Agronomy

17 pages, 6826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Precipitation Frequency Decreases the Stability of the Soil Organic Carbon Pool by Altering Microbial Communities in Degraded Grasslands

by Junda Chen, Yifan Gao, Yizhu Zeng, Muping Huang, Xuechen Yang, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Wei Sun and Tianxue Yang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040977 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Decreasing precipitation frequency (DPF) has the potential to alter soil microbial community structure, enzyme activity, and the stoichiometry of microbial biomass in grassland ecosystems. Grasslands have undergone degradation, often driven by anthropogenic activities such as overgrazing, which further intensifies their sensitivity to environmental [...] Read more.

Decreasing precipitation frequency (DPF) has the potential to alter soil microbial community structure, enzyme activity, and the stoichiometry of microbial biomass in grassland ecosystems. Grasslands have undergone degradation, often driven by anthropogenic activities such as overgrazing, which further intensifies their sensitivity to environmental changes such as altered precipitation. Changes in soil microbial communities can in turn impact the soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) and its stability, particularly in degraded grasslands shaped by agricultural practices. Here, we evaluated how DPF affects different types of soil carbon pools, soil microbial community structure, the stoichiometry of microbial biomass, and the potential activity of exoenzymes related to microbial nutrient acquisition in three steppe grasslands representing a degradation gradient (from light to moderate to severe degradation). We also developed a systematic model linking microbial stoichiometry, community structure, enzyme activity, and the SOCP and its stability. Our results showed that DPF significantly reduced the soil total carbon pool (STCP), SOCP, and dissolved organic carbon pool (DOCP) in all degraded grasslands, while it increased the DOCP/SOCP ratio in the grasslands with light to moderate degradation, indicating lower stability of the SOCP. Decreased precipitation frequency reduced microbial biomass in grasslands with light to moderate degradation but had the opposite effect on grasslands with severe degradation. Additionally, the promoting effects of DPF on the fungi/bacteria ratio and β-1,4-xylosidase activity diminished with increasing grassland degradation. The fungi/bacteria ratio, microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen ratio, and β-1,4-xylosidase activity were identified as the main predictors for the SOCP and its stability. In lightly and moderately degraded grasslands, decreased soil water content (SWC) and increased soil moisture variation induced by lower precipitation frequency promoted β-1,4-xylosidase activity by decreasing the microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen ratio. The lower stability of the SOCP in degraded grasslands under altered precipitation frequency highlights the challenges posed by climate change regarding soil carbon sequestration in these fragile ecosystems. Our results also stress the importance of targeted water management for soil carbon sequestration in agriculture and livestock management, which could be achieved by altering soil microbial activity and stoichiometry, For example, fertilization increases nutrient availability, enhances microbial growth, and shifts C/N/P ratios, promoting carbon allocation to biomass over respiration and thus enhancing soil carbon retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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22 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Conservation and Influencing Factors in Xiangyang City, Hanjiang River Basin

by Xiaojing Liu, Xuanhui Li, Xiaohuang Liu, Wei Zhang, Songhang Liu, Jiaqi Xu and Guanzhong Zeng

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040976 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Xiangyang City is the core area of soil erosion in the Han River Basin, with serious problems of soil erosion and a weak soil conservation capacity. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of soil conservation in Xiangyang City, Han River Basin, from [...] Read more.

Xiangyang City is the core area of soil erosion in the Han River Basin, with serious problems of soil erosion and a weak soil conservation capacity. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of soil conservation in Xiangyang City, Han River Basin, from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed using the InVEST-SDR model and the PLUS contribution methodology. The results show the following: (1) The amount of soil conservation per unit area in Xiangyang in 2000, 2010, and 2020 was 1.84 × 10⁵ t/km², 1.59 × 10⁵ t/km², and 1.96 × 10⁵ t/km². This was concentrated in some areas, such as Baokang County, Nanzhang County, and Gucheng County. The soil conservation in Zaoyang, Xiangzhou, Yicheng, and Laohekou was relatively low, while the soil conservation capacity in the Xiangcheng and Fancheng areas was weakest. (2) The areas with the highest value of soil conservation were mainly concentrated in the forest areas in the southwest and northwest of Xiangyang, where the vegetation coverage is high and the altitude is low. The areas with low soil conservation were mainly concentrated in the eastern central part of Xiangyang, which is mainly farmland, with less vegetation and relatively flat terrain. (3) The amount of soil conservation is mainly influenced by two factors—vegetation coverage and terrain—indicating that vegetation management strategies should be tailored to local conditions. This article differs from previous watershed research areas by exploring the influencing factors of soil conservation in Xiangyang City and deeply analyzing the changes in importance and the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecosystem service functions. This conclusion can provide data support for environmental management and decision-making in the Xiangyang region, helping to achieve the sustainable development of the regional ecological environment and economic society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparison of Sustainable Approaches in Conservation and Protected Agriculture around the World)

18 pages, 5783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation and Driving Forces of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in the North China Plain over the Past Two Decades

by Mingxuan Yi, Dongming Zhang, Zhiyuan An, Kuan Li, Liwen Shang and Kelin Sui

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040975 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

The net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation—a critical component of ecosystem carbon cycling and a key indicator of the quality and functionality of ecosystems—is jointly influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. As NPP is a vital agricultural and ecological region in China, understanding [...] Read more.

The net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation—a critical component of ecosystem carbon cycling and a key indicator of the quality and functionality of ecosystems—is jointly influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. As NPP is a vital agricultural and ecological region in China, understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of vegetation NPP in the North China Plain (NCP) has significant implications for regional sustainable development. Utilizing MODIS NPP, temperature, precipitation, and human activity data from 2003 to 2023, this study employs univariate linear regression, ArcGIS spatial analysis, and the Hurst index to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics, driving factors, and future trends in vegetation NPP. The results indicate that vegetation NPP exhibited a fluctuating upward trend over the 21-year period, with an annual increase of 2.60 g C/m². Spatially, NPP displayed a “high in the south, low in the north” pattern. There is significant spatial heterogeneity between temperature, precipitation, and vegetation NPP in the study area, with natural factors generally exerting a greater influence than human activities; however, the coupling of human activities with other factors significantly amplify their impact. The Hurst index (mean: 0.43) revealed an anti-persistent future trend in vegetation NPP, suggesting substantial uncertainties regarding its long-term dynamics. These findings enhance our understanding of the responses of vegetation to global change and provide a scientific basis for balancing food security and ecological conservation in the NCP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Crop Monitoring and Modelling—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineered Rhizobia with Trehalose-Producing Genes Enhance Peanut Growth Under Salinity Stress

by Jialin Liu, Dong Wang, Ruiqi Tong, Shengyue Ye, Yanhao Zhao, Jiangwen Wu and Yi Gan

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040974 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

The aggravation of soil salinization has become one of the major factors that threaten crop growth and yield. Rhizobia, as an important biological nitrogen-fixing microorganism, can establish symbiotic relationships with legumes to improve their nitrogen-fixing ability and stress tolerance. Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide [...] Read more.

