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9 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Python-Based Automation Script to Mark Computer-Aided Design Assessments

by Gregory Tierney

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031203 - 24 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The integration of automated tools in engineering education has the potential to improve student assessments, ensuring consistency and reducing instructor workload. This study introduces a Python-based automation tool designed to evaluate student Computer-Aided Design (CAD) submissions. The tool utilises software API and Open [...] Read more.

The integration of automated tools in engineering education has the potential to improve student assessments, ensuring consistency and reducing instructor workload. This study introduces a Python-based automation tool designed to evaluate student Computer-Aided Design (CAD) submissions. The tool utilises software API and Open Cascade library to calculate model parameters. These parameters are compared against expected values from a solution file and marks are assigned based on deviations relative to the solution file. As a use case, seventy-five Solid Edge CAD files were assessed for geometric properties such as volume, surface area, and centre of gravity location to evaluate inter- and intra-marker reliability. The results showed perfect agreement, with a Cohen kappa of 1.0 for both metrics. Furthermore, the automated tool reduced grading time by 89.7% compared to manual evaluation. The potential of automation in improving marking efficiency, consistency, and objectivity in engineering education has been shown, providing a foundation for further integration of software. The python-based automation script is openly available on GitHub. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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14 pages, 1347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Advanced Footwear Technology on the Performance and Running Biomechanics of Mountain Runners

by Pedro Corbí-Santamaría, Marina Gil-Calvo, Alba Herrero-Molleda, Juan García-López, Daniel Boullosa and José Vicente García-Tormo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020531 - 8 Jan 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, advanced footwear technology (AFT) has been shown to improve performance in long-distance road running by altering biomechanics and perceived comfort. This type of footwear is now being marketed for mountain running, although its effects in such races remain unevaluated. This [...] Read more.

In recent years, advanced footwear technology (AFT) has been shown to improve performance in long-distance road running by altering biomechanics and perceived comfort. This type of footwear is now being marketed for mountain running, although its effects in such races remain unevaluated. This study aimed to examine the impact of AFT on performance, biomechanics, and perceived comfort during a simulated mountain running event. Twelve trained mountain runners participated in a 3-day experiment, with a 7-day recovery between sessions. On the first day, a maximal aerobic speed test assessed the runners’ performance levels. On the second day, participants familiarized themselves with a 5.19 km mountain circuit and comfort scale. On the third day, they completed two time trials on the same circuit, separated by 30 min of passive recovery, using conventional and AFT shoes in a randomized order. Physiological and biomechanical variables were recorded, including body mass, blood lactate, running biomechanics, vertical stiffness, shoe comfort, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The findings indicate that AFT does not improve performance or physiological responses during a simulated mountain race, regardless of segment (uphill, downhill, or mixed). However, AFT significantly alters running biomechanics, reducing step frequency and increasing the vertical oscillation of the center of gravity, especially in uphill and downhill sections. While overall comfort remained unchanged, specific differences were observed with AFT. Coaches and practitioners should consider these findings when using AFT in mountain running training or competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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20 pages, 11084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinematic Analysis of Short and Long Services in Table Tennis

by Ziemowit Bańkosz, Sławomir Winiarski and Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010470 - 6 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 419

Abstract

Background: The kinematics of table tennis is a growing topic of scientific research. This study aimed to assess the kinematics and determine the coordination of the movements of most body segments during the execution of two types of serves (short and long) in [...] Read more.

Background: The kinematics of table tennis is a growing topic of scientific research. This study aimed to assess the kinematics and determine the coordination of the movements of most body segments during the execution of two types of serves (short and long) in table tennis, as well as to indicate the main differences between these serves when performed by high-level athletes. Methods: The study involved 15 male table tennis players. Each participant performed two tasks, performing short and long forehand serves with back-sidespin rotation, with up to 10 hits in the designated field for each type. The players’ movements were registered using an IMU system. Results and Conclusion: The research allowed for the development of a model for executing two types of serves in table tennis. The differences between short and long serves were mainly in the ranges of movement and angular velocities (higher for long serves). These were found in the shoulder rotation, elbow joint and wrist joint (primarily the flexion–extension movement), hand supination, and movement in the elbow joint, which also played an important role. Coaches and players should seriously consider these joints and movements in the training process. In the coordinated movement of the performed serves, a phenomenon of movement variability was observed, manifested by a large variability in execution and a low variability in the maximum speeds of the hand with the racket. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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13 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using a Smartphone Application to Strengthen Pelvic Floor and Manage Symptomatology of Female Track and Field Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Study

by Natalia Romero-Franco, Elisa Bosch-Donate, Elena Vico-Moreno, Ángel Oliva-Pascual Vaca, Pau Martínez-Bueso, Jesús Molina-Mula and Juan Carlos Fernández-Domínguez

