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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2023) | Viewed by 8376

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Prof. Dr. Victor Franco Correia

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Department of Maritime Engineering, Escola Superior Nautica Infante D. Henrique, 2770-058 Paço de Arcos, Portugal
Interests: composites; FGMs; finite element models; smart structures; optimization
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Scientists and engineers today recognize the importance of innovation in materials use for economic and environmental reasons. Functionally graded materials are advanced materials with gradual transitions in microstructure and composition. FGM structures can be efficiently designed to obtain a speciﬁc performance or function by changing the spatial gradation in composition, allowing the designer to tailor the required physical and mechanical properties and the corresponding structural behavior. The development of accurate models and efficient optimization techniques applied to the design of FGM structures are important topics of research. However, additionally, the challenges related to the manufacturing techniques are major topics of research. From this perspective, this Special Issue aims to contribute to this research area by presenting the most relevant advances and prospects in all aspects of the design and manufacturing of functionally graded materials.

Prof. Dr. Victor Franco Correia
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 17565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Seven-Parameter Spectral/hp Finite Element Model for the Linear Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Shells with Nonuniform Thickness

by Carlos Enrique Valencia Murillo, Miguel Ernesto Gutierrez Rivera, Nicolas Flores Samano and Luis David Celaya Garcia

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11540; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011540 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

This contribution presents a finite element shell model capable of performing linear vibration analyses of shell-type structures made of functionally graded material (FGM). The model is based on the seven-parameter spectral/hp finite element formulation, which allows the analysis ofFG shells of either uniform or nonuniform thickness. Equations of motion are derived using the Hamilton’s principle and the material properties of the constituents are considered to follow a power-law volume distribution through the thickness direction. The verification of the present model is carried out by comparing with numerical results available in the literature, and with numerical simulations performed in a commercial software. To demonstrate the capabilities of the present formulation, the free vibration response of different shell structures, with nonuniform thickness, to the variation of the geometrical parameters (e.g., radius-to-thickness ratio) and the mechanical properties is reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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20 pages, 3968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Thermal Analysis of Radially Functionally Graded Circular Plates with Coating or Undercoating under Transverse and Radial Temperature Distributions

by Yen-Ling Chung and Zong-Han Lin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7061; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127061 - 12 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1119

Abstract

This study aims to provide analytical solutions for circular plates coated or undercoated with functionally graded materials (FGMs) having Young’s modulus functionality through the radius. The circular plates are subjected to thermal loads in radial and thickness directions. Because of the uncoupled stretching–bending problem of the radially FGM circular plate, the bending equilibrium equations in terms of displacements of the FGM-coated or -undercoated circular plates with Young’s modulus based on the power–law function were established individually. General solutions for the homogeneous portion or FGM ring of the radially FGM-coated or -undercoated circular plate were developed separately. Subsequently, analytical thermal solutions for the radially FGM-coated or -undercoated circular plate were evaluated by solving the simultaneous boundary and continuity conditions equations. The analytical results were validated by comparing them with finite element solutions. When degenerated, they coincided with those of the homogeneous circular plate in the literature, enhancing the obtained solutions’ reliability. These analytical solutions provide valuable insights into the plates’ responses and expand the understanding of their mechanical behaviors under thermal loads. Furthermore, the effects of the FGM thickness, the material index, and the thermal loading conditions on the mechanical behaviors were under investigation. This parameter study offers valuable perspectives into the influence of these factors on the plate’s structural response and aids in the optimization and design of FGM-coated or -undercoated circular plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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17 pages, 4368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization on Elastoplasticity of Functionally Graded Shells of Revolution under Axisymmetric Loading

by José Simões Moita, Aurélio Lima Araújo, Victor Franco Correia, Cristóvão Mota Soares and José Herskovits