The aggravation of soil salinization has become one of the major factors that threaten crop growth and yield. Rhizobia, as an important biological nitrogen-fixing microorganism, can establish symbiotic relationships with legumes to improve their nitrogen-fixing ability and stress tolerance. Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide that is widely found in bacteria, fungi, and plants, can protect cellular structures and maintain the viability of cells under stress conditions. However, it remains to be determined whether the endogenous trehalose level in rhizobia could affect its stress tolerance and nitrogen-fixing capabilities. In this study, we constructed four engineered rhizobial strains to examine the effects of the overexpression and knockout of the trehalose synthesis genes otsA/otsB in the rhizobium strain CCBAU25338 on its salt tolerance and nitrogen-fixing capacity. The results indicated that the overexpression of otsA, rather than the otsB gene, significantly enhanced both the stress tolerance and nitrogen-fixing abilities of the strains. Furthermore, the inoculation of otsA-overexpressing recombinant cells leads to greater agronomic traits in the host plant’s peanuts under salinity conditions. We hope our findings may serve as valuable references for the future development of efficient and superior engineered rhizobial strains for peanut cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

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20 pages, 1098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Supplementation of Recycled Manure Solids: Impact on Their Characteristics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Storage

by Ana José Pires, Catarina Esteves, Ricardo Bexiga, Manuela Oliveira and David Fangueiro

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040973 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recycled manure solids (RMS) are increasingly adopted in dairy farming for their economic advantages and their role in improving nutrient recycling and waste management; however, concerns regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during storage persist. This study assessed the effects of biochar supplementation at [...] Read more.

Recycled manure solids (RMS) are increasingly adopted in dairy farming for their economic advantages and their role in improving nutrient recycling and waste management; however, concerns regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during storage persist. This study assessed the effects of biochar supplementation at 2.5% (2.5B) and 10% (10B) compared to untreated RMS (C−) and acidified RMS (C+) on GHG emissions (measured both continuously and intermittently) and RMS characteristics during a one-month storage period. The results showed that the addition of biochar increased heavy metals concentration (with the exception of molybdenum) and the electrical conductivity of the RMS. Storage of RMS generally led to an increase in its dry matter content, except in the 10B treatment. The results showed that 10% biochar significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ and N₂O emissions, resulting in a 32% GWP reduction compared to untreated RMS. In contrast, the 2.5% dose led to higher CO₂ emissions, possibly due to microbial stimulation. Adding 10% biochar mitigated GHG emissions similarly to H₂SO₄ acidification but with fewer environmental and operational risks, making it a preferable farm-scale option. Continuous monitoring captured transient emission peaks, highlighting the importance of high-resolution assessments. Despite the emissions generated during biochar production, its application in RMS bedding systems offsets these environmental costs by mitigating GHG emissions and increasing nutrient content. Biochar’s mitigation potential, especially at higher doses, presents a safer, multifunctional alternative that aligns with EU climate goals. These findings support the integration of biochar into sustainable manure management strategies, though further research is needed to optimize application rates and assess cost-effectiveness in dairy farming. However, continued assessments at a larger scale and with different biochar addition rates are necessary to fully determine the potential of biochar supplementation to RMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biochar Application on Crop Productivity, Soil Carbon Sequestration, and Others)

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19 pages, 3487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

QTLs Mapping and Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Stachyose and Sucrose in Soybean (Glycine max L.)

by Chuanrong He, Yipu Wang, Changning Li, Yue Yang, Qian You, Aiqin Yue, Jingping Niu, Lixiang Wang, Weijun Du and Min Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040972 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 17

Abstract

Soluble sugars are essential components in the physiology and metabolism of soybeans (Glycine max), playing a critical role in regulating key processes such as development, germination, and flavor formation. The soluble sugar content in soybean seeds is primarily composed of stachyose, [...] Read more.

Soluble sugars are essential components in the physiology and metabolism of soybeans (Glycine max), playing a critical role in regulating key processes such as development, germination, and flavor formation. The soluble sugar content in soybean seeds is primarily composed of stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, and glucose. This study aims to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in the composition of soluble sugars in soybean seeds. A 128 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used, and concentrations of these four sugars were quantified across three years (2015, 2016, and 2017 in Shanxi). The analysis revealed that Jin Da 53 exhibited significantly higher sucrose and total sugar contents compared to Ping Nan, while stachyose levels were notably elevated in Ping Nan. Except for glucose content in 2017 and 2019, the RIL population’s traits all exhibited a normal distribution, making it suitable for QTL analyses. A total of twenty QTLs were identified for the four sugar components: five for glucose, four for raffinose, four for sucrose, three for stachyose, and four for total sugar, all with LOD > 2.5. Notably, three QTLs located on chromosome 10 (S10_37101443-S10_38298307, S10_38681635-S10_39134900, and S10_36697685-S10_36697916) were found to be associated with stachyose content, identifying one candidate gene, Glyma.10g154400, which was implicated in carbohydrate metabolic processes; a QTL located on chromosome 11 (96.881–105.5 cM) was identified in 2019 as a significant locus influencing sucrose content, identifying another candidate gene, Glyma.11g136200, which was linked to sugar/inositol transporter activity. Expression analysis of these candidate genes demonstrated the Glyma.10g154400 gene exhibited higher expression levels in varieties with lower stachyose content, whereas Glyma.11g136200 showed increased expression in lines with elevated sucrose levels. This study provides an important genetic basis for the breeding of soybean varieties with increased sugar content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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17 pages, 4281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Discrete Element Simulation Model for Pressing Holes in Sowing Substrates

by Hongmei Xia, Chuheng Deng, Teng Yang, Runxin Huang, Jianhua Ou, Lingjin Dong, Dewen Tao and Long Qi

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040971 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 12

Abstract

To conduct DEM simulation research on the collision characteristics between seeds and pressed substrate holes, a discrete element model of mechanically pressed holes in sowing substrates was developed in this study. The geometric DEM models of sowing substrate particles were established based on [...] Read more.

