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Brain Sciences
Special Issues
Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder
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Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neuromuscular and Movement Disorders".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2022) | Viewed by 31875

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Shin-Ichi Izumi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
Interests: motor learning; neurorehabilitation; non-invasive brain stimulation; robotic training; assistive device; interpersonal interaction; sense of self; hyperadaptation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Movement disorders are caused not only by motor system impairments per se, but also by cognitive disorders and psychiatric diseases. Neuroplastic changes have been vigorously investigated by using neuroimaging and physiological technique in humans, as well as in animal studies. For the management of movement disorders, both bottom-up and top-down approaches are investigated, including physical activities inducing motor learning, non-invasive brain stimulation, functional neuromuscular stimulation, botulinum toxin injection, intrathecal baclofen infusion, orthotic devices, robotic training, and multisensory feedback such as virtual reality. However, because of insufficient knowledge on the specific mechanisms of these interventions, combining with large interindividual variations in pathophysiological conditions and therapeutic responses, it is still difficult to determine the individualized treatment for each patient with movement disorders. The principles of recovery from movement disorders as well as mechanisms of therapeutic methods should be clarified by discovering new rules of neural restoration and integrating multidisciplinary research. Thus, the scope of this Special Issue ranges from body function to interpersonal interaction and from neuroscience and rehabilitation medicine to biomedical engineering, aiming to inspire new ideas to ameliorate movement disorders based upon comprehensive understanding of patients’ pain points due to the disorder.

Prof. Dr. Shin-Ichi Izumi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • motor learning
  • neurorehabilitation
  • non-invasive brain stimulation
  • robotic training
  • assistive device
  • interpersonal interaction
  • sense of self
  • hyperadaptation

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1010 KiB  
Article
Classification of Ankle Joint Stiffness during Walking to Determine the Use of Ankle Foot Orthosis after Stroke
by Yusuke Sekiguchi, Keita Honda, Dai Owaki and Shin-Ichi Izumi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111512 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2762
Abstract
Categorization based on quasi-joint stiffness (QJS) may help clinicians select appropriate ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). The objectives of the present study were to classify the gait pattern based on ankle joint stiffness, also called QJS, of the gait in patients after stroke and [...] Read more.
Categorization based on quasi-joint stiffness (QJS) may help clinicians select appropriate ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). The objectives of the present study were to classify the gait pattern based on ankle joint stiffness, also called QJS, of the gait in patients after stroke and to clarify differences in the type of AFO among 72 patients after stroke. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify gait patterns based on QJS at least one month before the study, which revealed three distinct subgroups (SGs 1, 2, and 3). The proportion of use of AFOs, articulated AFOs, and non-articulated AFOs were significantly different among SGs 1–3. In SG1, with a higher QJS in the early and middle stance, the proportion of the patients using articulated AFOs was higher, whereas in SG3, with a lower QJS in both stances, the proportion of patients using non-articulated AFOs was higher. In SG2, with a lower QJS in the early stance and higher QJS in the middle stance, the proportion of patients using AFOs was lower. These findings indicate that classification of gait patterns based on QJS in patients after stroke may be helpful in selecting AFO. However, large sample sizes are required to confirm these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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16 pages, 1312 KiB  
Article
Two-Week Rehabilitation with Auditory Biofeedback Prosthesis Reduces Whole Body Angular Momentum Range during Walking in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Dai Owaki, Yusuke Sekiguchi, Keita Honda and Shin-Ichi Izumi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111461 - 3 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2767
Abstract
Walking rehabilitation is challenging in stroke patients with sensory impairments. In this study, we examined the two-week effect of an auditory biofeedback prosthesis, Auditory Foot (AF), on the change in the frontal whole body angular momentum (WBAM) range, before and after a two-week [...] Read more.
Walking rehabilitation is challenging in stroke patients with sensory impairments. In this study, we examined the two-week effect of an auditory biofeedback prosthesis, Auditory Foot (AF), on the change in the frontal whole body angular momentum (WBAM) range, before and after a two-week walking rehabilitation. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT). We employed statistical Bayesian modeling to understand the mechanism of the rehabilitation effect and predict the expected effect in new patients. The best-performing model indicated that the frontal WBAM range was reduced in the AF group by 12.9–28.7%. This suggests that the use of kinesthetic biofeedback in gait rehabilitation contributes to the suppression of frontal WBAM, resulting in an improved walking balance function in stroke patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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10 pages, 1653 KiB  
Article
Impact of Alternate Gait Training Using Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses with Oil Damper Ankle Hinge in Patients with Subacute Severe Hemiplegia
by Hiroaki Abe, Kazutaka Nishiyama, Yuichi Yamamoto, Toru Okanuka, Yasuhito Yonezawa and Koji Matsumoto
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111430 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4655
Abstract
Patients with severe hemiplegia along with knee instability require knee–ankle–foot orthoses (KAFOs) for gait training. However, in these patients, it is unclear which type of walking training is more effective to improve gait function. Providing alternate gait training (AGT) improves walking function in [...] Read more.
Patients with severe hemiplegia along with knee instability require knee–ankle–foot orthoses (KAFOs) for gait training. However, in these patients, it is unclear which type of walking training is more effective to improve gait function. Providing alternate gait training (AGT) improves walking function in patients with spinal cord injury, but it is still unclear whether this is effective in hemiplegic stroke patients. In this study, we defined “unified AGT” as AGT performed with the same therapeutic concept by physiotherapists. We then investigated whether AGT improved gait function quicker than our traditional gait training in hemiplegic stroke patients. We enrolled 15 subjects with severe hemiplegia and knee instability who had undergone unified AGT using KAFOs with hinged oil dampers at the ankles, and 30 historical control (HC) subjects who had undergone traditional gait training. We used multiple comparison and survival analyses to analyze the differences in the functional independence measure (FIM) gait score changes between the two groups. The multiple comparison revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the FIM gait score compared with its initial score in the subjects with unified AGT. However, this improvement was not seen in the HC subjects. Additionally, the survival analysis of time taken to recover revealed a significant difference between the subjects with unified AGT and HC subjects (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that unified AGT using a KAFO facilitates gait improvement in patients with severe hemiplegia and knee instability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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Review