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11927; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411927 - 20 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Despite the high prevalence of pelvic floor (PF) dysfunctions in female athletes, help-seeking is low due to embarrassment and disinformation. This study evaluated the effects of a 6-week exercise program guided by a specific app, with and without intravaginal biofeedback on the PF [...] Read more.

Despite the high prevalence of pelvic floor (PF) dysfunctions in female athletes, help-seeking is low due to embarrassment and disinformation. This study evaluated the effects of a 6-week exercise program guided by a specific app, with and without intravaginal biofeedback on the PF symptoms, strength, and sonographic measures of female athletes. Compliance with the program was evaluated. Thirty-nine athletes with PF symptoms used the app with different functionalities: experimental group 1 (n = 13) (EG1: exercises, PF information, and physiotherapists contact); experimental group 2 (n = 14) (EG2: exercises with biofeedback, PF information, and physiotherapists contact); and the control group (n = 12) (CG: PF information, and physiotherapists contact). Before and after the 6 weeks, PF symptoms, strength with the Oxford scale, and sonographic measures were evaluated. EG1 and EG2 improved strength (p = 0.028 and p = 0.001, respectively) and incontinence urinary symptoms (p = 0.041 and p = 0.002, respectively) over the baseline, without between-group differences (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in sonography (p > 0.05). Regarding compliance, 84.6 and 71.4% of athletes from EG1 and EG2 completed the program twice per week or more. A 6-week PF exercise program guided by the app improved PF symptoms and strength of female athletes and ensured high compliance with the program but was insufficient to improve sonography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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10 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring In-Water and Dryland Interlimb Asymmetry of Young Competitive Swimmers: Insights Across a Training Macrocycle

by Mário J. Costa, Daniel A. Marinho, Joana F. Reis, Mário C. Espada and Catarina C. Santos

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411858 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 918

Abstract

This study aimed to monitor the in-water and dryland interlimb asymmetry of young competitive swimmers throughout a full training macrocycle and verify possible associations with performance. Twenty-three young competitive swimmers (12.13 ± 0.74 years) were evaluated before (M1) and after (M2) a 16-week [...] Read more.

This study aimed to monitor the in-water and dryland interlimb asymmetry of young competitive swimmers throughout a full training macrocycle and verify possible associations with performance. Twenty-three young competitive swimmers (12.13 ± 0.74 years) were evaluated before (M1) and after (M2) a 16-week training macrocycle. The swimmers were timed at a 25 m front crawl (T25) and then evaluated in anthropometrics, mean peak (Fpeak) in-water forces and the shoulder internal rotator’s strength (IR) of dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) limbs. The symmetry index was computed for both in-water (SyI_water) and dryland (SyI_land) environments followed by the rate of force transfer (RFT) estimation. While the swimmers have grown in height, arm span and hand surface area, accompanied by an improvement in T25, the other variables remained unchanged after the 16 weeks. A significant and moderate association was found between FpeakD (r = −0.47) or FpeakND (r = −0.41) and T25, as well as between the IRD (r = −0.51) or IRND (r = −0.57) and T25 in M1. In M2, the non-dominant side gained relevance mostly in FpeakND, showing a significant and high association with T25 (r = −0.68), like the FpeakD (r = −0.69) and IRD (r = −0.53). Most of the individual plots (>80%) were under 30% of SyI_water, with the faster swimmer values between 10 and 30%. It can be concluded that a 16-week training macrocycle is not enough to change the young swimmers’ in-water and dryland symmetry, but this does not seem to affect their front crawl sprint performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Lower Extremities Power, Movement, Position and Effectiveness in Volleyball

by Gabriel Bobula, Joanna Piech, Artur Płonka, Paweł Król, Wojciech Czarny, Rui Pinto, Damian Pawlik, Łukasz Rydzik and Wojciech Bajorek

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 10065; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110065 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1115

Abstract

Background: This paper presents research on the comparison and evaluation of lower limb power, movement, position on the court, and effectiveness in the players of men’s volleyball. The study involved professional players in the first division of a men’s volleyball team. The main [...] Read more.