To conduct DEM simulation research on the collision characteristics between seeds and pressed substrate holes, a discrete element model of mechanically pressed holes in sowing substrates was developed in this study. The geometric DEM models of sowing substrate particles were established based on the sieve test, and the Hertz–Mindlin with JKR contact model was utilized for simulating of the fine, moist, and cohesive substrate particles. The angle of repose measured by the funnel method was served as the target, Plackett–Burman experiments were conducted to screen significant contact mechanical parameters, while steepest ascent and Box–Behnken experiments were employed to define their value ranges. A neural network model for predicting the angle of repose was constructed, and a genetic algorithm was applied to optimize the significant contact mechanical parameters. The cross-sectional profiles of the pressing hole were obtained through image profile feature extraction in simulation and 3D scanning projection methods in the experiment. The calibrated inter-particle dynamic friction coefficient, inter-particle coefficient of restitution, dynamic friction coefficient between particles and stainless steel, and JKR surface energy of the substrate were 0.0349, 0.5448, 0.0233, and 0.4279, respectively. The deviation of the simulated angle of repose utilizing the optimized contact parameters was 0.4°. The shapes of the pressed holes obtained from simulation and experiment showed good consistency. The pressing speed had no significant effect on the mean depth of all sampling points, suggesting that a higher pressing speed should be set to improve the operation efficiency. The pressing depth has a highly significant effect on the mean depth of all sampled points, but no significant effect on the deviation between the simulated and experimental mean depths. The maximum difference in the mean depth deviation between simulated and experimental sampled points is 1.308 mm. It demonstrates that the established discrete element model can efficiently and accurately simulate the deformation of the pressing hole in sowing substrate. It provides an applicable simulation model for fast optimization design of the pressing hole and sowing equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Sensing, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics for Digital Agriculture)

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20 pages, 11380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of LACS Family Genes and Functional Characterization of CaLACS6/9 in Response to Cold Stress in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Jianwei Zhang, Yue Chen, Jing He, Dong Wang, Yao Jiang, Xianjun Chen, Qin Yang and Huanxiu Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040970 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 41

Abstract

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) is a crucial enzyme involved in cellular lipid metabolism, playing a significant role in plant development and adaptation to environmental stress. However, our understanding of the CaLACS gene family in pepper remains limited. In this study, we identified nine [...] Read more.

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) is a crucial enzyme involved in cellular lipid metabolism, playing a significant role in plant development and adaptation to environmental stress. However, our understanding of the CaLACS gene family in pepper remains limited. In this study, we identified nine members of the CaLACS gene in the ‘UCD-10X-F1’ pepper genome and named them CaLACS1-CaLACS9 based on their chromosomal distribution. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the subfamily I-A includes CaLACS1, CaLACS3, and CaLACS7; the subfamily I-C contains CaLACS2; the subfamily II comprises CaLACS4 and CaLACS8; and the subfamily III consists of the remaining members. Collinearity analysis showed that there were twelve collinear pairs between six CaLACS genes and five AtLACS genes, and two fragment replication gene pairs in the nine CaLACS genes of pepper. Furthermore, numerous cis-acting elements associated with stress response, hormonal regulation, development, and light response were identified in the promoter regions of the CaLACS genes. RNA-seq analysis indicated that CaLACS genes exhibit tissue specificity and are widely expressed in pepper leaves following treatment with exogenous plant hormones, and under conditions of cold, heat, drought, and salt stress. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was employed to further investigate the roles of CaLACS6 and CaLACS9. Silencing these target genes in pepper seedlings increased their sensitivity to cold stress, as evidenced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced antioxidant defense capacity, and decreased expression levels of cold-responsive and ROS-related genes. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the functional roles of the CaLACS gene family and highlight CaLACS6 and CaLACS9 as promising candidate genes for enhancing cold tolerance in pepper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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15 pages, 3087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan

by Svetlana Didorenko, Islambek Sagit, Rinat Kassenov, Almagul Dalibayeva, Rauan Zhapayev, Gulya Kunypiyaeva, Aigul Zhapparova, Rystay Kushanova and Elmira Saljnikov

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 69

Abstract

Soybeans are a major global commodity. A major challenge in soybean production is premature bean cracking, which leads to seed shedding and crop loss. Consistent breeding efforts are being made to minimize seed shedding in soybeans worldwide. Soybean breeding for increased abdominal suture [...] Read more.

Soybeans are a major global commodity. A major challenge in soybean production is premature bean cracking, which leads to seed shedding and crop loss. Consistent breeding efforts are being made to minimize seed shedding in soybeans worldwide. Soybean breeding for increased abdominal suture strength has not resulted in varieties that are guaranteed to be resistant to premature cracking. Therefore, for further study of the issue, the study of the structural features of the soybean hilum is of practical interest. The trait of fusion of the seed hilum with the pod safe seeds from shedding. The paper presents studies of a soybean collection based on cracking features and resistance to seeds shedding. The largest number of cracking forms were found in the varieties of the first four maturity groups (000, 00, 0 and I). A positive correlation was observed between the cracking and non-shedding seeds traits (r = 0.48). The trait of fusion of the seed hilum with the pod valves turned out to be dominant. Our findings suggest that this trait may be influenced by a single gene or exhibit intermediate inheritance, but further genetic analysis is needed. The average yields of the control nursery numbers with a fused seed stalk (4.36 t/ha) are lower than the average yields of numbers without this trait (4.75 t/ha). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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15 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Cereal and Legume Cultivation on Soil Properties and Microbial Communities in the Mu Us Desert

by Lirong He, Lei Shi, Yang Wu, Guoliang Wang and Guobin Liu

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040968 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 38

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different crop cultivation practices on soil chemical properties and microbial communities in the Mu Us Desert, with the goal of optimizing land management and promoting ecological restoration. A one-way randomized block design was used to [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different crop cultivation practices on soil chemical properties and microbial communities in the Mu Us Desert, with the goal of optimizing land management and promoting ecological restoration. A one-way randomized block design was used to establish experimental plots for a cereal (Setaria italica, SI), a legume (Glycine max, GM), and a control group with no crops (CK) in the central Mu Us Desert. Soil samples were collected to assess physicochemical properties and to analyze microbial community structures via high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that crop cultivation decreased soil pH while increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and available phosphorus (AP), indicating improved soil fertility and reduced soil alkalinity. The composition of soil bacterial communities varied significantly among treatments. Both SI and GM treatments increased the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), enhancing bacterial richness and diversity. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased with crop cultivation, whereas Chloroflexi declined. These shifts were largely attributed to changes in pH and nutrient availability. Notably, SI treatment had a stronger positive effect on bacterial richness. Correlation analyses between soil chemical properties and microbial community composition highlighted the potential of crop cultivation to influence soil ecosystem services. These findings provide a scientific basis for sustainable agricultural practices and ecological restoration in arid regions such as the Mu Us Desert. Further studies are warranted to investigate the functional roles of microbial communities under different cropping patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health and Properties in a Changing Environment)

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19 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biofumigation with Brassica Species and Their Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review of an Innovative Pest Control Strategy Targeting Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

by Luka Batistič, Tanja Bohinc and Stanislav Trdan

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040967 - 16 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Biofumigation is an eco-friendly agronomic technique that utilizes bioactive compounds from Brassica species to manage soil-borne pests. In our review, we explore it as a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigation, focusing on its potential for controlling wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). By analyzing existing studies, [...] Read more.

