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Antioxidants
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Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis
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Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "ROS, RNS and RSS".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2023) | Viewed by 13025

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bruno Lemos Batista

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-170, SP, Brazil
Interests: arsenic; ICP-MS; food; chemical speciation; single particle ICP-MS
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plant metabolism is associated with cell redox homeostasis. ROS (reactive oxygen species) are a masterpiece in terms of gene expression/regulation. Important biomolecules have antioxidant properties that affect cellular energy balance (pathways of energy used and produced) during photosynthesis. In this way, elucidation of the metabolic mechanisms between photosynthesis and redox regulation is still a real challenge. Novel studies can provide information on the biomolecules that are present in plants under stress and non-stress conditions.

This Special Issue aims to collect papers dealing with all aspects of redox regulation linked to photosynthesis in order to provide an updated overview of the state of the art in this field. Papers describing recent developments in photosynthesis and redox regulation, including induced stress (abiotic, chemical elements, etc.), biomolecules, gene expression and regulation, and metabolites in different plants, will be particularly welcome.

Dr. Bruno Lemos Batista
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photosynthesis
  • redox regulation
  • cell signaling
  • gene expression
  • induced stress

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 6198 KiB  
Article
PSI Photoinhibition and Changing CO2 Levels Initiate Retrograde Signals to Modify Nuclear Gene Expression
by Mehmet Kılıç, Ville Käpylä, Peter J. Gollan, Eva-Mari Aro and Eevi Rintamäki
Antioxidants 2023, 12(11), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111902 - 24 Oct 2023
Viewed by 2157
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a critical component of the photosynthetic machinery in plants. Under conditions of environmental stress, PSI becomes photoinhibited, leading to a redox imbalance in the chloroplast. PSI photoinhibition is caused by an increase in electron pressure within PSI, which damages [...] Read more.
Photosystem I (PSI) is a critical component of the photosynthetic machinery in plants. Under conditions of environmental stress, PSI becomes photoinhibited, leading to a redox imbalance in the chloroplast. PSI photoinhibition is caused by an increase in electron pressure within PSI, which damages the iron–sulfur clusters. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of PSI to photoinhibition in plants at different concentrations of CO2, followed by global gene expression analyses of the differentially treated plants. PSI photoinhibition was induced using a specific illumination protocol that inhibited PSI with minimal effects on PSII. Unexpectedly, the varying CO2 levels combined with the PSI-PI treatment neither increased nor decreased the likelihood of PSI photodamage. All PSI photoinhibition treatments, independent of CO2 levels, upregulated genes generally involved in plant responses to excess iron and downregulated genes involved in iron deficiency. PSI photoinhibition also induced genes encoding photosynthetic proteins that act as electron acceptors from PSI. We propose that PSI photoinhibition causes a release of iron from damaged iron–sulfur clusters, which initiates a retrograde signal from the chloroplast to the nucleus to modify gene expression. In addition, the deprivation of CO2 from the air initiated a signal that induced flavonoid biosynthesis genes, probably via jasmonate production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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18 pages, 1885 KiB  
Article
Implications of ZnO Nanoparticles and S-Nitrosoglutathione on Nitric Oxide, Reactive Oxidative Species, Photosynthetic Pigments, and Ionomic Profile in Rice
by Isabella Martins Lourenço, Bruna Moreira Freire, Joana Claudio Pieretti, Roberta Albino dos Reis, Nicolas Martins Soares, Marcelo da Luz Santos, Bruno Lemos Batista, Amedea Barozzi Seabra and Camila Neves Lange
Antioxidants 2023, 12(10), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101871 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Zinc is an important nutrient for several plants and humans. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that is important to biological processes that mediate the growth and mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The present study investigated the enzymatic and [...] Read more.
