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17 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing the Power of Natural Mineral Waters in Bread Formulations: Effects on Chemical, Physical, and Physicochemical Properties

by Fernanda Ferreira, Rafaela Guimarães, André Lemos, Catarina Milho, Tayse F. F. da Silveira, Jonata M. Ueda, Márcio Carocho, Sandrina A. Heleno, Lillian Barros, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Manuela Pintado and Maria José Alves

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9179; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209179 - 10 Oct 2024

Viewed by 401

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating natural mineral waters (NMW), including thermal water (TW) and bottled mineral water (BMW), into bread (‘biju’ type) to enhance its mineral content and explore their impacts on physicochemical, technological, biochemical, and chemical composition. NMW, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating natural mineral waters (NMW), including thermal water (TW) and bottled mineral water (BMW), into bread (‘biju’ type) to enhance its mineral content and explore their impacts on physicochemical, technological, biochemical, and chemical composition. NMW, rich in sodium, potassium, and magnesium, resulted in bread formulations with higher contents of these minerals and greater total mineral levels, thus potentially enriching food products. Proximate composition analysis showed no significant differences in moisture, proteins, carbohydrates, and energy, except for lipids and soluble sugars. Texture analysis revealed that water type influenced textural properties, with salt content affecting hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness. Viability analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed consistent results across formulations, suggesting water pH and mineral content did not significantly affect fermentation. In addition, bread formulations without added salt were developed to assess the potential of sodium-rich NMW as a natural source of salt. For these samples, and considering the parameters assessed, except for salt and sodium content, the differences observed were slight compared to salt-added formulations, highlighting NMW’s potential to produce low-salt bread. These findings not only enhance the value of local resources but also offer an innovative and sustainable strategy for utilizing NMW springs across Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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19 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Beyond Thymol and Carvacrol: Characterizing the Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Capacity of Portuguese Oregano and Thyme for Food Applications

by Ana Rita Soares Mateus, Carmo Serrano, Carina Almeida, Andreia Soares, Violeta Rolim Lopes and Ana Sanches-Silva

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8924; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198924 - 3 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus mastichina L.) are popular aromatic plants used in the culinary sphere and are known for their antioxidant capacity. This study investigates the variability in the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles, focusing on flavonoids and [...] Read more.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus mastichina L.) are popular aromatic plants used in the culinary sphere and are known for their antioxidant capacity. This study investigates the variability in the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles, focusing on flavonoids and phenolic acids, of oregano and thyme accessions from the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by measurements using the ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays, Total Phenolic Content, and individual phenolic compounds. Oregano extracts presented the highest total phenolic content (~2152 mg GAE/g DW), while thyme extracts showed the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. However, both aromatic plants (~0.58 mmol TE/g DW) presented similar DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound in methanolic extracts from oregano and thyme, but higher amounts were found in thyme (23.11 to 40.45 mg/g DW). The accessions of oregano and thyme showed statistical differences in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This study provides valuable insights into the phenolic profile of Portuguese oregano and thyme, which could constitute potential sources of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, to be used by the food industry as natural food additives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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14 pages, 3744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lawsonia inermis as an Active Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

by Glory Okore, Blessing Ejiogu, Pamela Okeke, Kenneth Amanze, Sunday Okore, Emeka Oguzie and Christian Ebere Enyoh

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6392; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156392 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Corrosion is a pervasive issue affecting metallic materials, with significant economic losses and safety risks in various industries. Mild steel, extensively used in construction and infrastructure, faces corrosion challenges, needing continuous research to effectively tackle them. Natural compounds, because of their eco-friendliness and [...] Read more.