Biofumigation is an eco-friendly agronomic technique that utilizes bioactive compounds from Brassica species to manage soil-borne pests. In our review, we explore it as a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigation, focusing on its potential for controlling wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). By analyzing existing studies, we assess the efficacy of biofumigation using Brassica plants, with a detailed focus on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Indian mustard) and Brassica carinata A. Braun (Ethiopian mustard), which are rich in glucosinolates (Glns). We also examine glucosinolate decomposition mechanisms, where enzymatic hydrolysis releases isothiocyanates (IsoTs) and other bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties. Our review synthesizes findings from laboratory bioassays, semi-field experiments, and long-term field trials to evaluate the impact of these biofumigants on wireworms, soil health, and broader pest management strategies. Additionally, we discuss how biofumigation may disrupt wireworm feeding behavior while improving soil structure and microbial activity. Despite its promise, several challenges may influence the effectiveness and adoption of biofumigation, including the variability in field efficacy, soil interactions, and barriers to large-scale adoption. We emphasize the need for future research to refine biofumigation applications, enhance IsoT stability, and integrate this method with other pest control strategies to ensure its sustainability in wireworm management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests in Agriculture)

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16 pages, 3632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lighting Type on the Nitrates Concentration, Selective Bioactive Compounds and Yield of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Hydroponic Production

by Małgorzata Mirgos, Anna Geszprych, Jarosław L. Przybył, Monika Niedzińska, Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska, Janina Gajc-Wolska and Katarzyna Kowalczyk

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040966 - 16 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The effect of lighting basil with LED DR/B LB (Light Emitting Diode deep red/blue low blue) lamps throughout the cultivation cycle or for only 7 days before harvest, after the period of using HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps, was studied in comparison with [...] Read more.

The effect of lighting basil with LED DR/B LB (Light Emitting Diode deep red/blue low blue) lamps throughout the cultivation cycle or for only 7 days before harvest, after the period of using HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps, was studied in comparison with the use of HPS lamps only, at the same light intensity. Plants of two Genovese type basil cultivars, recommended for pot and hydroponic cultivation, were used for the experiment. Plant growth observations were made and herb and leaf yields, dry matter, nitrates, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, total sugars, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were determined. Plants of both tested basil cultivars grown under LED lighting were characterized by a higher content of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and sugars and a lower content of nitrates than those grown under HPS lights. In plants grown under LED lighting only, nitrate content was on average 31% lower than under HPS lamps. The use of LEDs for the last 7 days of cultivation resulted in a significant reduction in nitrate content in only one of the studied cultivars. Further research on the effect of lighting type on sweet basil yield and quality, depending on other factors, both genetic and environmental, is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroponics Technology for Vegetable Production: New Opportunities and Challenges)

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18 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Effects and Economic Impact of Plant Growth Regulator Applications on Soybean

by Brenna Cannon, Hannah Shear, Colton Johnson, Josie Rice and Josh Lofton

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040965 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 64

Abstract

Soybean production in the southern Great Plains (SGP) faces challenges due to yield-limiting factors, including high temperatures and inconsistent precipitation. These conditions can lead to excess vegetative growth, similar to what occurs in crops like cotton. Management strategies utilizing plant growth regulators (PGRs) [...] Read more.

Soybean production in the southern Great Plains (SGP) faces challenges due to yield-limiting factors, including high temperatures and inconsistent precipitation. These conditions can lead to excess vegetative growth, similar to what occurs in crops like cotton. Management strategies utilizing plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been applied to control this excessive growth, yet there is limited information on methods to mitigate vegetative growth in soybeans through modifications to the apical meristem. Field trials conducted in 2022 and 2023 investigated the effects of altering the apical growth using Ascend SL, Compact, Cobra, Cygin Pro, and physical removal, with treatments applied at the V4 and R2 growth stages. This study highlights the significance of customized application strategies to enhance profitability under diverse environmental conditions. Ascend and Cygin Pro demonstrate improving yield stability under adverse climatic conditions. Both applications of Compact produced relatively stable yields across site years, while Cobra and physical removal methods necessitate careful consideration of timing to minimize yield losses. Further research is essential to optimize these management strategies for soybean production in the SGP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Management in Water-Limited Cropping Systems)

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23 pages, 4583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reinforcement Learning-Driven UAV-Based Smart Agriculture System for Extreme Weather Prediction

by Jiarui Hao, Bo Li, Weidong Tang, Shiya Liu, Yihe Chang, Jianxiang Pan, Yang Tao and Chunli Lv

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040964 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 59

Abstract

Extreme weather prediction plays a crucial role in agricultural production and disaster prevention. This study proposes a lightweight extreme weather early warning model based on UAV cruise monitoring, a density-aware attention mechanism, and edge computing. Reinforcement learning is utilized to optimize UAV cruise [...] Read more.

Extreme weather prediction plays a crucial role in agricultural production and disaster prevention. This study proposes a lightweight extreme weather early warning model based on UAV cruise monitoring, a density-aware attention mechanism, and edge computing. Reinforcement learning is utilized to optimize UAV cruise paths, while a Transformer-based model is employed for weather prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an overall prediction accuracy of 0.91, a precision of 0.93, a recall of 0.88, and an F1-score of 0.91. In the prediction of different extreme weather events, the proposed method attains an accuracy of 0.89 for strong wind conditions, 0.92 for hail, and 0.89 for late spring cold, all outperforming state-of-the-art methods. These results validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach in extreme weather forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Agricultural UAV Application—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 10988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GA-Optimized Sampling for Soil Type Mapping in Plain Areas: Integrating Legacy Maps and Multisource Covariates

by Xiangyuan Wu, Yan Li, Kening Wu and Shiheng Hao

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040963 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Soil mapping plays a crucial role in optimizing agricultural production by providing spatially explicit information on soil types and properties, which supports decision-making in precision fertilization, irrigation, and crop selection. Traditional soil mapping methods, which rely on field surveys and laboratory analyses, face [...] Read more.

