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Animals
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Immune Response in the Horse
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Immune Response in the Horse

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Equids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2022) | Viewed by 13158

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jessica Suagee Bedore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: immunology; horse; equine management
Dr. Caroline Leeth

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: immunology; lymphocyte biology; mouse models; horse; equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This issue will focus on the immune response of the horse in health and disease states. Novel insights into immune function and immune assessment will be included. The unique equine immune response is not well characterized and often extrapolations are made from human or mouse studies. Frequent reminders are published on the differences between mice and humans so our knowledge of the equine specific response is critical to understand their immunological challenges as well as for new therapeutic development. The purpose of this issue to contribute to our expanding knowledge base of the immunological responses of the horse.

Dr. Jessica Suagee Bedore
Dr. Caroline Leeth
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • horse
  • immunology
  • inflammation
  • health

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1589 KiB  
Article
Effects of Crude Rice Bran Oil and a Flaxseed Oil Blend in Young Horses Engaged in a Training Program
by Kayla C. Mowry, Timber L. Thomson-Parker, Cruz Morales, Kalley K. Fikes, Kyle J. Stutts, Jessica L. Leatherwood, Mark J. Anderson, Rachelle X. Smith and Jessica K. Suagee-Bedore
Animals 2022, 12(21), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213006 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
Rice bran oil and flaxseed oil contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise inflammation and muscle damage. This study measures plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase and fatty acid profiles in lightly worked, young horses (Equus caballus) undergoing an exercise [...] Read more.
Rice bran oil and flaxseed oil contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise inflammation and muscle damage. This study measures plasma interleukin-1β and creatine kinase and fatty acid profiles in lightly worked, young horses (Equus caballus) undergoing an exercise test after 60 days (d) of oil consumption, where the oil replaced 25% of concentrate calories. Treatments consisted of CON (no oil), FLAX (flaxseed oil blend), and RICE (crude rice bran oil). Blood was collected pre-exercise, and again at 1 min, 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Plasma creatine kinase activity was not different in CON during the study, greater (p < 0.05) in RICE from pre-exercise to 30 min post-exercise across all exercise tests, and lesser (p < 0.05) in FLAX at 30 min post-exercise on d 30 compared to d 0. Plasma interleukin-1β was greater (p < 0.01) in CON on d 60, but no differences were observed in FLAX and RICE throughout the study. Plasma alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids were greatest (p < 0.05) in FLAX after 30 d of inclusion, while CON horses had greater (p < 0.05) EPA across all exercise tests and DHA after 60 d. These results indicate that 60 d of inclusion of crude rice bran oil or a flaxseed oil blend may benefit lightly worked, young horses by reducing training-program-related increases in interleukin-1β, while a flaxseed oil blend may reduce exercise-induced increases in creatine kinase. Additionally, the flaxseed oil blend has the potential to increase plasma omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Replacing 25% of concentrate calories with flaxseed or rice bran oil has potential benefits for young horses in training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response in the Horse)
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12 pages, 1334 KiB  
Article
Age and Body Condition Influence the Post-Prandial Interleukin-1β Response to a High-Starch Meal in Horses
by Jessica Suagee-Bedore, Nichola Shost, Christian Miller, Luis Grado and Jeremy Bechelli
Animals 2021, 11(12), 3362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123362 - 24 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1450
Abstract
Older horses and those prone to obesity may be at a higher risk for inflammation than younger and leaner counterparts. Previous research indicated a postprandial elevation in plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, after consuming 1.2 g of non-structural carbohydrates/kilogram of [...] Read more.
Older horses and those prone to obesity may be at a higher risk for inflammation than younger and leaner counterparts. Previous research indicated a postprandial elevation in plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, after consuming 1.2 g of non-structural carbohydrates/kilogram of body weight. However, these studies utilized horses of mixed age and body condition. The current study evaluated post-prandial IL-1β concentrations in horses specifically comparing lean to over-conditioned and middle aged to older. Our results suggest that at least two weeks of daily consumption of a high non-structural carbohydrate diet is required to induce a post-prandial increase in IL-1β concentrations in younger and leaner horses. In opposition to this, older and over-conditioned horses experience plasma increased on the first day of feeding and thereafter. Feeding management practices of older and over-conditioned individuals should emphasize lower non-structural carbohydrate intakes and further research should elucidate mechanisms of IL-1β activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response in the Horse)
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11 pages, 3063 KiB  
Article
Engrafting Horse Immune Cells into Mouse Hosts for the Study of the Acute Equine Immune Responses
by Caroline Leeth, Janie Adkins, Alayna Hay, Sophie Bogers, Ashley Potter, Sharon Witonsky and Jing Zhu
Animals 2021, 11(10), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102962 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1964
Abstract
Immunological studies in the horse are frequently hampered by lack of environmental control, complicated study design, and ethical concerns when performing high risk studies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the utility of a xenograft model for studying acute equine [...] Read more.
Immunological studies in the horse are frequently hampered by lack of environmental control, complicated study design, and ethical concerns when performing high risk studies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the utility of a xenograft model for studying acute equine immune responses. Immunocompromised non obese diabetic (NOD). sudden combined immunodeficiency (scid).gamma-/- (NSG) mice were engrafted with either equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) or equine bone marrow to determine an optimal protocol for equine lymphocyte engraftment. We found that both PBL and bone marrow grafts populated the host mice successfully. Bone marrow transplants were technically more challenging and required further processing to retard graft versus host disease. Graft vs host disease was apparent at 28 days post-PBL transfer and 56 days post-bone marrow transfer. The results of these studies support the use of mouse hosts to study acute equine immune responses and that different engraftment techniques can be used depending on the experimental design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response in the Horse)
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13 pages, 4891 KiB  
Article
High Numbers of CD163-Positive Macrophages in the Fibrotic Region of Exuberant Granulation Tissue in Horses
by Charis Du Cheyne, Ann Martens and Ward De Spiegelaere
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092728 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
Exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) is a frequently encountered complication during second intention healing in equine distal limb wounds. Although it is still unknown what exactly triggers the formation of this tissue, previous research has revealed a persistent inflammatory response in these wounds. In [...] Read more.
Exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) is a frequently encountered complication during second intention healing in equine distal limb wounds. Although it is still unknown what exactly triggers the formation of this tissue, previous research has revealed a persistent inflammatory response in these wounds. In this preliminary study we examined this inflammatory response in EGT-developing wounds as well as in experimental induced wounds. Immunohistological stainings were performed to detect primary inflammatory immune cells (MAC387 staining) as well as pro-resolution immune cells (CD163 staining). Our results show a significantly higher amount of MAC387+ and CD163+ cells in the fibrotic regions of EGT compared with the 19-day-old experimental wounds. This persistent high amount of fibrosis-promoting CD163+ cells in EGT suggests that the wound healing processes in EGT-developing wounds are arrested at the level of the proliferation phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response in the Horse)
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Review