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14 pages, 1042 KiB  
Review
Tics and Emotions
by Gerry Leisman and Dana Sheldon
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020242 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8555
Abstract
Tics can be associated with neurological disorders and are thought to be the result of dysfunctional basal ganglia pathways. In Tourette Syndrome (TS), excess dopamine in the striatum is thought to excite the thalamo-cortical circuits, producing tics. When external stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [...] Read more.
Tics can be associated with neurological disorders and are thought to be the result of dysfunctional basal ganglia pathways. In Tourette Syndrome (TS), excess dopamine in the striatum is thought to excite the thalamo-cortical circuits, producing tics. When external stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, more dopamine is produced, furthering the excitation of tic-producing pathways. Emotional processing structures in the limbic are also activated during tics, providing further evidence of a possible emotional component in motor ticking behaviors. The purpose of this review is to better understand the relationship between emotional states and ticking behavior. We found support for the notion that premonitory sensory phenomena (PSP), sensory stimulation, and other environmental stressors that impact the HPA axis can influence tics through dopaminergic neurotransmission. Dopamine plays a vital role in cognition and motor control and is an important neurotransmitter in the pathophysiology of other disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which tend to be comorbid with ticking disorders and are thought to use similar pathways. It is concluded that there is an emotional component to ticking behaviors. Emotions primarily involving anxiety, tension, stress, and frustration have been associated with exacerbated tics, with PSP contributing to these feelings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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19 pages, 707 KiB  
Review
Motor Learning Based on Oscillatory Brain Activity Using Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Review
by Naoyuki Takeuchi and Shin-Ichi Izumi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081095 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4577
Abstract
Developing effective tools and strategies to promote motor learning is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, motor-related areas have been investigated as potential targets to facilitate motor learning by noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In addition to shedding light on the relationship [...] Read more.
Developing effective tools and strategies to promote motor learning is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, motor-related areas have been investigated as potential targets to facilitate motor learning by noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In addition to shedding light on the relationship between motor function and oscillatory brain activity, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which can noninvasively entrain oscillatory brain activity and modulate oscillatory brain communication, has attracted attention as a possible technique to promote motor learning. This review focuses on the use of tACS to enhance motor learning through the manipulation of oscillatory brain activity and its potential clinical applications. We discuss a potential tACS–based approach to ameliorate motor deficits by correcting abnormal oscillatory brain activity and promoting appropriate oscillatory communication in patients after stroke or with Parkinson’s disease. Interpersonal tACS approaches to manipulate intra- and inter-brain communication may result in pro-social effects and could promote the teaching–learning process during rehabilitation sessions with a therapist. The approach of re-establishing oscillatory brain communication through tACS could be effective for motor recovery and might eventually drive the design of new neurorehabilitation approaches based on motor learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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Other

