Advances in S-Triazine-Based Therapeutics: From Antimicrobials to Neurodegenerative Disease Modulators

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 1420

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
Interests: organic synthesis; anticancer drug; trimethoprim derivatives; s-triazine derivatives; netropsin and distamycin analogues; antimicrobials; neurodegeneration
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

1,3,5-Triazine, known as s-triazine, is one of the oldest heterocyclic compounds available, and due to its low cost and high availability, it has continually attracted the attention of scientists who aim to synthesize and investigate the activity of its new derivatives.

Nucleophilic substitution in the s-triazine ring is favored over electrophilic substitution due to its lower basicity and much weaker resonance energy than that of benzene. Thus, a number of heterocyclic compounds with a symmetric s-triazine core have been obtained, which represent an interesting class of compounds with a wide spectrum of biological properties. Among them, triazine is not only a core, but also a factor that increases the kinetic potential of the whole derivatives. In medicinal chemistry, the most interesting derivatives to date have been those with anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, or antimalarial activity. Recently, however, derivatives with activity against agents in other clinical problems, such as neurodegenerative diseases, have also been obtained.

This Special Issue focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis, and activity testing of new s-triazine derivatives, as well as new molecular targets for these compounds. Literature reviews summarizing knowledge from various studies on s-triazine and its derivatives are also welcome for publication.

Dr. Danuta Drozdowska
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • 1,3,5-triazine
  • s-triazine
  • biological activity
  • drug discovery
  • antibacterial agent
  • antifungal agent
  • anticancer activity
  • antiviral agents
  • antimalarial activity
  • anti-Alzheimer’s activity
  • anti-Alzheimer’s agents
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • BACE1 inhibitors
  • anti-neurodegenerative effects
  • anti-inflammatory activity
  • molecular mechanisms of s-triazine activity

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

46 pages, 7543 KB  
Review
Epigenetic Dysregulation in Neurodegeneration: The Role of Histone Deacetylases and Emerging Inhibitor Strategies
by Yogesh Pawar, Aleksandra Kopranovic, Ramaa C S and Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
Biomolecules 2026, 16(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16010103 - 7 Jan 2026
Viewed by 967
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are characterized by complex pathologies with progressive neurodegeneration, protein misfolding, oxidative stress, and persistent inflammation. Recent findings indicate the pivotal involvement of epigenetic disruption, particularly aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) [...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are characterized by complex pathologies with progressive neurodegeneration, protein misfolding, oxidative stress, and persistent inflammation. Recent findings indicate the pivotal involvement of epigenetic disruption, particularly aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, in disease initiation and progression. In the current review, we systematically discuss the mechanistic function of HDACs across all classes (I, IIa, IIb, III, and IV) in neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, such as their involvement in the modulation of gene expression, mitochondrial function, proteostasis, and neuronal survival. We discuss the therapeutic potential, as well as limitations, of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), such as pan-inhibitors and isoenzyme-selective inhibitors, and new multi-target-directed ligands with HDAC inhibition combined with acetylcholinesterase modulation, PDE modulation, MAO-B inhibition, or NMDAR modulation. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of HDAC6-selective inhibitors with enhanced brain permeability and reduced toxicity, which have shown promising preclinical efficacy in ameliorating hallmark pathologies of AD, PD, and HD. In addition, s-triazine-based scaffolds have recently emerged as promising chemotypes in HDAC inhibitor design, offering favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, metabolic stability, and the potential for dual-target modulation relevant to neurodegeneration. The review also explores the future of HDAC-targeted therapies, including PROTAC degraders, dual-inhibitor scaffolds, and sustainable, BBB-penetrant molecules. Collectively, this review underscores the importance of HDAC modulation as a multifaceted strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and highlights the need for continued innovation in epigenetic drug design. Full article
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