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Animals
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Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows
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Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Cattle".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 18248

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Geert Opsomer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
Interests: dairy cow; transition period; systemic inflammation; innate immunity; reproductive diseases; embryo production
Dr. Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
Interests: dairy cow; transition period; systemic inflammation; innate immunity; reproductive diseases; embryo production

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is a high risk of clinical or subclinical reproductive tract disease in the postpartum period in dairy cows. An integrated process of adaptive events should occur synchronously, including a robust but well-regulated immune response in the uterus. Failure of this process may result in reproductive tract inflammatory disease. Up to half of postpartum dairy cows are affected by metritis, purulent vaginal discharge, clinical endometritis, or subclinical endometritis.

The scope of this Special Issue includes reviews and original research papers focused on, but not limited to, diagnosis, risk factors, effects, and potential treatments for reproductive tract inflammatory diseases in postpartum dairy cows.

Prof. Geert Opsomer
Dr. Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Dairy cow
  • Transition period
  • Reproductive disease
  • Metritis
  • Clinical endometritis
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Subclinical endometritis
  • Innate immunity
  • Inflammation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1401 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Postpartum Metabolic Status and Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle
by Uxía Yáñez, Pedro G. Herradón, Juan J. Becerra, Ana I. Peña and Luis A. Quintela
Animals 2022, 12(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030242 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the importance of postpartum serum levels of certain metabolic markers as risk factors for subclinical endometritis (SE). Ninety-four Holstein cows were included in the study, and examinations were carried out between 30–45 days postpartum. Rectal [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to verify the importance of postpartum serum levels of certain metabolic markers as risk factors for subclinical endometritis (SE). Ninety-four Holstein cows were included in the study, and examinations were carried out between 30–45 days postpartum. Rectal palpation, vaginoscopy, transrectal ultrasound, endometrial cytology, and blood sample collections were performed. The percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (%PMN) on the endometrium was evaluated, as well as serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, hepatic enzymes, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA). Samples with ≥8% PMN were classified as positive to subclinical endometritis. According to the serum levels of BHBA, cows were classified as clinical ketosis (>2.6 mmol/L), subclinical ketosis (1.2–2.6 mmol/L), and healthy (<1.2 mmol/L). Additionally, body condition score, parity, date of last labor, peripartum issues, insemination date, date of pregnancy diagnosis and milk production information were collected. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that as serum levels of BHBA rose, also did the %PMN, so that up to 60% of cows with clinical ketosis suffered from SE. On the other hand, the %PMN fell as serum levels of urea and albumin increased. Consequently, good postpartum management practices and early detection of metabolic alterations are necessary measures to control predisposing factors and reduce the incidence of SE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows)
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10 pages, 700 KiB  
Article
Validation of On-Farm Bacteriological Systems for Endometritis Diagnosis in Postpartum Dairy Cows
by Nicolas Barbeau-Grégoire, Alexandre Boyer, Marjolaine Rousseau, Marie-Lou Gauthier and Jocelyn Dubuc
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092695 - 15 Sep 2021
Viewed by 2261
Abstract
The objective of this study was to validate the accuracy of the results of on-farm bacteriological culture media (Tri-plate and Petrifilm) from endometrial samples compared with the ones from the diagnostic laboratory. A cross-sectional observational study was set up within two dairy herd [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to validate the accuracy of the results of on-farm bacteriological culture media (Tri-plate and Petrifilm) from endometrial samples compared with the ones from the diagnostic laboratory. A cross-sectional observational study was set up within two dairy herd clients of the Université de Montréal. A total of 189 cows in the postpartum period were systematically enrolled to collect two uterine samples from cytobrushes during the same examination. The first cytobrush was used to inoculate the Tri-plate medium directly and then was sent to the reference laboratory for aerobic bacterial culture. The second cytobrush was used to make a microscopic smear for cytological analysis (proportion of polymorphonuclear cells) and subsequently diluted in 1 mL of saline to inoculate the Petrifilm medium. From these data, statistical analyses were computed to optimize the summation of sensitivity and specificity of the two systems compared with the results of the reference laboratory. For the Tri-plate and Petrifilm media, the cutoffs of ˃90 and ˃100 colonies gave the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, respectively. In conclusion, Tri-plate media was best at reproducing the results obtained by laboratory analysis using a threshold of >90 colonies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows)
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15 pages, 1517 KiB  
Article
Association between Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentration and Inflammation Markers in Serum during the Peripartum Period in Dairy Cows
by Hiroaki Okawa, Danielle Monniaux, Chihiro Mizokami, Atsushi Fujikura, Toshihiro Takano, Satoko Sato, Urara Shinya, Chiho Kawashima, Osamu Yamato, Yasuo Fushimi, Peter L. A. M. Vos, Masayasu Taniguchi and Mitsuhiro Takagi
Animals 2021, 11(5), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051241 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3197
Abstract
The relationships between changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration and various traits, including milk somatic cell counts (SCC), were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from 43 Holstein cows 14 days before (D-14) and 10 (D10) and 28 days after (D28) parturition, and vaginal [...] Read more.
The relationships between changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration and various traits, including milk somatic cell counts (SCC), were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from 43 Holstein cows 14 days before (D-14) and 10 (D10) and 28 days after (D28) parturition, and vaginal discharge score (VDS) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) percentages were assessed in endometrial samples at D28. Cows were separated into four quartiles (Q1–Q4) based on changes in AMH concentration during the peripartum period (AMH ratio: D28/D-14). Correlations between AMH ratio and each parameter were evaluated and classified into high-AMH (Q4, 1.83 ± 0.12, n = 11) and low-AMH (Q1, 0.83 ± 0.05, n = 11) groups. The AMH ratio was positively correlated with magnesium and non-esterified fatty acids levels, and the albumin/globulin ratio at D10 and D28, but negatively correlated with serum amyloid A (SAA) at D10. SAA and γ-globulin levels were significantly higher in the low-AMH group at D28. There was no significant difference in VDS, PMNL percentage, and milk SCC between the two groups. The decreasing AMH ratio from the prepartum to the postpartum period corresponds to high inflammation biomarker levels. Whether it subsequently affects the reproductive prognosis of postpartum cows needs further investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows)
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18 pages, 1373 KiB  
Article
Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Viability and Functionality of Uterine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Postpartum Dairy Cows
by Leen Lietaer, Kristel Demeyere, Stijn Heirbaut, Evelyne Meyer, Geert Opsomer and Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
Animals 2021, 11(4), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041081 - 10 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2289
Abstract
Postpartum dairy cows experience impaired peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functionality, which has been associated with reproductive tract inflammatory diseases. However, it has not been elucidated yet whether endometrial PMN functionality is (equally) impaired. We developed a method for endometrial PMN isolation and flow [...] Read more.
Postpartum dairy cows experience impaired peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functionality, which has been associated with reproductive tract inflammatory diseases. However, it has not been elucidated yet whether endometrial PMN functionality is (equally) impaired. We developed a method for endometrial PMN isolation and flow cytometric assessment of their viability and functionality. We also evaluated PMN immunolabeling, using a specific bovine granulocyte marker, CH138A. Blood and endometrial cytobrush samples were collected in duplicate from seventeen clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows between 9 and 37 days in milk. The proportion of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic PMN in endometrial samples roughly ranged from 10 to 80%, indicating highly dynamic endometrial PMN populations in the postpartum uteri. Endometrial PMN functionality testing revealed that PMN immunolabeling increased the accuracy, although this protocol might influence the median fluorescence intensity of the sample. Phagocytosis seemed the most stable and reliable endometrial PMN function and could be assessed satisfactorily without prior CH138A immunolabeling. However, the interpretation of oxidative burst and intracellular proteolysis tests remains challenging. The correlation between peripheral and endometrial PMN functionality was poor. Further research is warranted to unravel the role of uterine PMN viability and functionality in bovine uterine health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows)
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Review

