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Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector
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Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 26545

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexandros Stefanakis

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, German University of Technology in Oman, Oman;Bauer Resources GmbH, Schrobenhausen, Germany;Bauer Nimr LLC, Muscat, Oman
Interests: water engineering; wastewater treatment; ecological engineering; Constructed Wetlands; sludge dewatering; sustainable water management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The technology of constructed wetlands is applied worldwide for the treatment of various wastewaters, mainly of domestic and municipal origin. The benefits this brings in the water and wastewater management sector, such as significantly reduced operational costs, high treatment performance, an ecological and sustainable character, simple and easy operation and maintenance, among others, are well understood and continuously highlighted. The new challenges nowadays lie in the treatment of wastewaters from numerous industrial processes. Industrial wastewaters usually have higher loads of pollutants with varying properties, complex composition and high flow/load variations, which makes it a challenge to effectively treat these waters. Over the last years, there has been a significant increase in studies investigating the potential of applying different constructed wetland designs in the industrial sector. This focus shift is based on the gradual realization that this green treatment technology could not only provide an effective treatment solution for industry, but also a much desired sustainable alternative that could be integrated in the green profile and social responsibility actions of industry.

This Special Issue aims at presenting recent developments in testing and applying constructed wetlands technology for the treatment of wastewaters from various industrial facilities and processes. It accepts contributions from both research projects related to the topic and experiences from full-scale applications in the industrial sector. Review papers summarizing the existing knowledge and technological status of constructed wetland systems applied to specific industrial wastewater sources are also welcome.

Dr. Alexandros Stefanakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Water contaminated with hydrocarbons from the petrochemical industry, oil and gas industry, refineries
  • Organic micropollutants and emerging contaminants of industrial origin
  • Pharmaceuticals and PCPs
  • Food industry, such as aquaculture and fish industry, wineries, breweries, soft drinks, distilleries, meat processing, slaughterhouses, vegetable processing, sugar mills, starch/yeast processing, etc.
  • Agro-industries, such as olive mills, dairy farms, cattle/swine wastewater, livestock etc.
  • Mine drainage
  • Landfill leachate
  • Water polluted with heavy metals
  • Tanneries and textile industry
  • Wood processing
  • Pulp and paper industry
  • Industrial sludges treatment
  • Wastewater from manufacturing facilities, power-generating plants, etc.
  • Runoff and storm water from industrial catchments
  • Carwash effluents
  • Sustainable wastewater treatment in industry and corporate social responsibility