Soil mapping plays a crucial role in optimizing agricultural production by providing spatially explicit information on soil types and properties, which supports decision-making in precision fertilization, irrigation, and crop selection. Traditional soil mapping methods, which rely on field surveys and laboratory analyses, face challenges related to efficiency and scalability. Although combining legacy soil maps with environmental covariates can reveal soil–environment relationships and improve sampling layouts, low soil spatial variability and significant human activity in plain areas often hinder the effectiveness of existing algorithms, making them sensitive to sample density and environmental variability. This study proposes a genetic algorithm (GA)-based sampling optimization framework tailored to plain areas with low soil spatial variability. By integrating legacy soil maps and environmental covariates, the GA dynamically balances spatial dispersion and environmental representativeness, addressing the limitations of traditional methods in homogeneous landscapes. In a case study conducted in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, the GA sampling method combined with random forest modeling, applied to soil type mapping, achieved the highest kappa coefficient of 70.25% with 5000 sampling points—an average improvement of 10% over fuzzy C-means clustering and K-nearest neighbor methods. Additionally, field-validated accuracy reached 89.69%, representing a 13% improvement over the other methods. This study demonstrates that the GA-based sampling approach significantly enhances sample representativeness and efficiency, thereby improving the accuracy of digital soil mapping. The proposed method offers an efficient and reliable solution for soil mapping in plain areas, contributing to optimized land use and more informed precision agriculture decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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16 pages, 3131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Culture of Flower Buds and Ovaries in Miscanthus × giganteus

by Przemysław Kopeć, Kamila Laskoś and Agnieszka Płażek

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040962 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 73

Abstract

Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef and Deuter ex Hodkinson and Renvoize) is a perennial, rhizomatous grass that has gained significant attention as an industrial crop, particularly as a bioenergy feedstock. It is a natural interspecific hybrid with 57 chromosomes (2n = 3x [...] Read more.

Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef and Deuter ex Hodkinson and Renvoize) is a perennial, rhizomatous grass that has gained significant attention as an industrial crop, particularly as a bioenergy feedstock. It is a natural interspecific hybrid with 57 chromosomes (2n = 3x = 57). Due to its sterility, M. × giganteus has limited genetic variability, making traditional breeding methods ineffective for its improvement. Consequently, alternative approaches are being explored to enhance its cultivation and utility. The study aimed to investigate the potential for M. × giganteus plant regeneration through ovary and flower bud cultures. Indirect in vitro regeneration of M. × giganteus plants was successfully achieved using flower bud cultures. Embryogenic-like callus was derived from explants originating from inflorescences that had undergone a four-day pretreating at 10 °C. The most effective medium for callus induction was a modified MS medium supplemented with 5 mg·dm⁻³ dicamba, 0.2 mg dm⁻³ 6-benzylaminopurine, 30 g dm⁻³ sucrose, and solidified with 8 g dm⁻³ agar or agarose. The optimal conditions for callus induction were achieved by culturing in the dark. The regenerated plants exhibited the characteristic chromosome number of the species, confirming that the regenerants did not develop from embryo sac cells. In contrast, ovary culture failed to produce callus or regenerated plants, highlighting its ineffectiveness for M. × giganteus regeneration. These findings underscore the potential of flower bud culture as a successful in vitro regeneration method while demonstrating the limitations of ovary culture for this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

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19 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Organic Amendments on Black Wheat Yield, Grain Quality, and Soil Biochemical Properties

by Jiaqi Zhou, Huasen Xu, Meng Zhang, Ruohan Feng, Hui Xiao and Cheng Xue

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040961 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 47

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of organic amendments (straw return, organic fertilizer, biochar, and their combinations) on grain yield, quality, and soil biochemical characteristics in black wheat. A two-year field experiment (2022–2024) was conducted with five treatments: F (conventional fertilization), FS (F + [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of organic amendments (straw return, organic fertilizer, biochar, and their combinations) on grain yield, quality, and soil biochemical characteristics in black wheat. A two-year field experiment (2022–2024) was conducted with five treatments: F (conventional fertilization), FS (F + full straw return), FO (F + 3 t/ha organic fertilizer), FB (F + 3 t/ha biochar), and FSOB (F + full straw + 3 t/ha organic fertilizer + 3 t/ha biochar). FSOB achieved the highest yield, increasing by 17.3% over F due to a higher spike number and 1000-grain weight. Grain protein increased by 9.0% and 9.4% under FS and FO, respectively. Straw addition also raised gluten by 6.8%. Soil analysis revealed that integrated organic management significantly increased the contents of organic matter (by 23.1%), total nitrogen (by 46.0%), and available phosphorus (by 73.5%) in the 0–20 cm soil layer. It also promoted beneficial microbial taxa, including Actinobacteria (+11.2%) and Proteobacteria (+0.6%), compared to conventional fertilization. These findings suggest that strategic integration of organic amendments can enhance black wheat productivity and grain quality by improving soil fertility and microbial functionality, thereby supporting sustainable cropping systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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18 pages, 2468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Secondary Salinization on Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Microbial Communities Related to Phosphorus Transformation in a Meadow Grassland, Northeast China

by Ying Zhang, Zhenbo Cui and Chengyou Cao

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040960 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 40

Abstract

Soil microorganisms play key roles in soil phosphorus (P) mobilization in grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about how bacterial communities involved in P transformation respond to soil secondary salinization. In this study, a meadow grassland with a gradient of secondary salinization in [...] Read more.

Soil microorganisms play key roles in soil phosphorus (P) mobilization in grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about how bacterial communities involved in P transformation respond to soil secondary salinization. In this study, a meadow grassland with a gradient of secondary salinization in the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast China was selected. Soil properties, P fractions, the P transformation potentials, the community structures, and the abundance of a phosphorus (P)-mineralizing gene (phoD) and a P-solubilizing gene (gcd) were determined. NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi declined with salinization, whereas H₂O-P, NaHCO₃-Po, and HCl-Pi increased. However, the available P fractions (H₂O-P and NaHCO₃-Pi) remained largely unaffected. Soil salinization significantly decreased the relative abundance of Xanthomonadales and Caulobacterales and increased that of Pseudonocardiales and Enterobacterales. The P fractions, the abundance of the phoD and gcd genes, and the community structures were all closely associated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, and soil moisture. Additionally, the structures of the phoD and gcd communities were significantly correlated with NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi. Overall, secondary salinization altered bacterial communities related to P transformation by modifying soil properties, leading to decreases in the labile P and moderately labile P fractions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

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17 pages, 8339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of PIF Gene Family and Functional Study of PbPIF3a/PbPIF4 in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Pear

by Haiyan Wang, Diya Lei, Xuan Zhou, Shangyun Li, Yunting Zhang, Yuanxiu Lin, Qing Chen, Ya Luo, Haoru Tang and Yong Zhang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040959 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 92