Background: This paper presents research on the comparison and evaluation of lower limb power, movement, position on the court, and effectiveness in the players of men’s volleyball. The study involved professional players in the first division of a men’s volleyball team. The main aim of this paper was to show the correlation between lower limb power, movement, position on the pitch, and volleyball efficiency. Methods: The authors presented basic somatic characteristics of anthropology metrics, advanced research results obtained with the Optojump measuring system, players’ results statistics obtained with the Data Volley software (v.4.2024.01), and by applying scientific statistical methods and graphics interpretation. Results: The analyses with the Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences in all the variables studied. Flight time (TF, H = 122.967; p < 0.001.) was the shortest for the players in the libero position, then the setter, attacker, middle and longest flight time was shown by the receiving players. The height of the jumps (JH, H = 123.018; p < 0.001) was the highest for receiving and mid players, and then attackers and setters, and the lowest jumps were recorded by libero players. The highest power of lower limbs (P, H = 20.392; p < 0.001) was characteristic for receivers, setters, mid-players and, curiously, libero achieved a better result than attackers. Conclusions: The analysis shows that the power of the lower extremities in volleyball players is associated with the function they perform on the court. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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13 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Elite Race Walkers’ Year-Long Training on Changes in Total Energy and Energy Cost While Walking at Different Speeds

by Wiesław Chwała, Andrzej T. Klimek, Wacław Mirek, Tadeusz Ambroży and Łukasz Rydzik

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8805; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198805 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 949

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of year-long training of race walkers on physiological cost and total energy center of mass (CoM). The assessment performed was based on indicating the differences between the resulting energy cost in a group [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of year-long training of race walkers on physiological cost and total energy center of mass (CoM). The assessment performed was based on indicating the differences between the resulting energy cost in a group of elite race walkers walking at technical, threshold, and racing speeds calculated by physiological and biomechanical methods before beginning and after finishing a year-long training cycle. The study involved 12 competitive race walkers who had achieved champion or international champion level. Their aerobic endurance was determined by means of a direct method, applying an incremental exercise test on the treadmill. The gait of the participants was recorded using the 3D Vicon analysis system. Changes in mechanical energy amounted to the value of the total external work of the muscles needed to accelerate and lift the center of mass during a normalized gait cycle. The highest influence on the total external work increase for increasing speeds of gait in both examinations was attributed to the changes in the kinetic energy resulting from the center of mass movement. A statistically significant decrease of the mean value of total external work for racing speed was observed in the second examination (p < 0.001). An approx. 8% decrease (NS) of EE energy cost, standardized by body mass and distance covered, was found between the first and second examinations. The energy cost and total external work were significantly differentiated by the walkers’ gait speeds (p < 0.05–0.001). The energy cost significantly differed from the total external work at p < 0.001. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 4119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Congested Competition Schedule on Load, Recovery, and Well-Being in Under-16 Female Soccer Players: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters during a Development Tournament

by Jaime González-García and Blanca Romero-Moraleda

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 8066; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178066 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1394

Abstract

Monitoring training load, recovery, and wellness in maturation ages is even more relevant than in adulthood, especially during congested schedules. The objective of this study was to quantify and describe the differences in external and internal load, recovery, and perceived wellness in elite [...] Read more.