Corrosion is a pervasive issue affecting metallic materials, with significant economic losses and safety risks in various industries. Mild steel, extensively used in construction and infrastructure, faces corrosion challenges, needing continuous research to effectively tackle them. Natural compounds, because of their eco-friendliness and corrosion inhibition potential, are attracting increasing interest for corrosion control. Lawsonia inermis (LI), or henna, a plant native to North Africa and South Asia, has bioactive compounds exhibiting corrosion inhibitive properties. This study comprehensively explores Lawsonia inermis’s effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, filling a gap in the existing research. Various concentrations of Lawsonia inermis extract were tested in acidic solutions to evaluate corrosion inhibition. Experimental results indicate a significant reduction in the corrosion rate with increasing inhibitor concentration. Langmuir adsorption isothermal analyses reveal the adsorption mechanism as being an interplay between physisorption and weak chemisorption. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate Lawsonia inermis’s capability to alter both cathodic and anodic reactions, leading to improved corrosion resistance. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a more even surface morphology in the presence of the Lawsonia inermis, indicating corrosion inhibition. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses identified organic compounds in Lawsonia inermis extract responsible for corrosion inhibition. Overall, Lawsonia inermis emerges as a promising corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, offering excellent inhibition efficiencies. This study sheds light on its adsorption behaviour and provides insights into its mechanism of action. These findings underscore Lawsonia inermis’s potential as a green corrosion inhibitor, paving the way for its practical application in industrial corrosion protection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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25 pages, 11495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Introducing a Novel Application of Bio-Based Fillers Based on Rice Bran Wax Infused with Green Tea: Transitioning from a Cosmetic Additive to a Multifunctional Pigment for Wood Paints

by Massimo Calovi and Stefano Rossi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135895 - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

This study aims to assess the functionality of a bio-derived additive, comprising rice bran wax infused with green tea, as an environmentally sustainable and adaptable pigment for wood coatings. Additionally, the effectiveness of the bio-based additive, in conjunction with a specialized UV absorber [...] Read more.

This study aims to assess the functionality of a bio-derived additive, comprising rice bran wax infused with green tea, as an environmentally sustainable and adaptable pigment for wood coatings. Additionally, the effectiveness of the bio-based additive, in conjunction with a specialized UV absorber to enhance color consistency under harsh conditions, was examined. Aesthetic impact was analyzed through evaluations of color, gloss, and surface roughness. Moreover, the stability of the wax-based powder in aggressive environments was characterized by subjecting samples to UV-B and climatic chamber exposure. The barrier properties of the additive were investigated using a water uptake test and contact angle measurements, while liquid resistance tests were conducted to gauge its efficacy. Lastly, the protective role of the bio-based additive was analyzed through scrub tests and surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy. Findings underscored the versatility of the green additive as a multifunctional pigment, offering not only color enhancement but also robust protective capabilities. Its unique combination of color, mattifying effect, barrier enhancement, and protective function position it as an attractive bio-based additive for wood coatings with functional applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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19 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Effects of Using Ammonium Sulfate from Animal Manure Scrubbing Technology as Fertilizer

by René Rietra, Kimo van Dijk and Oscar Schoumans

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 4998; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124998 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1171

Abstract

Processed manure products have the potential to substitute chemical fertilizers and the use of these products may increase resource efficiency in the food system and decrease emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and greenhouse gasses (GHG). The yields of maize and grass, as [...] Read more.

Processed manure products have the potential to substitute chemical fertilizers and the use of these products may increase resource efficiency in the food system and decrease emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and greenhouse gasses (GHG). The yields of maize and grass, as well as emissions, have been determined from a processed manure product: liquid ammonium sulfate from nitrogen stripping animal manure (AS), in comparison to a regular mineral fertilizer, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), in a greenhouse experiment and a field demonstration using a sandy and a clay soil. NH₃ emissions were determined by comparing AS with a dairy manure as a reference. The yield of both crops, their nitrogen nutrient use efficiency (NUE), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were not significantly different, while NH₃ emission was lower from AS compared to the dairy manure. As a side-effect, the sulfur (S) contents of the grass in the fields fertilized with AS were much higher than in the non-fertilized control. We conclude that AS, produced here with a pH < 5.5, can be used as an alternative for CAN in Dutch dairy systems, or similar other system, if S leaching losses do not pose a problem for the environment. Meanwhile, care should be taken not to exceed S in feed above toxic levels for ruminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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20 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Anaerobic Digestates and Biochar Amendments on Soil Health, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Microbial Communities: A Mesocosm Study

by Roberta Pastorelli, Alessandro Casagli, Filippo Rocchi, Elina Tampio, Ilmari Laaksonen, Claudia Becagli and Alessandra Lagomarsino

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051917 - 26 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1286

Abstract

This study addresses the need for a comprehensive understanding of digestate and biochar in mitigating climate change and improving soil health, crucial for sustainable agriculture within the circular bioeconomy framework. Through a mesocosm experiment, soil was amended with digestates from pilot-scale reactors and [...] Read more.

