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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Extracellular Antioxidant Systems in Plants
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Extracellular Antioxidant Systems in Plants

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 20835

Special Issue Editors

Dr. José Antonio Hernández Cortés

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Group of Fruit Biotechnology, Department of Fruit Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
Interests: antioxidant systems; ASC-GSH cycle; hormone profile; hydrogen peroxide; reactive oxygen species; redox signaling; proteomic; seed biology; seed dormancy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gregorio Barba-Espín

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
Interests: plant biotechnology and breeding; crop management; plant biotechnology; antioxidant metabolism, proteomics, molecular biology in numerous plant species
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The extracellular space (or the plant cell apoplast) is the plant cell compartment external to the plasma membrane, including the cell wall matrix, and consists of a complex mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, lignin, water, metabolites, and inorganic compounds. It has a primary role in cell nutrition, ion homeostasis, plant development, and cell differentiation. The apoplast is involved in a variety of functions during normal growth and under stress conditions, including biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein composition of the apoplast is influenced by several kinds of stress, such as wilting, salinity, heavy metals, and pathogens, among others.
Since the apoplast is the initial site of injury caused by different abiotic or biotic stresses that could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide generation, the apoplastic antioxidant defenses can be the first line of defense preventing cellular damage. This is the case of cold stress, salinity, water stress, or pathogen challenges. Extracellular ROS generation constitutes only a minor part of a cell’s total ROS level; however, this fraction is of extraordinary importance in signaling events. In addition, ROS can react with apoplastic signaling components, cytosolic kinases, phosphatases, various redox-sensitive proteins, and transcription factors.
Different papers have described the presence of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the apoplastic space. Nevertheless, relatively little information is available regarding the presence of the antioxidant enzymes in the apoplast of plant tissues, and the results are often contradictory.
The aim and scope of this Special issue is to encourage the publication of reviews and/or experimental research dealing with physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects related to the characterization of extracellular antioxidant mechanisms in plants as well as their response to environmental challenges.

Dr. José Antonio Hernandez Cortes
Dr. Gregorio Barba-Espín
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • abiotic stress
  • antioxidant defenses
  • apoplastic space
  • biotic stress
  • proteomic
  • oxidative stress
  • ROS signaling

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 4182 KiB  
Article
Fructans Prime ROS Dynamics and Botrytis cinerea Resistance in Arabidopsis
by Henry Christopher Janse van Rensburg, Zoltan Takács, Florentina Freynschlag, Ebru Toksoy Öner, Claudia Jonak and Wim Van den Ende
Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090805 - 1 Sep 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4293
Abstract
Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out to establish [...] Read more.
Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out to establish the role of fructan-induced immunity against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that both inulin- and levan-type fructans from different sources can enhance Arabidopsis resistance against B. cinerea. We found that inulin from chicory roots and levan oligosaccharides from the exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium Halomonas smyrnensis primed the NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to the elicitors flg22, derived from the bacterial flagellum, and oligogalacturonides (OGs), derived from the host cell wall. Neither induced a direct ROS burst typical of elicitors. We also found a primed response after infection with B. cinerea for H2O2 accumulation and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. Sucrose accumulated as a consequence of fructan priming, and glucose and sucrose levels increased in fructan-treated plants after infection with B. cinerea. This study shows that levan-type fructans, specifically from bacterial origin, can prime plant defenses and that both inulin and levan oligosaccharide-mediated priming is associated with changes in ROS dynamics and sugar metabolism. Establishing fructan-induced immunity in Arabidopsis is an important step to further study the underlying mechanisms since a broad range of biological resources are available for Arabidopsis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Antioxidant Systems in Plants)
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17 pages, 3094 KiB  
Article
The Apoplastic and Symplastic Antioxidant System in Onion: Response to Long-Term Salt Stress
by Grisaly García, María José Clemente-Moreno, Pedro Díaz-Vivancos, Marina García and José Antonio Hernández
Antioxidants 2020, 9(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010067 - 12 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4811
Abstract
The response of apoplastic antioxidant systems in root and leaf tissues from two onion genotypes (‘Texas 502’, salt-sensitive and ‘Granex 429’, salt-resistant) in response to salinity was studied. Electrolyte leakage data indicated the membrane integrity impairing by the effect of salts, especially in [...] Read more.
The response of apoplastic antioxidant systems in root and leaf tissues from two onion genotypes (‘Texas 502’, salt-sensitive and ‘Granex 429’, salt-resistant) in response to salinity was studied. Electrolyte leakage data indicated the membrane integrity impairing by the effect of salts, especially in ‘Texas 502’. We detected superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activity in the root and leaf apoplastic fractions from onion plants. Salinity increased SOD activity in the root symplast of ‘Texas 502’ and in ‘Granex 429’ leaves. In contrast, salinity reduced SOD activity in the leaf and root apoplastic fractions from ‘Texas 502’. In ‘Granex 429’, salt-stress increased leaf apoplastic POX activity and symplastic catalase (CAT) activity of both organs, but a decline in root apoplastic POX from ‘Texas 502’ took place. Salt-stress increased monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) in root and leaf symplast and in root glutathione reductase GR, mainly in ‘Granex 429’, but only in this genotype, leaf dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity increased. In contrast, a decline in leaf GR was produced only in ‘Texas 502’. Salinity increased leaf ASC levels, and no accumulation of dehydroascorbate (DHA) was observed in roots in both cases. These responses increased the redox state of ascorbate, especially in roots. In contrast, salinity declined reduced glutathione (GSH), but oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was accumulated in leaves, decreasing the redox state of glutathione. Salinity slightly increased root GSH concentration in the salt-tolerant genotype and was unchanged in the salt-sensitive genotype, but no accumulation of GSSG was produced, favoring the rise and/or maintenance of the redox state of the glutathione. These results suggest that the lower sensitivity to salt in ‘Granex 429’ could be related to a better performance of the antioxidant machinery under salinity conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Antioxidant Systems in Plants)
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Review

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26 pages, 3172 KiB  
Review
The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival
by Atefeh Farvardin, Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Eugenio Llorens, Pilar García-Agustín, Loredana Scalschi and Begonya Vicedo
Antioxidants 2020, 9(7), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070604 - 10 Jul 2020
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 10963
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in [...] Read more.
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Antioxidant Systems in Plants)
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