids. Environmental factors and crop management practices are directly related to the yield of these compounds. Knowing how these factors influence the production of phytocannabinoids is [...] Read more.

The main characteristic of Cannabis sativa L. is the production of compounds of medicinal interest known as phytocannabinoids. Environmental factors and crop management practices are directly related to the yield of these compounds. Knowing how these factors influence the production of phytocannabinoids is essential to promote greater metabolite yield and stability. In this review, we aim to examine current cannabis agronomic research topics to identify the available information and the main gaps that need to be filled in future research. This paper introduces the importance of C. sativa L., approaching state-of-the-art research and evaluating the influence of crop management and environment conditions on yield and phytocannabinoid production, including (i) pruning; (ii) light and plant density; (iii) ontogeny; (iv) temperature, altitude, and CO₂ concentration; (v) fertilization and substrate; and (vi) water availability, and presents concluding remarks to shed light on future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Decade of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants Cultivation)

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