New Advances in Epilepsy, Neurotransmission and Synaptic Function

A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 13281

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Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: cell biology; cell signaling; mitochondria; neurosciences; regenerative medicine; toxicology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
Interests: neuroscience and cell biology; epilepsy; signaling and synaptic (dys)function

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting approximately 65 million people worldwide, and it is characterized by the occurrence of recurrent and unprovoked seizures. This hallmark is the result of the uncontrolled and excessive synchronized electrical activity of central neurons. Although the mechanisms underlying the onset of seizures are far from being elucidated, the disruption of the balance between excitation and inhibition has a central role in epileptogenesis.

Numerous cellular and molecular abnormalities have been described during the latent period that precedes the appearance of spontaneous seizures which may contribute to epileptogenesis, namely, changes in gene expression, alterations in neurotransmitter receptor and ion channel function and distribution, axonal sprouting, and synaptic reorganization. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), neuronal excitation is mainly mediated by the excitatory neurotransmitters glutamate and acetylcholine, while neuronal inhibition is primarily mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In physiological conditions, neuronal excitation and inhibition in the CNS maintain a delicate balance, which can be broken in pathological conditions, resulting in neurological disorders such as epilepsy. The direct cause of convulsive seizures is thought to result from increased excitability or decreased inhibition in the brain, though the detailed mechanisms are still unclear.

The treatments currently used in epilepsy reduce seizures’ frequency and intensity, but there is still no available cure. The development of novel therapeutics requires a better understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms that initially trigger the numerous downstream mechanisms mediating epileptogenesis, which ultimately result in the hyperexcitability characteristic of epilepsy—namely, alterations in synaptic function and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the cross talk between synaptic excitation and inhibition is crucial for the understanding the causes leading to the disruption of neuronal circuits’ stability in epilepsy.

This provides an incentive to further explore the molecular mechanisms of synaptic (dys)function that characterize epilepsy. This Special Issue welcomes submissions of original research articles, reviews, and short communications focusing on the mechanisms underlying neurotransmission and synaptic function dysregulation found in epilepsy, therefore certainly increasing our knowledge in the field.

Dr. Filipe V. Duarte
Dr. Miranda Mele
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • epilepsy
  • excitation
  • inhibition
  • neurotransmission
  • synaptic function
  • synaptic plasticity

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4468 KiB  
Article
Selenium Nanoparticles with Prodigiosin Rescue Hippocampal Damage Associated with Epileptic Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Rats
by Naif E. Al Omairi, Ashraf Albrakati, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Abdulraheem S. Almalki, Walaa Alsanie, Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed, Dalia Zaafar, Maha S. Lokman, Amira A. Bauomy, Saied K. Belal, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim, Hussain Alyami and Rami B. Kassab
Biology 2022, 11(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030354 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3025
Abstract
Background: Prodigiosin (PDG) is a red pigment synthesized by bacterial species with important pharmaceutical and biological activities. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities of green biosynthesized selenium formulations with PDG (SeNPs-PDG) versus pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures. Methods: Rats were assigned into [...] Read more.
Background: Prodigiosin (PDG) is a red pigment synthesized by bacterial species with important pharmaceutical and biological activities. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities of green biosynthesized selenium formulations with PDG (SeNPs-PDG) versus pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures. Methods: Rats were assigned into six experimental groups: control; PTZ (60 mg/kg, epileptic model); sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) + PTZ; PDG (300 mg/kg) + PTZ; sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ; and SeNPs-PDG (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ. The treatment duration is extended to 28 days. Results: SeNPs-PDG pre-treatment delayed seizures onset and reduced duration upon PTZ injection. Additionally, SeNPs-PDG enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hippocampal tissue by activating the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and innate antioxidants (glutathione and glutathione derivatives, in addition to superoxide dismutase and catalase) and decreasing the levels of pro-oxidants (lipoperoxidation products and nitric oxide). SeNPs-PDG administration inhibited inflammatory reactions associated with epileptic seizure development by suppressing the production and activity of glial fibrillary acidic protein and pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B. Moreover, SeNPs-PDG protected against hippocampal cell loss following PTZ injection by decreasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3 and enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Interestingly, SeNPs-PDG restored the PTZ-induced imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and improved monoaminergic and cholinergic transmission. Conclusions: These promising antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory activities indicate that SeNPs-PDG might serve as a naturally derived anticonvulsant agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Epilepsy, Neurotransmission and Synaptic Function)
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Review

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38 pages, 1608 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Diagnosis of Epilepsy: Scope of MicroRNA and Technological Advancements
by Ritam Bandopadhyay, Tanveer Singh, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Sultan Alshehri, Efthalia Angelopoulou, Yam Nath Paudel, Christina Piperi, Javed Ahmad, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Mohamed A. Alfaleh and Awanish Mishra
Biology 2021, 10(11), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10111097 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9517
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormally synchronized episodic neuronal discharges. Around 70 million people worldwide are suffering from epilepsy. The available antiepileptic medications are capable of controlling seizures in around 60–70% of patients, [...] Read more.
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormally synchronized episodic neuronal discharges. Around 70 million people worldwide are suffering from epilepsy. The available antiepileptic medications are capable of controlling seizures in around 60–70% of patients, while the rest remain refractory. Poor seizure control is often associated with neuro-psychiatric comorbidities, mainly including memory impairment, depression, psychosis, neurodegeneration, motor impairment, neuroendocrine dysfunction, etc., resulting in poor prognosis. Effective treatment relies on early and correct detection of epileptic foci. Although there are currently a few well-established diagnostic techniques for epilepsy, they lack accuracy and cannot be applied to patients who are unsupportive or harbor metallic implants. Since a single test result from one of these techniques does not provide complete information about the epileptic foci, it is necessary to develop novel diagnostic tools. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic tools of epilepsy, including electroencephalography (EEG) as well as structural and functional neuroimaging. We further discuss recent trends and advances in the diagnosis of epilepsy that will enable more effective diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Epilepsy, Neurotransmission and Synaptic Function)
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