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Cancers
Special Issues
Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events 2.0
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Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events 2.0

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 5061

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Shaheen Khan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
Interests: cancer immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy; immune-related adverse events; melanoma; pediatric; lung; breast and kidney cancers; genomics and single cell genomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the second edition of the previous release, “Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers/special_issues/Immune_Related_Adverse_Events).

Cancer immunotherapy has shown remarkable success in the treatment of diverse cancer types. It utilizes the power of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. The main types of cancer immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, cytokines, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and oncolytic viruses. Although immunotherapy has emerged as a highly promising treatment option, a significant number of patients develop unpredictable and potentially severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). For the optimal treatment and management of patients, it is critical to resolve the issues caused by immunotherapies, understand the mechanisms underlying irAEs, and identify biomarkers predictive of irAEs. Thus, the aim of this Special Issue is to highlight recent studies on immune-related adverse events associated with cancer immunotherapy. We will present original research and review articles addressing our current understanding of, novel studies on, and advancements pertaining to irAEs associated with cancer immunotherapies.

Dr. Shaheen Khan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immunotherapy
  • immune-related adverse events
  • immune checkpoint inhibitors
  • toxicity
  • efficacy

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1214 KiB  
Article
Baseline Circulating Blood Cell Counts and Ratios and Changes Therein for Predicting Immune-Related Adverse Events during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational, Pan-Cancer Cohort Study with a Gender Perspective
by Lucía Teijeira, Mireia Martínez, Amaia Moreno, Ibone de Elejoste, Berta Ibáñez-Beroiz, Virginia Arrazubi, Isabela Díaz de Corcuera, Iñaki Elejalde, Ana Campillo-Calatayud and Iñigo Les
Cancers 2024, 16(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16010151 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 915
Abstract
Several factors have been associated with the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Despite their availability, the predictive value of circulating blood cell parameters remains underexplored. Our aim was to investigate whether baseline values of and [...] Read more.
Several factors have been associated with the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Despite their availability, the predictive value of circulating blood cell parameters remains underexplored. Our aim was to investigate whether baseline values of and early changes in absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), other blood cell counts, and lymphocyte-related ratios can predict irAEs and whether sex may differentially influence this potential predictive ability. Of the 145 patients included, 52 patients (35.8%) experienced at least one irAE, with a 1-year cumulative incidence of 41.6%. Using Fine and Gray competing risk models, we identified female sex (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20–3.85), high ALC before ICI initiation (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.09–2.45), and low ANC after ICI initiation (HR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69–0.96) as predictors of irAEs. However, ALC and ANC may only have an impact on the risk of irAEs in women (stratified for female sex, ALC-related HR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.40–4.86 and ANC-related HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41–0.81). Priority should be given to developing models to predict ICI-related toxicity and their validation in various settings, and such models should assess the impact of patient sex on the risk of toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events 2.0)
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Review

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24 pages, 1500 KiB  
Review
The Heart of the Matter: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immune-Related Adverse Events on the Cardiovascular System
by Chase E. Green, Jessica Chacon, Brandon M. Godinich, Rivers Hock, Maria Kiesewetter, Mark Raynor, Komal Marwaha, Satish Maharaj and Nathan Holland
Cancers 2023, 15(24), 5707; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245707 - 5 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2072
Abstract
Cancer remains a prominent global cause of mortality, second only to cardiovascular disease. The past decades have witnessed substantial advancements in anti-cancer therapies, resulting in improved outcomes. Among these advancements, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising breakthrough, leveraging the immune system to target [...] Read more.
Cancer remains a prominent global cause of mortality, second only to cardiovascular disease. The past decades have witnessed substantial advancements in anti-cancer therapies, resulting in improved outcomes. Among these advancements, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising breakthrough, leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. Despite the remarkable potential of immunotherapy, concerns have arisen regarding associations with adverse cardiovascular events. This review examines the complex interplay between immunotherapy and cardiovascular toxicity and provides an overview of immunotherapy mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and potential biomarkers for adverse events, while delving into the intricate immune responses and evasion mechanisms displayed by cancer cells. The focus extends to the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy, including CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 targeting antibodies. This review underscores the multifaceted challenges of managing immunotherapy-related cardiovascular toxicity. Risk factors for immune-related adverse events and major adverse cardiac events are explored, encompassing pharmacological, treatment-related, autoimmune, cardiovascular, tumor-related, social, genetic, and immune-related factors. The review also advocates for enhanced medical education and risk assessment tools to identify high-risk patients for preventive measures. Baseline cardiovascular evaluations, potential prophylactic strategies, and monitoring of emerging toxicity symptoms are discussed, along with the potential of adjunct anti-inflammatory therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events 2.0)
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Other

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24 pages, 4778 KiB  
Systematic Review
Assessing the Optimal Regimen: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Long-Acting Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors in Patients with Breast Cancer
by Zhixuan You, Haotian Zhang, Yining Huang, Lei Zhao, Hengjia Tu, Yuzhuo Zhang, Xinqing Lin and Wenhua Liang
Cancers 2023, 15(14), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143675 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy are susceptible to prolonged and severe neutropenia. Multiple biosimilars of long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (LA-G-CSFs) have been newly developed to prevent this disease. Nonetheless, which LA-G-CSF regimen has the optimal balance of efficacy and safety remains controversial. [...] Read more.
Patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy are susceptible to prolonged and severe neutropenia. Multiple biosimilars of long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (LA-G-CSFs) have been newly developed to prevent this disease. Nonetheless, which LA-G-CSF regimen has the optimal balance of efficacy and safety remains controversial. Moreover, there is a lack of evidence supporting clinical decisions on LA-G-CSF dose escalation in poor conditions. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases were searched (December 2022) to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about LA-G-CSFs preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in breast cancer patients. No restrictions were imposed on language. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed. We assessed the incidence of severe neutropenia (SN) and febrile neutropenia (FN), the duration of SN (DSN), and the absolute neutrophil account recovery time (ANCrt) for efficacy, while the incidence of severe adverse events (SAE) was assessed for safety. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022361606). A total of 33 RCTs were included. Our network meta-analysis demonstrated that lipegfilgrastim 6 mg and eflapegrastim 13.2 mg outperformed other LA-G-CSFs with high efficacy rates and few safety concerns (SUCRA of lipegfilgrastim 6 mg: ANC rt 95.2%, FN 97.4%; eflapegrastim 13.2 mg: FN 87%, SN 89.3%). Additionally, 3.6 mg, 4.5 mg, 6 mg, and 13.2 mg dosages all performed significantly better than 1.8 mg in reducing the duration of SN (3.6 mg: DSN, SMD −0.68 [−1.13, −0.22; moderate]; 4.5 mg: −0.87 [−1.57, −0.17; low]; 6 mg: −0.89 [−1.49, −0.29; moderate]; 13.2 mg: −1.02 [1.63, −0.41; high]). Increasing the dosage from the guideline-recommended 6 mg to 13.2 mg can reduce both the duration and incidence of SN (SMD −0.13 [−0.24 to −0.03], RR 0.65 [0.43 to 0.96], respectively), with no significant difference in SAE. For patients with breast cancer, lipegfilgrastim 6 mg and eflapegrastim 13.2 mg might be the most effective regimen among LA-G-CSFs. Higher doses of LA-G-CSF may enhance efficacy without causing additional SAEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events 2.0)
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