Abstract

Anthocyanins are key metabolites that determine red pigmentation in pear skin (Pyrus spp.) and their biosynthesis is controlled by multiple transcription factors. Although phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) of the bHLH family have been shown to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, their [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are key metabolites that determine red pigmentation in pear skin (Pyrus spp.) and their biosynthesis is controlled by multiple transcription factors. Although phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) of the bHLH family have been shown to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, their genome-wide identification and regulatory mechanisms in pear (Pyrus spp.) anthocyanin synthesis remain unclear. Here, we characterized PIFs family in pear, identifying eight PbPIF proteins. Promoter cis-elements and expression patterns analysis suggested that PbPIF3a and PbPIF4 might be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Subcellular localization confirmed nuclear enrichment of PbPIF3a and PbPIF4. Functional studies demonstrated that overexpression of PbPIF3a and PbPIF4 significantly suppressed anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skins, downregulating key biosynthetic genes such as PbDFR and PbUFGT. In contrast, the silencing of related genes led to an enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that PbPIF3a directly bound to the promoters of PbDFR and PbUFGT and repressed their transcriptional activation, while PbPIF4 specifically inhibited the activity of the PbDFR promoter. Taken together, we demonstrated that PbPIF3a and PbPIF4 negatively regulated pear fruit coloration by directly repressing the transcriptional activity of key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, providing novel insights into PIF-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Strategies and Technologies for Sustainability and Biodiversity in Herbaceous and Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 3332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste Compost as a Sustainable Improver of Soil Characteristics in the Open Field and a Promising Selective Booster for Nursery Production

by Santina Rizzo, Adolfo Le Pera, Miriam Sellaro, Luca Lombardo and Leonardo Bruno

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040958 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

The Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (SC-OFMSW) is the biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste fraction that is separately collected at source and classified by the European Waste Catalogue under code 20 01 08. The utilization of SC-OFMSW Compost has emerged [...] Read more.

The Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (SC-OFMSW) is the biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste fraction that is separately collected at source and classified by the European Waste Catalogue under code 20 01 08. The utilization of SC-OFMSW Compost has emerged as a sustainable approach to enhancing agricultural soil quality and supporting soil biodiversity and productivity, while also serving as a viable option for disposing of treated urban waste. This study investigates the dose effect of SC-OFMSWC through phytotoxicity and growth assays in Arabidopsis thaliana and Lactuca sativa seeds and seedlings, as well as the impact of the same compost on the chemical and microbiological properties of soil under open field conditions. During the field trial in an agricultural orchard, soil pH, nutrient content, organic matter, and microbial activity following SC-OFMSWC and chemical fertilizer application were evaluated. In the greenhouse trial, a significant increase in germination rate and biomass production was found for L. sativa at a compost concentration of 2.5%, while neutral to negative effects were observed for A. thaliana. In the open field, results indicated significantly increased levels of organic carbon and enhanced microbial biomass and activity, accompanied by a general increase in nutrients, promoting soil health and resilience, with only limited increases in EC values and heavy metal content. These findings underscore the potential of SC-OFMSWC as an effective agricultural soil improver and a promising component in sustainable nursery management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composting for Soil Improvement and Removal of Soil Contaminants)

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15 pages, 3644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of Wound-Induced Polypeptide Genes in Glycine max and Their Expression Dynamics During Cyst Nematode Infection

by Wenshu Kang, Zicheng Sun, Jiayao Xu, Nawei Qi and Piao Lei

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040957 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 67

Abstract

Plant small peptides are critical regulators of various biological processes, including development and stress responses. Polypeptides within the DUF3774 family, known as wound-induced polypeptides (WIPs), have been identified as key players in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis. In this [...] Read more.

Plant small peptides are critical regulators of various biological processes, including development and stress responses. Polypeptides within the DUF3774 family, known as wound-induced polypeptides (WIPs), have been identified as key players in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis. In this study, the genome-wide identification of WIP genes in Glycine max was performed, followed by gene structure correction and validation using second-generation and full-length RNA sequencing data. A total of 31 GmWIP genes were identified and validated, mapped to chromosomes Gm06, Gm12, Gm13, and Gm06_scaffold_301. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into five distinct clusters, with tandem duplication emerging as the primary mechanism for their expansion in the soybean genome. qRT-PCR analysis revealed dynamic and significant changes in GmWIP expression during soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection in a susceptible soybean cultivar. Remarkably, 90% of the GmWIP genes were downregulated at the early stage of SCN infection (1 dpi), and further corroborated by the pGmWIPs::GUS reporter system. These findings suggest that GmWIP genes may act as regulators in the defense responses of susceptible soybean cultivars, providing a foundation for future functional studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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16 pages, 6131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revolutionizing Salinized Farmland: How Salt-Controlled Irrigation Transforms Microbial Diversity and Soil Organic Matter in a Salt-Alkali Soil

by Xu Yang, Ruihong Yu, Guanglei Yu, Yansong Bai, Muhan Li, Zeyuan Liu, Shen Qu, Ping Miao, Hongli Ma, Tao Zhang and Yonglin Jia

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040956 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 41

Abstract

China is one of the countries most seriously affected by soil salinization, while the impact of salt-controlled irrigation on the relationship between soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial in farmland affected by salinization remains largely unexplored. We conducted a comprehensive survey of [...] Read more.

China is one of the countries most seriously affected by soil salinization, while the impact of salt-controlled irrigation on the relationship between soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial in farmland affected by salinization remains largely unexplored. We conducted a comprehensive survey of soil DOM and a microbial survey of Ordos’s salinized farmland in China before and after salt-controlled irrigation. Our findings reveal a reduction of 18.4 mg/L in surface soil (0–10 cm) DOC following irrigation, whereas the subsurface soil (20–40 cm) DOC increased by 20.7 mg/L. Moreover, irrigation led to an increase in the aromaticity and humification of the soil, with the salt content of the subsurface soil rising from 2.7 to 3.7 mg/g. Additionally, the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the drained water were 2463 mg/L higher than in the irrigation water (1416.3 mg/L). This suggests that the DOM and salts from the surface soil either leached into deeper layers or were lost via runoff. Furthermore, SEM analysis and a Mantel test revealed that microbial composition significantly influenced soil DOM contents, especially increased levels of Marmoricola and MND1, which are associated with decomposing organic matter and may contribute to the leaching of soil DOM in deep layers following irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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20 pages, 13664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Testing of Film Picking–Unloading Device of Tillage Residual Film Recycling Machine Based on DEM Parameter Calibration

by Weiquan Fang, Xinzhong Wang, Dianlei Han and Israel Enema Ohiemi

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040955 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

The operating parameters and operating effect of a residual film recycling device can be predicted, and the key parameters can be determined based on the DEM–MBD coupling simulation. The parameters obtained from the parameter calibration are the basis of the simulation. This study [...] Read more.

