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Atmosphere
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Coupled Climate System Modeling
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Coupled Climate System Modeling

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 May 2022) | Viewed by 15493

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xiao Dong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: East Asian monsoon simulation; climate change; climate/earth system model evaluation; fire–climate interaction; coupled model data assimilation
Dr. Jiangbo Jin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: development of earth/climate system model; development of general oceanic circulation model; climate change; air–sea interaction
Dr. Hao Luo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
Interests: coupled data assimilation; sea ice and climate simulation; atmosphere–ocean–sea ice interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Numerical modeling is an essential tool for understanding and predicting the complex climate system. The timescales of modeling range from day to millennia due to the intrinsic nature of each component of the climate system, including atmosphere, ocean, land, sea ice, among others. Although the capabilities of numerical modeling have advanced by leaps and bounds over the past few decades, large uncertainties can still be found in results derived from the coupled climate models due to the complexity of the climate system. Thus, it is a huge challenge to accurately reproduce the true nature using coupled climate models. Model development and evaluation is the first important task in the modeling community.

Coupled climate models can be used in the prediction and projection of the climate system. In the former aspect, coupled data assimilation techniques are developed in coupled climate models to provide accurate initial conditions of each component of the climate system, which can be beneficial to more precise predictions of various matters, from the daily weather forecast to decadal prediction. Another essential aspect of the usage of coupled climate models is to project future climate from a global spatial scale to a regional spatial scale. More than one hundred versions of climate/earth system models are participating a new phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). More analysis efforts should be dedicated using these outputs from multiple coupled models to understand how future climate would be, e.g., in the second half of this century.

Thus, this Special Issue focuses on the development, evaluation, and application of the coupled model of the complex climate system. Topics in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Development of the coupled climate/earth system model;
  • Evaluation of the CMIP6 models and improvements from CMIP3 to CMIP6;
  • Coupled model data assimilation technique;
  • Short-term climate prediction using coupled model assimilation;
  • Analysis of output from the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP);
  • Ocean change in a warming background using coupled model simulations.

Dr. Xiao Dong
Dr. Jiangbo Jin
Dr. Hao Luo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • coupled climate/earth system model
  • CMIP6/ FAFMIP
  • global monsoon simulations and projection
  • climate change and climate prediction
  • model development and evaluation
  • air–sea coupled process
  • coupled model assimilation
  • regional and global climate simulation

