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Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 12039

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Baik-Ho Kim

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Guest Editor

Environmental Biology and Ecology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
Interests: plankton ecology; freshwater algal taxonomy; harmful algal bloom (HAB) biological control; cyanobacteria; biomanipulation; fish; mussels; bacteria; stream ecosystem health; diatom index; community dynamic index
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Dr. Myung-Hwan Park

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Guest Editor

The Research Institute for Naturial Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
Interests: allelopathic effects on microalgae; ecology of harmful algae; harmful algal bloom control; microalgal culture; toxic cyanobacteria
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, continuous and frequent harmful algal blooms in eutrophic waters are one of the biggest environmental issues of this millennium. Thus, a cost-effective control strategy of harmful algal blooms (HABs) is more attractive for sustainable water supply, as well as aquatic organisms and human health. This Special Issue will focus on advanced HAB control development that is more preferable to sustainable water supply without side-effects, and cost-effective algal control and management. With monitoring and analytical technologies of HABs, plenty of valuable experimental data for HABs control conducted at test-bed (50t) and field conditions are welcomed. They may comprise various practical applications, experimental mistakes, technical limitations, and successful technologies of HAB control both in test-bed and field conditions. In addition, cost–benefit analysis on many HABs control technologies is also preferable. Experimental articles, reviews, and short communications relating to HAB control are always welcome.

Prof. Baik-Ho Kim
Dr. Myung-Hwan Park
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Advanced HAB control technologies
Sustainable water supply under HABs
Test-bed and field data in HABs control
Monitoring and analytical technologies
Cost–benefit analysis on relating technologies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 13765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filter Feeding and Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation of a Freshwater Bivalve (Unio douglasiae) on a Toxic Cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa)

by Soon-Jin Hwang, Yun-Ju Lee, Min-Seob Kim and Baik-Ho Kim

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199294 - 6 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

We investigated the possible intake of toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) as a nutrient resource for a filter-feeder bivalve (Unio douglasiae) based on the measurement of feeding and assimilation rates of carbon and nitrogen in a limited space with no current for 72 h using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual isotope tracers. With high clearance rates, the unionid rapidly removed Microcystis cells within 24 h, but only a small amount of carbon and nitrogen were incorporated into the tissues. Even with the low assimilation rates, the mussels showed more favorable uptake of carbon than of nitrogen from toxic Microcystis water, and of tissues, the gills and gut accumulated more carbon and nitrogen than the muscle and mantle. Collectively, our findings indicate that although Unio douglasiae effectively uptake toxic Microcystis cells, they can assimilate only low amounts of nutrients into tissues within three days, despite a non-flowing system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply)

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13 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Modeling Analysis of Algal Blooms in an Estuary with Episodic and Anthropogenic Freshwater Inputs

by Sangjun Park and Yongsik Sin

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6921; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156921 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

The Youngsan River estuary, located on the southwest coast of South Korea, has transitioned from a natural to an artificial estuary since dike construction in 1981 separated freshwater and seawater zones. This artificial transition has induced changes in the physical properties and circulation within the estuary, which has led to hypoxia and algal blooms. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed to simulate phytoplankton variations, including algal blooms and size fractions based on chlorophyll a, using data obtained by long-term monitoring (2008–2018) of the seawater zone of the Youngsan River estuary. The model was validated through statistical analyses, and the validated model was used to determine the contribution of the environmental factors on size-fractionated phytoplankton variations. The statistical validation of the model showed extremely low sum square error (SSE ≤ 0.0003) and root mean square error (RMSE ≤ 0.0173) values, with R² ≥ 0.9952. The accuracy of the model predictions was high, despite the considerable irregularity and wide range of phytoplankton variations in the estuary. With respect to phytoplankton size structure, the contribution of seasonal environmental factors such as water temperature and solar radiation was high for net-sized chlorophyll a, whereas the contribution of factors such as freshwater discharge and salinity was high for nano-sized chlorophyll a, which includes typical harmful algae. Notably, because the Youngsan River estuary is influenced by a monsoon climate—characterized by high precipitation in summer—the contribution of freshwater discharge to harmful algal blooms is predicted to increase during this period. Our results suggest that the ANN model can be an important tool for understanding the influence of freshwater discharge, which is essential for managing algal blooms and maintaining the ecosystem health of altered estuaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply)