Zinc is an important nutrient for several plants and humans. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that is important to biological processes that mediate the growth and mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The present study investigated the enzymatic and photosynthetic profile and the accumulation of macro- and microelements in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) that received foliar treatments of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), nitric oxide donor (GSNO), and the association of both (GSNO–ZnO NPs). Zinc concentration in rice husks increased by 66% and 68% in plants treated with ZnO NPs and GSNO–ZnO NPs, respectively. The GSNO treatment caused an increase of 25% in the Fe concentration in the rice grains. Only a small disturbance of the antioxidant system was observed, with increases in H2O2, S-NO, and NO2−, mainly in the group treated with GSNO–ZnO NPs; however, the disturbance did not affect the yield, the growth, or vital processes, such as as photosynthetic pigments production. There was an increase in chlorophyll B of 290% and an increase in chlorophyll A of 187% when ZnO NPs was applied. GSNO–ZnO NPs increased chlorophyll B by 345% and chlorophyll A by 345%, indicating that the treatments GSNO, ZnO NPs, and GSNO–ZnO NPs reduced possible oxidative stress and helped as protective treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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15 pages, 721 KiB  
Article
Thylakoid Rhodanese-like Protein–Ferredoxin:NADP+ Oxidoreductase Interaction Is Integrated into Plant Redox Homeostasis System
by Lea Vojta, Anja Rac-Justament, Bernd Zechmann and Hrvoje Fulgosi
Antioxidants 2023, 12(10), 1838; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101838 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1490
Abstract
In vascular plants, the final photosynthetic electron transfer from ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ is catalyzed by the flavoenzyme ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR). FNR is recruited to thylakoid membranes via an integral membrane protein TROL (thylakoid rhodanese-like protein) and the membrane associated protein [...] Read more.
In vascular plants, the final photosynthetic electron transfer from ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ is catalyzed by the flavoenzyme ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR). FNR is recruited to thylakoid membranes via an integral membrane protein TROL (thylakoid rhodanese-like protein) and the membrane associated protein Tic62. We have previously demonstrated that the absence of TROL triggers a very efficient superoxide (O2•−) removal mechanism. The dynamic TROL–FNR interaction has been shown to be an apparently overlooked mechanism that maintains linear electron flow before alternative pathway(s) is(are) activated. In this work, we aimed to further test our hypothesis that the FNR–TROL pair could be the source element that triggers various downstream networks of chloroplast ROS scavenging. Tandem affinity purification followed by the MS analysis confirmed the TROL–FNR interaction and revealed possible interaction of TROL with the thylakoid form of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX), which catalyzes the H2O2-dependent oxidation of ascorbate and is, therefore, the crucial component of the redox homeostasis system in plants. Further, EPR analyses using superoxide spin trap DMPO showed that, in comparison with the wild type, plants overexpressing TROL (TROL OX) propagate more O2•− when exposed to high light stress. This indicates an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in conditions when there is an excess of membrane-bound FNR and less free FNR is found in the stroma. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of glutathione in different Arabidopsis leaf cell compartments showed highly elevated glutathione levels in TROL OX, indicating an increased demand for this ROS scavenger in these plants, likely needed to prevent the damage of important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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15 pages, 1769 KiB  
Article
Higher Reduced State of Fe/S-Signals, with the Suppressed Oxidation of P700, Causes PSI Inactivation in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Riu Furutani, Shinya Wada, Kentaro Ifuku, Shu Maekawa and Chikahiro Miyake
Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010021 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Environmental stress increases the risk of electron accumulation in photosystem I (PSI) of chloroplasts, which can cause oxygen (O2) reduction to superoxide radicals and decreased photosynthetic ability. We used three Arabidopsis thaliana lines: wild-type (WT) and the mutants pgr5hope1 and [...] Read more.
Environmental stress increases the risk of electron accumulation in photosystem I (PSI) of chloroplasts, which can cause oxygen (O2) reduction to superoxide radicals and decreased photosynthetic ability. We used three Arabidopsis thaliana lines: wild-type (WT) and the mutants pgr5hope1 and paa1-7/pox1. These lines have different reduced states of iron/sulfur (Fe/S) signals, including Fx, FA/FB, and ferredoxin, the electron carriers at the acceptor side of PSI. In the dark, short-pulse light was repetitively illuminated to the intact leaves of the plants to provide electrons to the acceptor side of PSI. WT and pgr5hope1 plants showed full reductions of Fe/S during short-pulse light and PSI inactivation. In contrast, paa1-7/pox1 showed less reduction of Fe/S and its PSI was not inactivated. Under continuous actinic-light illumination, pgr5hope1 showed no P700 oxidation with higher Fe/S reduction due to the loss of photosynthesis control and PSI inactivation. These results indicate that the accumulation of electrons at the acceptor side of PSI may trigger the production of superoxide radicals. P700 oxidation, responsible for the robustness of photosynthetic organisms, participates in reactive oxygen species suppression by oxidizing the acceptor side of PSI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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15 pages, 4321 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Affects the Photosynthetic Performance of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Seedlings under Cold Stress