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1864 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Winery Wastewater Using Bench-Scale Columns Simulating Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands with Adsorption Media
by Katelyn Skornia, Steven I. Safferman, Laura Rodriguez-Gonzalez and Sarina J. Ergas
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031063 - 5 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3492
Abstract
Wastewater produced during the wine-making process often contains an order of magnitude greater chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration than is typical of domestic wastewater. This waste stream is also highly variable in flow and composition due to the seasonality of wine-making. The recent [...] Read more.
Wastewater produced during the wine-making process often contains an order of magnitude greater chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration than is typical of domestic wastewater. This waste stream is also highly variable in flow and composition due to the seasonality of wine-making. The recent growth of small-scale wineries in cold climates and increasing regulations present a need for low-cost, easily-operable treatment systems that do not require large amounts of land, yet maintain a high level of treatment in cool temperatures. This research investigates the use of a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (SVFCW) to treat winery wastewater. In this study, clinoptilolite, tire chips, and a nano-enhanced iron foam were used to enhance bench-scale gravel cells to adsorb ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorus, respectively. The treatment systems, without nitrogen adsorption media, performed well, with >99% removal of COD and 94% removal of total nitrogen. Treatment systems with the nitrogen adsorption media did not enhance nitrogen removal. Equilibrium was reached within two weeks of start-up, regardless of prior inoculation, which suggests that microbes present in the winery wastewater are sufficient for the start-up of the wastewater treatment system; therefore, the seasonality of winery wastewater production will not substantially impact treatment. Operating the treatment systems under cool temperatures did not significantly impact COD or total nitrogen removal. Further, the use of nano-enhanced iron foam exhibited 99.8% removal of phosphorus, which resulted in effluent concentrations that were below 0.102 mg/L P. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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15 pages, 2653 KiB  
Article
Biotreatment of Winery Wastewater Using a Hybrid System Combining Biological Trickling Filters and Constructed Wetlands
by Christos S. Akratos, Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis and Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020619 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3797
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the ability of a pilot-scale hybrid system to treat real (non-synthetic) winery wastewater. The experimental treatment system consisted of two stages: An attached growth pilot-scale bioreactor (biological trickling filter with plastic support material) was initially [...] Read more.
The objective of this work was to determine the ability of a pilot-scale hybrid system to treat real (non-synthetic) winery wastewater. The experimental treatment system consisted of two stages: An attached growth pilot-scale bioreactor (biological trickling filter with plastic support material) was initially used to remove a significant amount of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (d-COD) from winery wastewater, and then a pilot-scale, horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) was examined as a post-treatment step for further d-COD removal. Results from the biofilter revealed that the recirculation rate of 1.0 L/min lead to higher d-COD removal rates than that of 0.5 L/min for all feed d-COD concentrations tested (3500, 7500, 9000 and 18,000 mg d-COD/L). Experiments in the CW were performed using feed d-COD concentrations of about 1500 mg/L (equivalent to biofilter effluent when initial filter feed d-COD concentrations are 18,000 mg/L). The wetland polishing stage managed to further remove d-COD and produced effluent concentrations below current legislation limits for safe disposal. Furthermore, the presence of zeolite in CW (one third of the length of CW) enhanced ammonium removal. The experimental results indicate that the combination of a biological trickling filter and a constructed wetland could effectively treat effluents originating from small wineries typical of the Mediterranean region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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13 pages, 2197 KiB  
Article
Online Monitoring of a Long-Term Full-Scale Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Winery Wastewater in Italy
by Anacleto Rizzo, Riccardo Bresciani, Nicola Martinuzzi and Fabio Masi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020555 - 12 Jan 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3098
Abstract
Nature-based solutions, such as Constructed Wetlands (CWs), for the treatment of industrial wastewater can be more efficiently operated making use of online monitored parameters as inlet/outlet flows and concentrations for specific substances. The present study compares different datasets acquired in a two-and-a-half-year-long period [...] Read more.
Nature-based solutions, such as Constructed Wetlands (CWs), for the treatment of industrial wastewater can be more efficiently operated making use of online monitored parameters as inlet/outlet flows and concentrations for specific substances. The present study compares different datasets acquired in a two-and-a-half-year-long period by normal laboratory methods and also from a specific COD/BOD sensor installed at a winery CWs wastewater treatment plant in Tuscany, Italy. The CW wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is composed of: equalization tank (70 m3); French Reed Bed (1200 m2); horizontal subsurface flow (HF) CW (960 m2): free water system (850 m2); optional post-treatment sand filter (50 m2); and emergency recirculation. The obtained average performances for this last period are for COD 97.5%, for MBAS 93.1%, for N-NO2- 84.7%, for NO3- 39.9%, and for TP 45.5%. The online sensor has shown excellent performance in following the COD concentration patterns along the observed period. The qualitative and quantitative validity of the online sensor measurements has been assessed by statistical analysis (t-test) and reported in the paper. Online data, acquired every 30 min, availability is of extreme importance for the CW system performance optimization, for understanding the behavior of the WWTP in different operative scenarios, and finally for driving the powering on or off eventual process enhancement tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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14 pages, 1770 KiB  
Article
Aromatic Compounds and Organic Matter Behavior in Pilot Constructed Wetlands Treating Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Globulus Sawmill Industry Leachate
by C. Muñoz, G. Gómez, A.I. Stefanakis, C. Plaza de los Reyes, I. Vera-Puerto and G. Vidal
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235046 - 22 Nov 2019
Viewed by 2183
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of aromatic compounds and organic matter in pilot constructed wetlands (CW) treating Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus sawmill industry leachate. Six lab-scale surface flow CW were built and fed in batches. Three CW [...] Read more.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of aromatic compounds and organic matter in pilot constructed wetlands (CW) treating Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus sawmill industry leachate. Six lab-scale surface flow CW were built and fed in batches. Three CW were fed with P. radiata leachate, while the other three CW were fed with E. globulus leachate. Each group of three CW included two CW planted with Phragmites australis and one unplanted CW as control unit. A stable hydraulic retention time of seven days was maintained in each CW. The organic loading rate was gradually increased in three phases in the CW fed with P. radiata leachate (i.e., from 12 to 19 g COD/m2/day) and with E. globulus leachate (i.e., from 14 to 40 g COD/m2/day). The operation of the six CWs lasted 98 days. The CW treating P. radiata and E. globulus leachate had a similar performance. The highest performance was obtained by the unplanted CW (approximately 10–20% higher than the planted CW), without significant differences observed between the P. radiata and E. globulus leachate treatment, regarding the removal efficiencies of organic matter and total phenolic compounds. The planted systems were probably affected by the high concentrations of these compounds applied, which probably created a toxic environment hindering the microbial community growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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Review