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22 pages, 4076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Growth-Inhibiting Bacteria against the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Group I) in Akkeshi-Ko Estuary and Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan

by Yuka Onishi, Akihiro Tuji, Atsushi Yamaguchi and Ichiro Imai

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010172 - 27 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2520

Abstract

The distribution of growth-inhibiting bacteria (GIB) against the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Group I) was investigated targeting seagrass leaves and surface waters at the seagrass bed of Akkeshi-ko Estuary and surface waters of nearshore and offshore points of Akkeshi Bay, Japan. Weekly samplings were conducted from April to June in 2011. GIBs were detected from surface of leaves of the seagrass Zostera marina in Akkeshi-ko Estuary (7.5 × 10⁵–4.7 × 10⁶ colony-forming units: CFU g⁻¹ wet leaf) and seawater at the stations in Akkeshi Bay (6.7 × 10⁰–1.1 × 10³ CFU mL⁻¹). Sequence analyses revealed that the same bacterial strains with the same 16S rRNA sequences were isolated from the surface biofilm of Z. marina and the seawater in the Akkeshi Bay. We therefore strongly suggested that seagrass beds are the source of algicidal and growth-inhibiting bacteria in coastal ecosystems. Cells of A.catenella were not detected from seawaters in Akkeshi-ko Estuary and the coastal point of Akkeshi Bay, but frequently detected at the offshore point of Akkeshi Bay. It is suggested that A.catenella populations were suppressed by abundant GIBs derived from the seagrass bed, leading to the less toxin contamination of bivalves in Akkeshi-ko Estuary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply)

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16 pages, 3494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Harmful Algal Growth-Limiting Bacteria on Artificially Introduced Ulva and Natural Macroalgal Beds

by Nobuharu Inaba, Isamu Kodama, Satoshi Nagai, Tomotaka Shiraishi, Kohei Matsuno, Atsushi Yamaguchi and Ichiro Imai

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5658; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165658 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

The intensity and frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased, posing a threat to human seafood resources due to massive kills of cultured fish and toxin contamination of bivalves. In recent years, bacteria that inhibit the growth of HAB species were found to be densely populated on the biofilms of some macroalgal species, indicating the possible biological control of HABs by the artificial introduction of macroalgal beds. In this study, an artificially created Ulva pertusa bed using mobile floating cages and a natural macroalgal bed were studied to elucidate the distribution of algal growth-limiting bacteria (GLB). The density of GLB affecting fish-killing raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua, and two harmful dinoflagellates, were detected between 10⁶ and 10⁷ CFU g⁻¹ wet weight on the biofilm of artificially introduced U. pertusa and 10 to 10² CFU mL⁻¹ from adjacent seawater; however, GLB found from natural macroalgal species targeted all tested HAB species (five species), ranging between 10⁵ and 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ wet weight in density. These findings provide new ecological insights of GLB at macroalgal beds, and concurrently demonstrate the possible biological control of HABs by artificially introduced Ulva beds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply)

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13 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of the Allelochemical Juglone on Growth of Harmful and Non-Target Freshwater Algae

by Myung-Hwan Park, Keonhee Kim and Soon-Jin Hwang

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082873 - 21 Apr 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2333

Abstract

Allelopathy has been applied to control nuisance algae in aquatic systems, but the effects of allelochemicals on the broad spectrum of algae are not well understood. We investigate algicidal effects of the allelochemical juglone on the bloom-forming, harmful algae Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and on several non-target algal species including cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos–aquae, Oscillatoria curviceps, and Phormidium subfuscum), diatoms (Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria crotonensis, and Synedra acus), and green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus ecornis, and Scenedesmus quadricauda), in laboratory and field enclosure bioassays. Under three treatment concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg L⁻¹) of juglone, Microcystis cell density is significantly reduced by 35–93%. Concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg L⁻¹ inhibits Stephanodiscus growth almost equally (66% and 75%, respectively). To contrast, juglone produces a stimulatory allelopathic effect on three green algae, and other tested diatoms showed hormesis. Overall, the cyanobacteria are more sensitive to juglone than the green algae and diatoms. These results indicate that the allelopathic effects of juglone on microalgae vary depending on their characteristic cellular morphology and anatomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Harmful Algal Bloom Control and Sustainable Water Supply)

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