by Muhammad Ahsan Altaf, Huangying Shu, Yuanyuan Hao, Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Xu Lu and Zhiwei Wang
Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2414; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122414 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3147
Abstract
Photosynthesis is an important plant metabolic mechanism that improves carbon absorption and crop yield. Photosynthetic efficiency is greatly hampered by cold stress (CS). Melatonin (ME) is a new plant growth regulator that regulates a wide range of abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular [...] Read more.
Photosynthesis is an important plant metabolic mechanism that improves carbon absorption and crop yield. Photosynthetic efficiency is greatly hampered by cold stress (CS). Melatonin (ME) is a new plant growth regulator that regulates a wide range of abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of ME-mediated photosynthetic regulation in cold-stressed plants is not well understood. Our findings suggest that under low-temperature stress (15/5 °C for 7 days), spraying the plant with ME (200 µM) enhanced gas exchange characteristics and the photosynthetic pigment content of pepper seedlings, as well as upregulated their biosynthetic gene expression. Melatonin increased the activity of photosynthetic enzymes (Rubisco and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase) while also enhancing starch, sucrose, soluble sugar, and glucose content under CS conditions. Low-temperature stress significantly decreased the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), specifically their maximum quantum efficiency PSII (Fv/Fm) and PSI (Pm). In contrast, ME treatment improved the photochemical activity of PSII and PSI. Furthermore, CS dramatically reduced the actual PSII efficiency (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), while enhancing nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ); however, ME treatment substantially mitigated the effects of CS. Our results clearly show the probable function of ME treatment in mitigating the effects of CS by maintaining photosynthetic performance, which might be beneficial when screening genotypes for CS tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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14 pages, 1813 KiB  
Article
Photoinhibition of Photosystem I Induced by Different Intensities of Fluctuating Light Is Determined by the Kinetics of ∆pH Formation Rather Than Linear Electron Flow
by Qi Shi, Xiao-Qian Wang, Zhi-Lan Zeng and Wei Huang
Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122325 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1688
Abstract
Fluctuating light (FL) can cause the selective photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) in angiosperms. In nature, leaves usually experience FL conditions with the same low light and different high light intensities, but the effects of different FL conditions on PSI redox state and [...] Read more.
Fluctuating light (FL) can cause the selective photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) in angiosperms. In nature, leaves usually experience FL conditions with the same low light and different high light intensities, but the effects of different FL conditions on PSI redox state and PSI photoinhibition are not well known. In this study, we found that PSI was highly reduced within the first 10 s after transition from 59 to 1809 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, such transient PSI over-reduction was not observed by transitioning from 59 to 501 or 923 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Consequently, FL (59-1809) induced a significantly stronger PSI photoinhibition than FL (59-501) and FL (59-923). Compared with the proton gradient (∆pH) level after transition to high light for 60 s, tomato leaves almost formed a sufficient ∆pH after light transition for 10 s in FL (59-501) but did not in FL (59-923) or FL (59-1809). The difference in ∆pH between 10 s and 60 s was tightly correlated to the extent of PSI over-reduction and PSI photoinhibition induced by FL. Furthermore, the difference in PSI photoinhibition between (59-923) and FL (59-1809) was accompanied by the same level of linear electron flow. Therefore, PSI photoinhibition induced by different intensities of FL is more related to the kinetics of ∆pH formation rather than linear electron flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Photosynthesis)
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