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 7160 KiB  
Article
Historical and Projected Variations of Precipitation and Temperature and Their Extremes in Relation to Climatic Indices over the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya
by Krishna Prasad Sigdel, Narayan Prasad Ghimire, Bhopal Pandeya and Binod Dawadi
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111866 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2410
Abstract
Changes in precipitation and temperature, especially in the Himalayan region, will have repercussions for socio-economic conditions in the future. Thus, this study aimed to understand the climatic trend and changes in one of the Himalayan River basins, i.e., Gandaki River Basin (GRB), Nepal. [...] Read more.
Changes in precipitation and temperature, especially in the Himalayan region, will have repercussions for socio-economic conditions in the future. Thus, this study aimed to understand the climatic trend and changes in one of the Himalayan River basins, i.e., Gandaki River Basin (GRB), Nepal. In particular, we analysed the historical (1985–2014) and projected (2015–2100) precipitation and temperature trend and their extremes using observation and 13 bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets. Additionally, the relationship between extreme precipitation/temperature indices and ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns were also analysed. The results showed an increasing trend of precipitation amount and temperature at annual and seasonal scales with the highest upward trend for precipitation in monsoon season and temperature in winter season. Among nine precipitation indices analysed, the wet extremes are projected to increase in all Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios; with the highest increment of high-intensity related extremes (R10 mm and R20 mm). In contrast, dry spells will decline in the distant-future (2075–2100) as compared to near (2015–2044) and mid-future (2045–2074). Further, increment in temperature trend resulted in a decrease in cold related temperature extremes and an increase in warm related extremes. Furthermore, it was observed that the changes in precipitation and temperature extremes over GRB were influenced by large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were found to have a major role in driving precipitation extremes while AMO, SST and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) have strong influence on temperature extremes. The results of this study will be useful for better understanding the implications of historical and future changes in precipitation and temperature and their extremes over the GRB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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17 pages, 3328 KiB  
Article
The GHGs Evolution of LULUCF Sector at the European Union (EU-27 + UK): Romania Case Study
by Mihaela Iordache, Felicia Bucura, Roxana Elena Ionete, Remus Grigorescu, Andreea Maria Iordache, Ramona Zgavarogea, Alin Chitu, Anca Zaharioiu, Oana Romina Botoran and Marius Constantinescu
Atmosphere 2022, 13(10), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101638 - 8 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1629
Abstract
Mitigating climate change is a challenge that urgently needs to be addressed, as it has an increasing impact on the planet. According to the latest reports, global CO2 emissions must be neutralized by 2050 in order to limit the rise in temperature [...] Read more.
Mitigating climate change is a challenge that urgently needs to be addressed, as it has an increasing impact on the planet. According to the latest reports, global CO2 emissions must be neutralized by 2050 in order to limit the rise in temperature to 1.5 °C. This work presents the evolution of Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/removals at the EU-27 + UK level for the 1990–2019 time period, as well as LULUCF emissions/removals forecasts for Romania up to 2040. The results revealed a 23% reduction in GHG emissions for the EU-27 + UK in 2019 compared to 1990. Romania’s yearly average of GHG emissions/removals was 28,000 kt CO2 eq., representing roughly 9.7% of the EU’s annual average. In terms of projections for Romania, the only scenario that will not be in the target set by the new LULUCF Regulation is WEM (Reference Scenario/With Existing Measures), in which net GHG removals will be reduced by approximately 218 kt CO2 eq., or 0.9 percent, in 2030 compared to the reference year; in 2040 compared to 1989, the trend will be accentuated both in absolute values, with a decrease of over 3000 kt CO2 eq., and in relative values of 12%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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13 pages, 82927 KiB  
Article
Simulation of the Boreal Winter East Asian Cold Surge by IAP AGCM4.1
by Renping Lin, Xiao Dong, He Zhang, Chenglai Wu and Jiangbo Jin
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081176 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1449
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the performances of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics atmospheric general circulation model (IAP AGCM version4.1) and atmospheric component of Chinese Academy of Science Earth System Model, version 1 (CAS-ESM1) in the simulation of the cold surge (CS) events [...] Read more.
In this study, we evaluate the performances of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics atmospheric general circulation model (IAP AGCM version4.1) and atmospheric component of Chinese Academy of Science Earth System Model, version 1 (CAS-ESM1) in the simulation of the cold surge (CS) events in East Asia. In general, the model can capture the main features of anomalous precipitation and circulation associated with the cold surge days. Compared with climatological means of boreal winter, on CS days, the precipitation increases in the southern part of the South China Sea (SCS), while decreases in the subtropical regions near the southern China. In addition, the climatological northeasterly wind over the SCS region strengthens on CS days. In the first day composites of CS events, it shows a dipole pattern in middle latitude over East Asia, with a positive (negative) sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly in the west (east). Based on the anomalous SLP signs in the two centers of the dipole pattern, the CS days can be further classified into two types: positive-west–negative-east-type and positive-west–positive-east-type. All these features can be reasonably reproduced by IAP AGCM4.1. Although in most CS days there is positive SLP anomaly in the East China, some negative events were investigated in this study. In these negative events the northerly anomaly in SCS is associated with an anticyclonic circulation anomaly around the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, rather than descending from the mid-to-high latitude cold air outbreaks. The feature can also be captured by the model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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17 pages, 1778 KiB  
Article
Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments
by Henri R. Pinheiro, Tercio Ambrizzi, Kevin I. Hodges and Manoel A. Gan
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167 - 23 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2368
Abstract
In this study, we show that changes in the 250 hPa vorticity cut-off low (COL) activity may possibly be driven by sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the tropical Pacific. Using ERA5 reanalysis, the existence of different large-scale circulation patterns is identified that [...] Read more.
