Challenges and Advances in Epilepsy Diagnosis

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 2277

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Interests: epilepsy; neuroimaging; autoimmune encephalitis; antiepileptic drug

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting one percent of the general population. Making the correct diagnosis of epilepsy and identifying the etiology are essential for the proper management of the disease. The most recent classification of the epilepsies emphasizes the importance of the underlying etiologies, which can be divided into structural, metabolic, generic, infectious, immune, or unknown categories. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are greatly improving the correct diagnosis of the etiology and location of epileptogenic zones, leading to successful epilepsy surgery. Neuroimaging combined with electrophysiological studies is important for detecting the seizure onset zone, predicting the outcomes, and preventing the deficits from epilepsy surgery, and sometimes illuminating the mechanism of epileptogenesis. Recently, many susceptibility genes have been found in the epilepsy field, leading to the generation of a variety of theories regarding epileptogenesis. The key for precision medicine also lies in unveiling the specific mechanism of epilepsies based on genetic studies. Autoimmune epilepsy, recently included in the new classification of ILAE, has become an important category of new-onset refractory epilepsy. The following topis are just examples. We welcome all topics related to the diagnosis of epilepsy.

  • MRI and related imaging techniques;
  • Functional neuroimaging (e.g., PET and SPECT);
  • Electrophysiological studies and magnetoencephalography;
  • Functional mapping;
  • Genetic studies;
  • Diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis and autoimmune epilepsy;
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring;
  • Description of semiology;
  • Application of newly developed technologies (ubiquitous seizure detection devices, seizure detection programs, etc.);
  • Case studies.

Prof. Dr. Sang Kun Lee
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
Reduction of Hippocampal High-Frequency Activity in Wag/Rij Rats with a Genetic Predisposition to Absence Epilepsy
by Evgenia Sitnikova, Dmitrii Perevozniuk, Elizaveta Rutskova, Shukhrat Uzakov and Viktor A. Korshunov
Diagnostics 2022, 12(11), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112798 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
In temporal lobe epilepsy, high frequency oscillations serve as electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of epileptic hippocampal tissue. In contrast, absence epilepsy and other idiopathic epilepsies are known to result from thalamo-cortical abnormalities, with the hippocampus involvement considered to be only indirect. We aimed to [...] Read more.
In temporal lobe epilepsy, high frequency oscillations serve as electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of epileptic hippocampal tissue. In contrast, absence epilepsy and other idiopathic epilepsies are known to result from thalamo-cortical abnormalities, with the hippocampus involvement considered to be only indirect. We aimed to uncover the role of the hippocampus in absence epilepsy using a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy (WAG/Rij rats), in which spike-wave discharges (SWDs) appear spontaneously in cortical EEG. We performed simultaneous recordings of local field potential from the hippocampal dentate gyrus using pairs of depth electrodes and epidural cortical EEG in freely moving rats. Hippocampal ripples (100–200 Hz) and high frequency oscillations (HFO, 50–70 Hz) were detected using GUI RIPPLELAB in MatLab (Navarrete et al., 2016). Based on the dynamics of hippocampal ripples, SWDs were divided into three clusters, which might represent different seizure types in reference to the involvement of hippocampal processes. This might underlie impairment of hippocampus-related cognitive processes in some patients with absence epilepsy. A significant reduction to nearly zero-ripple-density was found 4–8 s prior to SWD onset and during 4 s immediately after SWD onset. It follows that hippocampal ripples were not just passively blocked by the onset of SWDs, but they were affected by spike-wave seizure initiation mechanisms. Hippocampal HFO were reduced during the preictal, ictal and postictal periods in comparison to the baseline. Therefore, hippocampal HFO seemed to be blocked with spike-wave seizures. All together, this might underlie impairment of hippocampus-related cognitive processes in some patients with absence epilepsy. Further investigation of processes underlying SWD-related reduction of hippocampal ripples and HFO oscillations may help to predict epileptic attacks and explain cognitive comorbidities in patients with absence epilepsy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Epilepsy Diagnosis)
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