The operating parameters and operating effect of a residual film recycling device can be predicted, and the key parameters can be determined based on the DEM–MBD coupling simulation. The parameters obtained from the parameter calibration are the basis of the simulation. This study calibrates DEM parameters for the soil-touching components of a tillage residual film recycling machine. A film-picking model for elastic tooth–soil–residual film interactions was established. The reliability of the contact parameters was verified by comparing the simulation and experimental angle of repose for soil–soil (43.6° vs. 42.42°, error was 2.7%) and residual film–residual film (43° vs. 43.7°, error was 1.6%) using the funnel and bucket methods. A DEM model for film–soil detachment was developed, with a force analysis showing an 8.1% error between the simulation (0.34 N) and experiment (0.37 N). Additionally, a DEM–MBD coupling model was used to analyze the recovery rate of residual film under elastic teeth, yielding a 2% error between simulation (90%) and experiment (92%). This study provides a basis for DEM parameter optimization in soil-touching components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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30 pages, 9229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Drought Thresholds Triggering Winter Wheat Yield Losses in the Future Based on the CNN-LSTM Model and Copula Theory: A Case Study of Henan Province

by Jianqin Ma, Yan Zhao, Bifeng Cui, Lei Liu, Yu Ding, Yijian Chen and Xinxi Zhang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040954 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 55

Abstract

As global warming progresses, quantifying drought thresholds for crop yield losses is crucial for food security and sustainable agriculture. Based on the CNN-LSTM model and Copula function, this study constructs a conditional probability framework for yield losses under future climate change. It analyzes [...] Read more.

As global warming progresses, quantifying drought thresholds for crop yield losses is crucial for food security and sustainable agriculture. Based on the CNN-LSTM model and Copula function, this study constructs a conditional probability framework for yield losses under future climate change. It analyzes the relationship between the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and winter wheat yield, assesses the vulnerability of winter wheat in various regions to drought stress, and quantifies the drought thresholds under climate change. The results showed that (1) SPEI in Zhoukou, Sanmenxia, and Nanyang was significantly correlated with yield; (2) the drought vulnerability of southern and eastern was higher than that of center, western, and northern in the past (2000–2023) and future (2024–2047); (3) there were significant differences in drought thresholds. The yield loss of winter wheat below 30, 50, and 70 percentiles in southern and eastern (past/future) were −1.86/−2.47, −0.85/−1.39, and 0.60/0.35 (Xinyang); −1.45/−2.16, −0.75/−1.34, −0.17/−0.43 (Nanyang); −1.47/−2.24, −0.97/−1.61, 0.69/0.28 (Zhoukou); −2.18/−2.86, −1.80/−2.36, −0.75/−1.08 (Kaifeng), indicating that the drought threshold will reduce in the future. This is mainly due to the different climate and soil conditions in different regions of Henan Province. In the context of future climate change, droughts will be more frequent. Hence, the research results provide a valuable reference for the efficient utilization of agricultural water resources and the prevention and control of drought risk under climate change in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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18 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Green Space as a Reservoir of Predatory Syrphids (Diptera, Syrphidae) for Aphid Control in Cities

by Elżbieta Wojciechowicz-Żytko and Maja Dobińska-Graczyk

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040953 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The occurrence of predatory Syrphidae (hoverflies) in green areas of cities and their role as biological control agents is determined in this work. During the study, 751 adults belonging to 21 species were captured in Moericke’s traps and with sweep nets, and 286 [...] Read more.

The occurrence of predatory Syrphidae (hoverflies) in green areas of cities and their role as biological control agents is determined in this work. During the study, 751 adults belonging to 21 species were captured in Moericke’s traps and with sweep nets, and 286 larvae from 10 species were reared from aphid colonies. In both cases, the dominants were Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.) Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), and Syrphus vitripennis Meig. (L.) It can be assumed that hoverflies were attracted by flowering plants and then developed in aphid colonies on trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, reducing the aphid population. The largest number of hoverflies was caught in the plant-rich and well-developed Wolski Forest, whose conditions were beneficial for their reproduction and survival. Studies on the voracity of hoverflies have shown that the larvae of dominant species ate from 243 to 498 individuals of Aphis fabae Scop. and from 272 to 468 specimens of Myzus cerasi (Fabr.); the efficiency depended on the syrphid and aphid species as well as the instar stage of the syrphid larva. The results indicate that urban green spaces are vital refugia for insect biodiversity and could be a reservoir of beneficial insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beneficial Insects Research for Conservation Biological Control)

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19 pages, 3653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Phosphorus Fertilization on Leaching, Accumulation, and Microbial Cycling in New Apple Orchards

by Yuwen Shen, Haitao Lin, Rui Xue, Yanan Ma and Yan Song

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040952 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 97

Abstract

Field experiments spanning five years were conducted to convert barren mountainous land into apple orchards, testing five phosphorus (P) fertilization schemes: no inorganic P (NP0K), superphosphate (FP), water-soluble inorganic P (WSF), superphosphate with alkaline soil conditioner (SC), and superphosphate with grass interplanting (GC). [...] Read more.

Field experiments spanning five years were conducted to convert barren mountainous land into apple orchards, testing five phosphorus (P) fertilization schemes: no inorganic P (NP0K), superphosphate (FP), water-soluble inorganic P (WSF), superphosphate with alkaline soil conditioner (SC), and superphosphate with grass interplanting (GC). Fertilizer solubility and soil pH were found to significantly impact P leaching and accumulation. Among the schemes, WSF exhibited the highest P leaching loss (3.65–3.87%), while SC (2.17–2.79%) and GC (2.79–3.25%) minimized such losses. As soil pH declined over time, aluminum P (Al-P) replaced calcium P (Ca-P) as the dominant inorganic P fraction, while occluded P (O-P) increased, resulting in reduced P bioavailability. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and acid phosphatase activity positively influenced inorganic P fractions, whereas prolonged orchard establishment decreased fixed inorganic P content. Microbial P cycling genes were less abundant and showed negative correlations with soil nitrate-N, electrical conductivity, available P (Olsen P), and SOC. These findings highlight that grass interplanting with superphosphate (GC) is an optimal strategy to minimize phosphorus leaching, enhance soil phosphorus bioavailability, and reduce environmental risks, making it a sustainable approach for orchard management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Degradation and Management Strategies: Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemotactic Responses of Slug-Parasitic Nematodes to Potato-Tuber-Emitted Volatile Organic Compounds

by Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan and Mohammad Yonesi

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040951 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 39

Abstract

Parasitic nematodes play a vital role in soil ecosystems, contributing to natural pest suppression. Among them, slug-parasitic species such as Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Schneider) Andrassy, Oscheius myriophilus (Poinar), and Oscheius onirici Torrini et al. are promising biological control agents against mollusk pests. These nematodes [...] Read more.