In this study, we show that changes in the 250 hPa vorticity cut-off low (COL) activity may possibly be driven by sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the tropical Pacific. Using ERA5 reanalysis, the existence of different large-scale circulation patterns is identified that work to enhance the COL activity with a weakened jet stream, while COLs are suppressed with strengthened westerlies. The present-day simulations of AMIP-CMIP6 models reproduce realistic features of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–COL teleconnection, but biases exist, especially in coupled models. The differences are a priori due to the inability of the models to accurately predict the time-mean zonal flow, which may be in part due to systematic biases in the predicted SST. The underestimation of warm SST anomalies over the eastern Pacific is a common problem in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models and remains a major uncertainty in CMIP6. We find that a reduced bias in the predicted SST by coupled models is most likely to produce more skillful simulations in the Southern Hemisphere, but the same evidence does not hold for the Northern Hemisphere. The study suggests the potential for seasonal prediction of COLs and the benefits that would result using accurate initialization and consistent model coupling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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14 pages, 7230 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Sea Ice Simulation of CAS-ESM 2.0 in Historical Experiment
by Xin Gao, Peng Fan, Jiangbo Jin, Juanxiong He, Mirong Song, He Zhang, Kece Fei, Minghua Zhang and Qingcun Zeng
Atmosphere 2022, 13(7), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071056 - 2 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1645
Abstract
A sea ice model is an important component of an Earth system model, which is an essential tool for the study of sea ice, including its internal processes, interactions with other components, and projected future changes. This paper evaluates a simulation of sea [...] Read more.
A sea ice model is an important component of an Earth system model, which is an essential tool for the study of sea ice, including its internal processes, interactions with other components, and projected future changes. This paper evaluates a simulation of sea ice by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2 (CAS-ESM 2.0), focusing on a historical simulation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Compared with the observations, CAS-ESM 2.0 reproduces reasonable seasonal cycle features and the climatological spatial distribution of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, including sea ice extent (SIE), sea ice concentration, and sea ice thickness and motion. However, the SIE in CAS-ESM 2.0 is too large in winter and too low in summer in both hemispheres, indicating higher seasonal variations of the model relative to observations. Further sea ice mass budget diagnostics show that basal growth contributes most to ice increase in both hemispheres, basal melt and top melt make a comparable contribution to Arctic ice decrease, and basal melt plays a dominant role in Antarctic ice loss. This, combined with surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) biases, suggests that the excess of sea ice simulated in wintertime in both hemispheres and the lower SIE simulated in the Antarctic summer are mainly attributable to the bias in SST, whereas the lower SIE simulated in the Arctic summer is probably due to the combined effects of both the SST and SAT biases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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16 pages, 5267 KiB  
Article
Comparison of East Asian Summer Monsoon Simulation between an Atmospheric Model and a Coupled Model: An Example from CAS-ESM
by Wen Zhang, Feng Xue, Jiangbo Jin, Xiao Dong, He Zhang and Renping Lin
Atmosphere 2022, 13(7), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13070998 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1476
Abstract
In this study, the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Earth System Model Version 2 (CAS-ESM2) and its atmospheric component were evaluated for the ability to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), in terms of climatology and composites in El Niño decaying years (EN) [...] Read more.
In this study, the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Earth System Model Version 2 (CAS-ESM2) and its atmospheric component were evaluated for the ability to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), in terms of climatology and composites in El Niño decaying years (EN) and La Niña years (LN). The results show that the model can realistically simulate the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) annual cycle, the interannual variation, the evolution process, and the prerequisites of ENSO, but the trend of developing and decaying is faster than that of the observations. With regard to the climatological mean state in the EASM, the coupled model run can largely improve the precipitation and 850 hPa wind simulated in the atmospheric model. Moreover, the coupled run can also reduce the mid-latitude bias in the atmospheric model simulation. Composite methods were then adopted to examine performance in different phases of the ENSO, from a mature winter to a decaying summer. The atmospheric model can well reproduce the Western North Pacific Anomalous Anticyclone (WNPAC)/Western North Pacific Anomalous Cyclone (WNPC) during EN/LN well, but the westerly/easterly anomalies and the associated precipitation anomalies over the equatorial Central Eastern Pacific are somewhat overestimated. Compared with the atmospheric model, these anomalies are all underestimated in the coupled model, which may be related to the ENSO-related SST bias appearing in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Due to the ENSO and ITCZ bias in the historical simulations, the simulated ENSO-related SST and the precipitation anomaly are too equator-trapped in comparison with the observations, and the cold tongue overly extends westward. This limits the ability of the model to simulate ENSO-related EASM variability. For the subseasonal simulations, though atmospheric model simulations can reproduce the westward extension of the Western Pacific subtropic high (WPSH) in EN decaying summers, the eastward retreat of the WPSH in LN is weak. The historical simulations show limited improvement, indicating that the subseasonal variation in the EASM is still a considerable challenge for current generation models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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17 pages, 7750 KiB  
Article
Contrary Responses of the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio to Arctic Sea Ice Loss
by Kun Wang, Linyue Wu, Haiwen Liu, Bo Dan, Haijin Dai and Clara Deser
Atmosphere 2022, 13(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040514 - 23 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2050
Abstract
The impact on the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio from Arctic sea ice loss is investigated using the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) model for their important roles during climate change. Results show that the Gulf Stream (Kuroshio) weakens (strengthens) in response [...] Read more.
The impact on the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio from Arctic sea ice loss is investigated using the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) model for their important roles during climate change. Results show that the Gulf Stream (Kuroshio) weakens (strengthens) in response to Arctic sea ice loss via ocean (atmosphere) adjustments. More precisely, the Kuroshio acceleration is mainly due to the anomalous wind stress over the North Pacific, while the ocean gyre adjustments in the Atlantic are responsible for the weakened Gulf Stream. As positive buoyancy fluxes induced by Arctic sea ice loss trigger a slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the Gulf Stream decelerates evidently and the current speed decreases by about 5–8 cm/s in the upper ocean. Resulting from less advection and horizontal diffusion in the temperature budget, less poleward warm water leads to narrow sea surface cooling sandwiched between strong warming in the subpolar and subtropical Atlantic. Furthermore, colder surface decreases the upward heat flux (mainly latent heat flux) along the Gulf Stream Extension (GE) path, which leads to a warming hole in the atmosphere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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Review