Monitoring training load, recovery, and wellness in maturation ages is even more relevant than in adulthood, especially during congested schedules. The objective of this study was to quantify and describe the differences in external and internal load, recovery, and perceived wellness in elite under-16 female players during a period of three competitions in seven days based on their participation during matches. An observational design was used to quantify the external load (total distance, high-speed distance, and PlayerLoad) and internal load (differential sRPE), as well as the recovery and wellness of 18 international under-16 players during a development tournament. The external load pattern of the starting players was undulating, with matches showing the highest internal load values compared to training sessions and non-starters. Non-starter players (whether training or matches) showed similar external load and differential sRPE values throughout the tournament (p > 0.05). Starting players experienced higher internal load than non-starters during matches (p < 0.037), without differences between training sessions (p > 0.05). No changes were seen in wellness or recovery (all p-values > 0.05), except for non-starters in Session 3 compared to Session 7 (p = 0.024). Starting players had more weekly total minutes (p = 0.018), differential sRPE (breath: p = 0.002; leg: p = 0.002; cognitive: p = 0.003), total distance (p = 0.003), and PlayerLoad (p = 0.008) than non-starters. Our results indicate differing load patterns between starters and non-starters, which do not affect wellness and recovery differently. Starters accumulate more weekly total load. Coaches can use these findings to guide decisions and load compensations in high competition contexts for young female soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Age and Sex on the Kinematics of the Sprinting Technique in the Maximum Velocity Phase

by Ioannis Chatzilazaridis, Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Eleni Bassa, Mariana C. Kotzamanidou and Georgios I. Papaiakovou

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6057; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146057 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the step parameters, the Body Center of Mass (BCM) kinematics, as well as the angular and linear kinematics of the lower extremities’ joints of prepubescent and adult sprinters of both sexes. A total of forty-two [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the step parameters, the Body Center of Mass (BCM) kinematics, as well as the angular and linear kinematics of the lower extremities’ joints of prepubescent and adult sprinters of both sexes. A total of forty-two athletes were examined, including adult men (AM) and women (AF) as well as preadolescent boys (PPB) and girls (PPG). A 2D-DLT analysis was conducted on video recordings (sampling frequency: 100 fps) of the participants’ maximum effort trial while in their maximum sprinting velocity phase. A 2 (age) × 2 (sex) ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) effects of the factors age and sex, and an interaction of age × sex in the sprint running velocity. It was also found that the spatiotemporal structure of the step parameters was significantly (p < 0.05) different between AM and AF but not between PPB and PPG. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) main effect of age was evident mainly for the ankle joint of both legs, as well as for the angular kinematics of the swing leg’s knee joint. In conclusion, apart from the possible disparities in training experience, differences due to age and sex exist in the step parameters and the kinematics of the sprinting technique due to differences in the technical elements related to coordination, strength application capability, and stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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14 pages, 4893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of the Impact Loads to Reduce Injuries in Acrobatic Gymnasts: Designing a Dedicated Platform

by Maria F. Paulino, Beatriz B. Gomes, Amílcar L. Ramalho and Ana M. Amaro

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3661; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093661 - 25 Apr 2024

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Abstract

Background: The main objective of this study was the development of a specific load platform that would meet the needs of gymnasts and acrobatic coaches. This new platform has larger dimensions and is an identical structure to the plywood floor surface normally used; [...] Read more.

Background: The main objective of this study was the development of a specific load platform that would meet the needs of gymnasts and acrobatic coaches. This new platform has larger dimensions and is an identical structure to the plywood floor surface normally used; it was designed to make competitions with gymnasts safer and more like a real training situation. During a landing, there is high body stiffness, especially in the knees and ankles, which can cause injuries due to the number of repetitions performed in this gymnastics specialty. Methods: A group of 10 volunteers, with a mean age of 14.7 ± 2.4 years, performed at least 10 valid vertical jumps on each platform. Results: Despite being a preliminary study, this specific platform was shown to be more suitable for gymnastic use, compared to the industrial one, which represents a significant advantage for the modality. In fact, this platform is similar to the surface used for training and competition, allowing athletes to perform the jump in a similar way, and for the results to be replicable during the practice of the sport. The standard deviation values were lower, which shows that the new platform was more suitable for acrobatic gymnastics. Conclusions: As the maximum vertical load induced during landing after a jump has a significant effect on the likelihood of gymnasts suffering injuries, the development of a new load platform specifically for acrobatic gymnastics is clearly an improvement in this discipline. Knowledge of the load transmitted to the body can help coaches and athletes in defining training, and avoiding the possible occurrence of injuries. Therefore, it is necessary to use a platform that can accurately evaluate the load transmitted to the acrobatic gymnasts during real training and competition conditions, which is achieved with this new platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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10 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acceleration Capacity and Vertical Jump Performance Relationship in Prepubertal Children

by Baptiste Chanel, Nicolas Babault and Carole Cometti

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3535; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083535 - 22 Apr 2024

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Abstract

Sprint and jump abilities are considered basic skills that are regularly evaluated in training and school contexts. The correlations between these two skills have previously been established in adults and adolescents, but they have not been fully assessed in children. The present study [...] Read more.