Parasitic nematodes play a vital role in soil ecosystems, contributing to natural pest suppression. Among them, slug-parasitic species such as Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Schneider) Andrassy, Oscheius myriophilus (Poinar), and Oscheius onirici Torrini et al. are promising biological control agents against mollusk pests. These nematodes rely on plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for host location, yet their chemotactic responses to specific VOCs remain unclear. This study assessed the responses of P. papillosa, O. myriophilus, and O. onirici to VOCs emitted by potato (S. tuberosum) tubers under varying temperature (18 °C, 22 °C) and concentration conditions (pure compound, 0.03 ppm). The results indicate that octanal was the strongest attractant, particularly for O. myriophilus, while nonanal exhibited species-dependent effects. Hydrocarbons such as undecane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene had minimal or repellent effects, whereas 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one showed moderate attraction. Chemotactic responses were stronger at 18 °C, and attraction increased with higher VOC concentrations, suggesting a threshold-dependent response. These findings enhance our understanding of plant–nematode interactions and suggest that octanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one could improve nematode-based slug control strategies. However, environmental factors such as soil composition and microbial activity may influence VOC diffusion and nematode recruitment. Future research should focus on optimizing VOC formulations, assessing field applicability, and integrating these findings into sustainable pest management programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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17 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Path Analysis on the Meteorological Factors Impacting Yield of Tartary Buckwheat at Different Sowing Dates

by Jin Zhang, Jing Sun, Hong Chen, Zhiming Yan, Sichen Liu, Longlong Liu and Xiaoning Cao

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040950 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 47

Abstract

Tartary buckwheat is an important characteristic multigrain crop, mainly planted in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet, and other alpine and remote ethnic mountainous areas. In order to clarify the effect of sowing date on the yield and quality of Tartary buckwheat and its [...] Read more.

Tartary buckwheat is an important characteristic multigrain crop, mainly planted in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet, and other alpine and remote ethnic mountainous areas. In order to clarify the effect of sowing date on the yield and quality of Tartary buckwheat and its relationship with meteorological factors The variety Jinqiao No. 2 was used for a two-year trial at Dingxiang Test Base in Shanxi Province on four sowing dates (15 June, 26 June, 6 July and 17 July 2022 and 19 June, 30 June, 10 July and 21 July 2023) starting from the bud stage. Responses to sowing date were investigated by examining the growth period structure, yield, yield component, quality, and their relationship to climatic factors. The results showed that meteorological factors during the grain grain-filling stage were different when the sowing date was different. Compared with other sowing times, the treatment with the sowing of early and mid-July had less than 13.5~27.9 h of sunshine, less than 28.8~48.5 mm of rainfall, more than 10.5~19 days of ≤15 °C days, but the most serious low-temperature stress (≤15 °C days up to 27 days). The yield of sowing in July was 69.8~77.0% and 69.9~79.1% lower than that of sowing in June in 2022 and 2023 respectively, and the later sowing had a lower yield. Delayed sowing is beneficial to the accumulation of flavonoids and protein in Tartary buckwheat grains, and the average value in 2022 and 2023 is 11.55% and 14.64% higher than that in the first sowing, but the content of fat and starch is significantly reduced. The result of path analysis showed that the low temperature (≤15 °C days up to 27 days) and less solar radiation duration were the key points for attaining high yield and quality, due to the mean daily temperature and ≤15 °C days from flowering to maturity had negative effect on 1000-seed weight, seed setting rate, starch and crude lipid content of Tartary buckwheat, and the direct effect of sunshine duration on the content of protein and flavonoid in Tartary buckwheat was the greatest. The yield of Tartary buckwheat sown in June was higher than that of other treatments, because of avoiding low-temperature stress and long rainy and sunless weather during the grain filling stage, which enabled the blossoming and grain filling normally and finally attained higher yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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20 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transcription Factors Involved in Plant Stress and Growth and Development: NAC

by Chenjia Zheng, Qin Yang, Xin Wang, Yu Chen, Ruoyu He, Xinmeng Li, Huanhuan Pan, Renying Zhuo, Tongbao Qu and Wenmin Qiu

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040949 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 67

Abstract

Transcription factors play a key role in plant growth and development. As the largest family of plant-specific transcription factors, the NAC family plays a central role in coordinating plant growth and development and environmental adaptation through its unique molecular design paradigm of “fixed [...] Read more.

Transcription factors play a key role in plant growth and development. As the largest family of plant-specific transcription factors, the NAC family plays a central role in coordinating plant growth and development and environmental adaptation through its unique molecular design paradigm of “fixed N-terminal structural domain + variable C-terminal regulatory domain”. This review systematically analyses the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of NAC transcription factors in developmental processes such as cell wall remodelling, root system architecture, leaf senescence and fruit ripening, and reveals their molecular basis for responding to biotic/abiotic stresses through strategies such as hormone signalling integration (ABA, SA, JA, etc.), antioxidant defence activation and metabolic reprogramming. The study found that NAC proteins precisely control plant growth through multiple regulatory mechanisms and have evolved to form both conservative and diverse functional modules, which are of great value for crop improvement. However, research still faces three major challenges: the NAC regulatory network in different crops is still unclear, the coordinated response to multiple stresses has not been solved, and the ecological risks of gene editing have not been assessed. To this end, this paper proposes to build an ‘NAC regulatory map database’ and use synthetic biology and artificial intelligence technology to design smarter, stress-tolerant and high-yielding crops, overcoming the limitations of traditional research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

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17 pages, 6107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Stress Downregulates Photosystem I Redox State on Leaf Photosynthesis in Grapevine

by Qian Qiu, Yanli Sun, Dinghan Guo, Lei Wang, Vinay Pagay and Shiping Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040948 - 14 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Semi-arid viticultural regions globally are experiencing severe and frequent growing-season heat waves that negatively impact grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) physiological performance and productivity. At the leaf level, heat stress can photodamage both Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). In order to [...] Read more.

Semi-arid viticultural regions globally are experiencing severe and frequent growing-season heat waves that negatively impact grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) physiological performance and productivity. At the leaf level, heat stress can photodamage both Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). In order to study the self-protection mechanism of grapevine leaves, in this study, 3-year-old potted ‘Merlot’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grapevines were exposed to a 5-day simulated heatwave (45/25 °C day/night) and compared to vines maintained at 25/18 °C. After heat exposure, ‘Merlot’ demonstrated superior thermotolerance and superior physiological performance as measured by gas exchange, oxidative parameters, chlorophyll loss, and photoinhibition of PSI and PSII. Additionally, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dissipated the excess light energy in the form of heat. Y(NPQ) progressively rose from 0 to 0.6, signaling the start of the grapevine leaves’ self-defense against temperature stress. Furthermore, the stimulation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) under high temperatures contributed to the energy balance of PSI. The CEF of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ under high light intensities increased dramatically from 1 to 4. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-dependent CEF around PSI increased markedly, suggesting its role in self-protection. These results demonstrate that both NPQ and CEF play key photoprotective roles by generating a proton gradient under heat stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecophysiology and Management of Grapevines Under Changing Climatic Conditions—2nd Edition)

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Agronomy, Volume 15, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 218 articles

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