Advances in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 November 2021) | Viewed by 4891

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Interests: neuroinflammation; neurodegeneration; induced pluripotent stem cells; human brain cells; gene regulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The immune system of the brain and the spinal cord has a protective function against exogenous infectious agents, as well as endogenous materials, including cell debris, misfolded protein, toxic metabolites, apoptotic cells, and superfluous synapses. These functions are largely mediated by the resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma—the microglia. Microglia (and other less prevalent brain immune cells) use surface receptors to survey the brain microenvironment, and transform into an activated state upon encountering danger signals, during which inflammatory molecules are released, and phagocytosis and proliferation is increased.

Under pathological conditions of neuroinflammation, immune signalling cascades may lead to spontaneous or exaggerated activation, or lead to persistent activation that never resolves. Virtually all neurodegenerative diseases involve abnormal or chronic neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Wilson’s Disease, as well as frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Scientific explanations for the underlying processes that determine these pathological varieties of neuroinflammation remain incomplete.

In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on the latest research on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We aim to present novel methods, findings, and theories with the goal of contributing to future mitigation strategies against pathological neuroinflammation with novel pharmacological interventions or life-style changes.

Dr. William Ralvenius

Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • neuroinflammation
  • neurodegeneration
  • microglia
  • invading peripheral immune cells
  • gliosis

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

11 pages, 1343 KiB  
Article
TREM2 Regulates High Glucose-Induced Microglial Inflammation via the NLRP3 Signaling Pathway
by Yuan Li, Weihong Long, Menghan Gao, Fangtai Jiao, Zecai Chen, Mingyuan Liu and Lu Yu
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(7), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070896 - 7 Jul 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3903
Abstract
Background: TREM2 expressed on microglia plays an important role in modulating inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. It remains unknown whether TREM2 modulates hyperglycemia-induced microglial inflammation. Methods: We investigated the molecular function of TREM2 in high glucose-induced microglial inflammation using western blotting, qPCR, ELISA, pulldown, [...] Read more.
Background: TREM2 expressed on microglia plays an important role in modulating inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. It remains unknown whether TREM2 modulates hyperglycemia-induced microglial inflammation. Methods: We investigated the molecular function of TREM2 in high glucose-induced microglial inflammation using western blotting, qPCR, ELISA, pulldown, and co-IP methods. Results: Our data showed that in high glucose-induced BV2 cells, TREM2 was increased, and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β was increased. TREM2 knockout (KO) attenuated the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β; conversely, TREM2 overexpression (OE) exacerbated IL-1β expression. Furthermore, we found that high glucose promoted the interaction of TREM2 with NLRP3. TREM2 KO abolished the interaction of TREM2 with NLRP3, while TREM2 OE enhanced the interaction. Moreover, TREM2 KO reduced high glucose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and TREM2 OE augmented high glucose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, indicating that high glucose enhances the expression of TREM2, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. To further clarify whether the NLRP3 signaling pathway mediates the TREM2-regulated inflammatory response, we blocked the NLRP3 inflammasome by knocking out NLRP3 and treating cells with a caspase1 inhibitor, which decreased the levels of the IL-1β proinflammatory cytokine but did not affect the high glucose-induced expression of TREM2. Conclusions: TREM2 modulates high glucose-induced microglial inflammation via the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration)
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