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Brain Sciences
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Brain and Spinal Cord Electrical Stimulation
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Brain and Spinal Cord Electrical Stimulation

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2021) | Viewed by 5152

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ajay Pal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Movement Recovery Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 650W, 168th Street, Room 1412, New York, NY 10032 USA.
Interests: electrical stimulation, sensorimotor circuits, activity-dependent plasticity, spinal cord injury, paired brain and spinal cord stimulation, softening spinal cord stimulator, epidural stimulation

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Therapeutic electrical stimulation has been used for thousands of years to treat pain and other conditions. The modern era of neuromodulation began in the early 1960s, first with deep brain stimulation, soon followed in 1967 by spinal cord stimulation. Spinal cord stimulation is the most common modality, used for the treatment of neuropathic pain of peripheral origin, and in ischemic pain. Motor cortex stimulation using brain surface electrodes was introduced in 1991, and is used to treat pain from some strokes and damage to the trigeminal nerve. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) and its application in the management of spinal injury and post-stroke care is well established. A number of external and implantable devices have been designed and manufactured to restore useful functions. Applications and outcomes range from enhancing physical rehabilitation after such injuries to the restoration of upper- and lower-limb function, bladder function, and chest ventilation after complete spinal cord injury.

This Special Issue is dedicated to highlighting exciting research into key aspects of therapeutic electrical stimulation, its mechanism of action, as well as novel therapeutic stimulation paradigms that may have positive effects on the treatment of neurological conditions, with the ultimate goal of identifying truly effective treatments that have potential for therapeutic applications. Neuro-stimulation and rehabilitation, to improve the quality of life of people paralyzed after traumatic injury and stroke.

We are seeking both basic and clinical research in the area of brain and spinal cord neuromodulation, focusing on new insights in to neuro-electronic interaction mechanisms and the application of novel stimulation paradigms for the treatment and management of neurological conditions, and to improve the quality of life for paralyzed people.

Dr. Ajay Pal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Neuromodulation
  • Sensorimotor circuits
  • Motor cortex stimulation
  • Spinal cord stimulation
  • Epidural stimulation
  • Activity-dependent plasticity
  • Neurorehabilitation
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Pain

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2268 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Attenuates Phasic Nociception after Complete Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
by Suneel Kumar, Ajay Pal, Suman Jain, Thirumurthy Velpandian and Rashmi Mathur
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111431 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2075
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most incapacitating pathologies, leading to huge rehabilitation challenges besides a social-economic burden on SCI patients and their families. There is no complete curative treatment available so far. Non-invasive and patient-friendly use of extremely low-frequency [...] Read more.
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most incapacitating pathologies, leading to huge rehabilitation challenges besides a social-economic burden on SCI patients and their families. There is no complete curative treatment available so far. Non-invasive and patient-friendly use of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field stimulation (EMF) has emerged as a therapeutic and rehabilitation option. In this study, we tested whole-body EMF stimulation on thoracic complete SCI-induced nociception including sensorimotor deficits in rats. The EMF application significantly attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia to thermal, electrical, and chemical stimuli from 6 weeks onwards as well as restoration of spinal reflexes, viz., H-reflex and nociceptive flexion reflex at the study endpoint (week 8). Besides, massively increased glutamate at the SCI injury site was observed in SCI rats with no treatment, which was also attenuated significantly by EMF stimulation. Spinal cord histology of the injury area showed a decrease in lesion volume and glial population in the EMF-stimulated rats. These findings indicate the beneficial role of EMF stimulation after thoracic complete SCI in adult male rats and, thereby, a beneficial patient-friendly rehabilitation tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain and Spinal Cord Electrical Stimulation)
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14 pages, 2295 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord on Iron and Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism
by Paweł Sokal, Milena Świtońska, Sara Kierońska, Marcin Rudaś and Marek Harat
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020156 - 25 Jan 2021
Viewed by 2498
Abstract
Background: Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrically modulates the subcortical brain regions. Under conditions of monopolar cerebral stimulation, electrical current flows between electrode’s contacts and an implantable pulse generator, placed in the subclavicular area. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) delivers an electrical current to the spinal [...] Read more.
Background: Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrically modulates the subcortical brain regions. Under conditions of monopolar cerebral stimulation, electrical current flows between electrode’s contacts and an implantable pulse generator, placed in the subclavicular area. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) delivers an electrical current to the spinal cord. Epidural electrical stimulation is associated with the leakage of current, which can cause a generalized reaction. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the electrical stimulation of the cerebrum and spinal cord could have generalized effects on biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 25 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 21) and dystonia (n = 4), who underwent DBS implantation, and 12 patients with chronic pain, who had SCS, received electrical stimulation. The blood levels of selected biochemical parameters were measured before and after overnight stimulation. Results: After DBS, the mean ± interquartile range (IQR) values for iron (off 15.6 ± 13.53 µmol/L; on: 7.65 ± 10.8 µmol/L; p < 0.001), transferrin (off: 2.42 ± 0.88 g/L; on: 1.99 ± 0.59 g/L; p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (off: 23.20 ± 14.50%; on: 10.70 ± 11.35%; p = 0.001), phosphate (off: 1.04 ± 0.2 mmol/L; on: 0.83 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p = 0.007), and total calcium (off: 2.39 ± 0.29 mmol/L; on: 2.27 ± 0.19 mmol/L; p = 0.016) were significantly reduced, whereas ferritin (off: 112.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; on: 150.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (off: 0.90 ± 19.39 mg/L; on: 60.35 ± 35.91 mg/L; p = 0.002) were significantly increased. Among patients with SCS, significant differences were observed for ferritin (off: 35 ± 63 ng/mL; on: 56 ± 62 ng/mL; p = 0.013), transferrin (off: 2.70 ± 0.74 g/L; on: 2.49 ± 0.69 g/L; p = 0.048), and C-reactive protein (off: 31.00 ± 36.40 mg/L; on: 36.60 ± 62.030 mg/L; p = 0.018) before and after electrical stimulation. No significant changes in the examined parameters were observed among patients after thalamotomy and pallidotomy. Conclusions: Leaking electric current delivered to the subcortical nuclei of the brain and the dorsal column of the spinal cord exposes the rest of the body to a negative charge. The generalized reaction is associated with an inflammatory response and altered iron and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Alterations in iron metabolism due to electrical stimulation may impact the course of PD. Future research should investigate the influence of electric current and electromagnetic field induced by neurostimulators on human metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain and Spinal Cord Electrical Stimulation)
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