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5325; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095325 - 24 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Depending on the load level, structures can experience a material nonlinearity known as elastoplasticity, which has an important role in the behaviour of structures. In order to avoid the elastoplastic behaviour, it is necessary to find the optimal thickness distribution, which corresponds to the minimum mass that provides an elastic behaviour for a certain load level. The elastoplasticity analysis of functionally graded axisymmetric shells under axisymmetric mechanical loading, and the subsequent optimization, was performed by using a simple conical frustum finite element model with two nodal circles; three degrees of freedom per node, which was based on Kirchhoff’s theory allowing for shear deformation; and using a reduced numerical integration procedure that is essential for its success when applied to thin shells. The formulation accounts for the calculation of the displacements and through-thickness stress distribution, including the effective stress. In this work, the thickness was the design variable in the optimization procedure and the mass was the objective function that needed to be minimized subject to a constraint imposed on the effective stress. The optimization solutions were obtained by using a feasible arc interior point gradient-based algorithm. Some illustrative examples were performed, and the corresponding results are presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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17 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Mechanical Buckling and Non-Linear Free Oscillation of Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminated (FG-FRCL) Beams

by Mehdi Alimoradzadeh, Habib Heidari, Francesco Tornabene and Rossana Dimitri

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4904; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084904 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1209

Abstract

We investigated the thermal buckling temperature and nonlinear free vibration of functionally graded fiber-reinforced composite laminated (FG-FRCL) beams. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations were derived from the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, accounting for the von Kármán geometrical nonlinearity. Such equations were then reduced to a single equation by neglecting the axial inertia. Thus, the Galerkin method was applied to discretize the governing nonlinear partial differential equation in the form of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation, which was then solved analytically according to the He’s variational method. Three different boundary conditions were selected, namely simply, clamped and clamped-free supports. We also investigated the effect of power-index, lay-ups, and uniform temperature rise on the nonlinear natural frequency, phase trajectory and thermal buckling of FG-FRCL beams. The results showed that FG-FRCL beams featured the highest fundamental frequency, whereas composite laminated beams were characterized by the lowest fundamental frequency. Such nonlinear frequencies increase for an increased power index and a decreased temperature. Finally, it was found that FG-FRCL beams with [0/0/0] lay-ups featured the highest nonlinear natural frequency and the highest thermal buckling temperature, followed by [0/90/0] and [90/0/90] lay-ups, while a [90/90/90] lay-up featured the lowest nonlinear natural frequency and critical buckling temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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13 pages, 2575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Dynamic Thermal Vibration of Laminated FGM Plates with Simply Homogeneous Equation by Using TSDT and Nonlinear Varied Shear Coefficient

by Chih-Chiang Hong

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11776; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211776 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1050

Abstract

The effects of advanced nonlinear varied shear coefficient and third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) on the dynamic responses of thick functionally graded material (FGM) plates under thermal vibration are investigated. The nonlinear coefficient of the displacement field of TSDT is used to obtain the expression of advanced varied shear coefficient for the thick FGM plates. The dynamic displacements, shear rotations and stresses in numerical results under sinusoidal applied heat loads are obtained and investigated. Two parametric effects of environment temperature and FGM power law index on the dynamic responses of thermal stress and center deflection of thick FGM plates are also investigated. The transient responses of center deflection are found for the cases of simply homogeneous equation and fully homogeneous equation. Also, the transient responses of center deflection are found for cases of nonlinear and linear varied-modified coefficient of shear correction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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17 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibration Analysis of Thick Annular Functionally Graded Plate Integrated with Piezo-Magneto-Electro-Elastic Layers in a Hygrothermal Environment

by Faraz Kiarasi, Masoud Babaei, Kamran Asemi, Rossana Dimitri and Francesco Tornabene

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10682; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010682 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

The present work aims at investigating the hygrothermal effect on the natural frequencies of functionally graded (FG) annular plates integrated with piezo-magneto-electro-elastic layers resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation. The formulation is based on a layer-wise (LW) theory, where the Hamiltonian principle is used to obtain the governing equation of the problem involving temperature- and moisture-dependent material properties. The differential quadrature method (DQM) is applied here as a numerical strategy to solve the governing equations for different boundary conditions. The material properties of FG annular plates are varied along the thickness based on a power law function. The accuracy of the proposed method is, first, validated for a limit-case example. A sensitivity study of the free vibration response is, thus, performed for different input parameters, such as temperature and moisture variations, elastic foundation, boundary conditions, electric and magnetic potential of piezo-magneto-electro-elastic layers and geometrical ratios, with useful insights from a design standpoint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Functionally Graded Material)

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