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14 pages, 683 KiB  
Review
Role of Innate Immunity in Initiation and Progression of Osteoarthritis, with Emphasis on Horses
by Juan Estrada McDermott, Lynn Pezzanite, Laurie Goodrich, Kelly Santangelo, Lyndah Chow, Steven Dow and William Wheat
Animals 2021, 11(11), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113247 - 13 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3266
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition with diverse etiologies, affecting horses, humans, and companion animals. Importantly, OA is not a single disease, but rather a disease process initiated by different events, including acute trauma, irregular or repetitive overload of articular structures, and spontaneous [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition with diverse etiologies, affecting horses, humans, and companion animals. Importantly, OA is not a single disease, but rather a disease process initiated by different events, including acute trauma, irregular or repetitive overload of articular structures, and spontaneous development with aging. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA is still evolving, and OA is increasingly considered a multifactorial disease in which the innate immune system plays a key role in regulating and perpetuating low-grade inflammation, resulting in sustained cartilage injury and destruction. Macrophages within the synovium and synovial fluid are considered the key regulators of immune processes in OA and are capable of both stimulating and suppressing joint inflammation, by responding to local and systemic cues. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the innate immune system in the overall pathogenesis of OA, drawing on insights from studies in humans, animal models of OA, and from clinical and research studies in horses. This review also discusses the various therapeutic immune modulatory options currently available for managing OA and their mechanisms of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response in the Horse)
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