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15 pages, 9330 KiB  
Review
State of the Simulation of Mesoscale Winds in the Mediterranean and Opportunities for Improvements
by Anika Obermann-Hellhund
Atmosphere 2022, 13(7), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071007 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is a densely populated and economically relevant area with complex orography including mountain ranges, islands, and straits. In combination with pressure gradients, this creates many mesoscale wind systems that cause, e.g., wind gusts and wildfire risk in the Mediterranean. This [...] Read more.
The Mediterranean region is a densely populated and economically relevant area with complex orography including mountain ranges, islands, and straits. In combination with pressure gradients, this creates many mesoscale wind systems that cause, e.g., wind gusts and wildfire risk in the Mediterranean. This article reviews the recent state of the science of several mesoscale winds in the Mediterranean and associated processes. Previous work, including case studies on several time ranges and resolutions, as well as studies on these winds under future climate conditions, is discussed. Simulations with grid spacings of 25 to 50 km can reproduce winds driven by large-scale pressure patterns such as Mistral, Tramontane, and Etesians. However, these simulations struggle with the correct representation of winds channeled in straits and mountain gaps and around islands. Grid spacings of 1–3 km are certainly necessary to resolve these small-scale features. The smaller grid spacings are widely used in case studies, but not yet in simulations over large areas and long periods, which also could help to understand the interaction between small-scale phenomena in separate locations. Furthermore, by far not all Mediterranean straits, islands, and mountain gaps were studied in-depth and many interesting Mediterranean small-scale winds still need to be studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Climate System Modeling)
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