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21 pages, 4638 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Dewatering of Industrial Sludges in Sludge Treatment Reed Beds: Experiences from Pilot and Full-Scale Studies under Different Climates
by Steen Nielsen and Alexandros I. Stefanakis
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7446; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217446 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9194
Abstract
Sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) are an established sludge treatment technology with multiple environmental and economic advantages in dewatering sludge generated during domestic wastewater treatment. However, little is reported regarding their appropriateness and efficiency for the treatment of sludge produced during industrial wastewater [...] Read more.
Sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) are an established sludge treatment technology with multiple environmental and economic advantages in dewatering sludge generated during domestic wastewater treatment. However, little is reported regarding their appropriateness and efficiency for the treatment of sludge produced during industrial wastewater treatment and from water works. These sludge types may have significantly different quality characteristics than typical domestic sludge and may contain constituents that could affect their dewaterability. Therefore, the dewatering of these industrial sludge types is usually tested in small-scale pilot STRBs before the construction of full-scale systems. This paper presents and summarizes the state-of-the-art experience from existing pilot and full-scale STRB systems from various countries and climates treating sludge from various industrial sources, evaluates the suitability and the advantages of this sustainable treatment technology, and proposes the required dimensioning for efficient full-scale STRB operation and performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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13 pages, 240 KiB  
Review
The Fate of MTBE and BTEX in Constructed Wetlands
by Alexandros I. Stefanakis
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010127 - 23 Dec 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4328
Abstract
Hydrocarbon contamination of water resources is a global issue. These compounds are generated and discharged into the environment in industrial areas from chemical and petrochemical plants, oil refineries, power plants, and so forth. Fuel hydrocarbons, namely, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and [...] Read more.
Hydrocarbon contamination of water resources is a global issue. These compounds are generated and discharged into the environment in industrial areas from chemical and petrochemical plants, oil refineries, power plants, and so forth. Fuel hydrocarbons, namely, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), are commonly found in groundwater, posing environmental and health risks to humans and ecosystems. Nature-based technologies represent an alternative solution, providing high efficiency, an environmentally friendly character, simple operation, and cost efficiency, which are characteristics particularly desired by the international petroleum industry. This article discusses the use of the green technology of constructed wetlands to remediate water polluted with hydrocarbons. Although the number of related international experiences and studies is limited, the article presents the latest developments of wetland technology for the removal of MTBE and benzene-BTEX. The discussion includes the overall efficiency of the different wetland types that have been tested and used, the main transformation and removal processes that regulate the fate of BTEX and MTBE in constructed wetlands, and the potential for future investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences from Constructed Wetland Technology in Industrial Sector)
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