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13 pages, 2300 KiB  
Case Report
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Supplementary Motor Area Combined with Walking on the Intramuscular Coherence of the Tibialis Anterior in a Subacute Post-Stroke Patient: A Single-Case Study
by Naruhito Hasui, Naomichi Mizuta, Junji Taguchi, Tomoki Nakatani and Shu Morioka
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050540 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4551
Abstract
Motor recovery is related to the corticospinal tract (CST) lesion in post-stroke patients. The CST originating from the supplementary motor area (SMA) affects the recovery of impaired motor function. We confirmed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the SMA combined [...] Read more.
Motor recovery is related to the corticospinal tract (CST) lesion in post-stroke patients. The CST originating from the supplementary motor area (SMA) affects the recovery of impaired motor function. We confirmed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the SMA combined with walk training on CST excitability. This study involved a stroke patient with severe sensorimotor deficits and a retrospective AB design. Walk training was conducted only in phase A. Phase B consisted of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA) combined with walk training. Walking speed, stride time variability (STV; reflecting gait stability), and beta-band intramuscular coherence—derived from the paired tibialis anterior on the paretic side (reflecting CST excitability)—were measured. STV quantified the coefficient of variation in stride time using accelerometers. Intramuscular coherence during the early stance phase noticeably increased in phase B compared with phase A. Intramuscular coherence in both the stance and swing phases was reduced at follow-up. Walking speed showed no change, while STV was noticeably decreased in phase B compared with phase A. These results suggest that tDCS over the SMA during walking improves gait stability by enhancing CST excitability in the early stance phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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22 pages, 687 KiB  
Systematic Review
Neural Alterations in Interpersonal Distance (IPD) Cognition and Its Correlation with IPD Behavior: A Systematic Review
by Xinxin Huang and Shin-Ichi Izumi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081015 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2876
Abstract
Background. Interpersonal distance (IPD) plays a critical role in a human being’s social life, especially during interpersonal interaction, and IPD is non-verbal social information and not only provides silent cues but also provides a secure space for personal relationships. IPD has been a [...] Read more.
Background. Interpersonal distance (IPD) plays a critical role in a human being’s social life, especially during interpersonal interaction, and IPD is non-verbal social information and not only provides silent cues but also provides a secure space for personal relationships. IPD has been a research field of neural studies from the recent decade, researches had provided behavior and neural correlates of IPD. Objectives. This review aims to summarize the experimental paradigms of IPD-neural research, to reveal the neural activity processes associated with it, and to explore the correlation between IPD-neural activity and IPD-behavior. Methods. We conducted a standardized systematic review procedure, including the formal search method be adopted to seek out any type of studies related to IPD and brain, then devised them into categories to make a systematic review. Results. 17 articles met the inclusion criteria of the review, 5 event-related potential (ERP) studies measured the amplitude and latencies of ERPs, and 12 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies provided the neural activation during IPD tasks. In addition, the passive IPD experimental paradigm is the main experimental paradigm for exploring neural activity in IPD cognition, with the parietal lobe, motor areas, prefrontal lobe, and amygdala being the main brain areas involved. Functional connections between the identified brain regions were found and have a moderate correlation with IPD behavior. Conclusions. This review provides the neural activity of the IPD interaction process. However, the insufficient ecological validity of IPD tasks and ignore the initiative of people in IPD interaction. Therefore, there is a large research space on this topic. The work of the current systematic review contributed to linking the external performance and inner neural activities of IPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Management of Movement Disorder)
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