Sprint and jump abilities are considered basic skills that are regularly evaluated in training and school contexts. The correlations between these two skills have previously been established in adults and adolescents, but they have not been fully assessed in children. The present study aimed to explore sprinting and jumping ability in prepubertal boys and girls. Thirty-one prepubertal individuals (aged 8–11 years) were assessed during sprinting for different distances (5, 10, and 20 m) and using different vertical and horizontal jump modalities (squat jump, countermovement jump, broad jump, and hop test). Correlations between the different results were tested. Strong correlations were found between vertical jump and sprint performances, especially over short distances. These results suggested that vertical jump tests are more sensitive than horizontal jumps to reveal acceleration capacity in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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Review

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20 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evidence-Based Exercise Recommendations for the Reduction and Stabilization of Intraocular Pressure: A Practical Guide for Eye Care and Sport Specialists

by Jesús Vera, María Dolores Morenas-Aguilar and Amador García-Ramos

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031396 - 29 Jan 2025

Viewed by 603

Abstract

The only proven method to manage glaucoma is the reduction and stabilization of intraocular pressure (IOP). A wide range of daily activities has been demonstrated to affect the IOP behavior, and eye care specialists should be aware of their effects for the prevention [...] Read more.

The only proven method to manage glaucoma is the reduction and stabilization of intraocular pressure (IOP). A wide range of daily activities has been demonstrated to affect the IOP behavior, and eye care specialists should be aware of their effects for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma. Indeed, the impact of physical activity on IOP has gained attention in recent years, considering exercise prescription as a promising adjuvant strategy for controlling IOP in glaucoma patients. To integrate all the available information in this regard, we have conducted a clinical review based on a patient-centered approach. Previous studies have demonstrated that the IOP response to physical exercise is dependent on numerous factors such as the exercise type (e.g., endurance or resistance training), exercise intensity, subjects’ fitness level, body position (e.g., supine vs. standing) and breathing pattern adopted during exercise, underlying medical conditions, concomitant mental effort, or caffeine intake before exercise. This article summarizes the available scientific evidence on the positive and negative effects of physical exercise on IOP and provides practical recommendations for exercise prescription in glaucoma patients or those at risk. An active collaboration between eye care and sports medicine specialists would permit a better management of this ocular condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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24 pages, 2933 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Insole Sensor Technology: Recent Studies and Future Directions

by Vítor Miguel Santos, Beatriz B. Gomes, Maria Augusta Neto and Ana Martins Amaro

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6085; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146085 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 3465

Abstract

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence [...] Read more.

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence and guide future innovations. Objectives: This review aims to identify, categorize, and critically evaluate the various sensors used in smart insoles, focusing on their technical specifications, application scopes, and validity. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in three major electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for relevant literature published from 2014 to 2024. Other works not located in the mentioned databases were added manually by parallel searches on related themes and suggestions from the website of the databases. To be eligible, studies were required to describe sensor implementation in insoles, specify the sensor types, and report on either validation experiments or practical outcomes. Results: The search identified 33 qualifying studies. Proper analysis revealed a dominance of pressure sensors, with accelerometers and gyroscopes also being widely used. Critical applications included gait analysis, posture correction, and real-time athletic and rehabilitation feedback. The review also examined the relative effectiveness of different sensor configurations. Conclusions: This systematic review comprehensively classifies sensor technologies within smart insoles and highlights their broad application potential across various fields. Future research should aim to standardize measurement protocols, enhance sensor integration, and advance data processing techniques to boost functionality and clinical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Training and Biomechanics)

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