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13 pages, 757 KiB  
Review
Effect of Endometrial Sampling Procedures on Subsequent Pregnancy Rate of Cattle
by Orlando Ramirez-Garzon, Ricardo Soares Magalhaes, Nana Satake, Jonathan Hill, Claudia Jimenez, Michael K. Holland and Michael McGowan
Animals 2021, 11(6), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061683 - 5 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5144
Abstract
Endometrial infections are a common cause of reproductive loss in cattle. Accurate diagnosis is important to reduce the economic losses caused by endometritis. A range of sampling procedures have been developed which enable collection of endometrial tissue or luminal cells or uterine fluid. [...] Read more.
Endometrial infections are a common cause of reproductive loss in cattle. Accurate diagnosis is important to reduce the economic losses caused by endometritis. A range of sampling procedures have been developed which enable collection of endometrial tissue or luminal cells or uterine fluid. However, as these are all invasive procedures, there is a risk that sampling around the time of breeding may adversely affect subsequent pregnancy rate. This systematic review compared the pregnancy rates (PR) of cattle which underwent uterine lavage (UL), cotton swab (CS), cytobrush (CB), cytotape (CT), or endometrial biopsy (EB) sampling procedures with those that were not sampled. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol, relevant databases, including Pubmed, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, VetMed Resource–Ruminants, and Scopus, were searched. The outcome measured was the pregnancy rate after the collection of endometrial sample(s). Seven studies, involving a total of 3693 cows, fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and allowed the comparison of PR between sampled (n = 1254) and non-sampled cows (n = 2409). The results of the systematic review showed that endometrial sampling procedures can be performed before breeding or shortly after insemination without adversely affecting pregnancy rates in cattle. However, further studies are needed to validate this information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Tract Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows)
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