This study addresses the need for a comprehensive understanding of digestate and biochar in mitigating climate change and improving soil health, crucial for sustainable agriculture within the circular bioeconomy framework. Through a mesocosm experiment, soil was amended with digestates from pilot-scale reactors and two concentrations of biochar produced by pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge and waste wood. The Germination Index (GI) assay assessed phytotoxicity on Lactuca sativa and Triticum aestivum seeds. Greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) measurements, soil characteristics analyses, and the study of microbial community structure enriched the study’s depth. The GI assay revealed diverse responses among by-products, dilution rates, and plant types, highlighting the potential phyto-stimulatory effects of digestate and biochar water-extracts. While digestate proved to be effective as fertilizer, concerns arose regarding microbial contamination. Biochar application reduced Clostridiaceae presence in soil but unexpectedly increased N₂O emissions at higher concentrations, emphasizing the need for further research on biochar’s role in mitigating microbial impacts. CO₂ emissions increased with digestate application but decreased with a 10% biochar concentration, aligning with control levels. CH₄ uptake decreased with digestate and high biochar concentrations. The study underscores the importance of tailored approaches considering biochar composition and dosage to optimize soil greenhouse gas fluxes and microbial communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Silymarin Extraction and Liposomal Encapsulation Techniques for Potential Applications in Food

by Sina Makouie, Joanna Bryś, Jolanta Małajowicz, Piotr Koczoń, Marta Siol, Bharani K. Palani, Andrzej Bryś, Marko Obranović, Sanja Mikolčević and Eliza Gruczyńska-Sękowska

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8477; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188477 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 436

Abstract

This review explores advances in silymarin extraction and liposomal encapsulation techniques, highlighting their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The study evaluates a range of extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, emphasising their [...] Read more.

This review explores advances in silymarin extraction and liposomal encapsulation techniques, highlighting their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The study evaluates a range of extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, emphasising their efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Furthermore, it examines conventional and innovative liposomal encapsulation techniques, including supercritical carbon dioxide encapsulation and microfluidics, which enhance silymarin’s bioavailability and therapeutic effects. The integration of these methods promises more effective, safe, and eco-friendly silymarin products. This comprehensive review aims to inform readers of the latest research and future industrial applications, with a particular focus on the refinement and scaling up of these processes to meet commercial demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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20 pages, 2174 KiB

Open AccessReview

Powdered Foods: Structure, Processing, and Challenges: A Review

by Jonata M. Ueda, Patricia Morales, Virginia Fernández-Ruiz, Anabela Ferreira, Lillian Barros, Marcio Carocho and Sandrina A. Heleno

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12496; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212496 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5506

Abstract

Powdered foods are easy to store and transport, with a longer shelf life that minimizes potential waste, contributing to sustainable development. Each food category has a unique composition, responsible for its chemical and physical attributes, which directly influences the stability of powdered products. [...] Read more.

Powdered foods are easy to store and transport, with a longer shelf life that minimizes potential waste, contributing to sustainable development. Each food category has a unique composition, responsible for its chemical and physical attributes, which directly influences the stability of powdered products. The drying method used is essential to obtain the desired characteristics of the powdered food, and the choice of each technology can provide unique morphological properties regarding size, shape, and density, among other factors. Furthermore, rehydration properties must also be investigated, as they play a fundamental role in the reconstitution of powdered foods, influencing the dispersion and dissolution of the powder in liquids. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the powdered food manufacturing process and its advantages. Special attention is given to the desirable properties of food powders, challenges related to stability, powdered food reconstitution properties, and case studies regarding many powdered foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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