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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 12521

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yongjun Xie

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Guest Editor

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: computational electromagnetics; electromagnetic theory; microwave technology; antenna theory; microwave components; terahertz technology; mobile telecommunication

Prof. Dr. Fayu Wan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; integrated circuit electromagnetic interference; electrostatic discharge; microwave circuit; negative group delay circuit

Prof. Dr. Rui Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Interests: microwave circuit and antenna; electromagnetic compatibility; metamaterials/metasurfaces

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The topic of this Special Issue is “Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection”.

Due to the increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, electromagnetic interference significantly affects electronic behavior and effectiveness. Complex environments are prominent in aerospace, communication systems, and so on. These conditions lead to the degeneration of the entire system’s performance in many circumstances. In order to improve not only the performance but also overcome such problems, electromagnetic protection is regarded as one of the most important ways. From the aspect of electronic countermeasures, system design, device analysis, accurately electromagnetic interference analysis, and correspondence protection design have become a frontier science.

However, challenges still need to be addressed to accelerate the development of these emerging applications. This Special Issue aims to report on new scenarios, technologies, and applications related to the concept of Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection, discuss challenges and risks, study the mechanization, and investigate the protection improvement method.

Keywords:

Electromagnetic Interference characteristics analysis, modeling, and simulation;
Multiphysics modeling in Electromagnetic Interference analysis and protection simulation;
Clutter characteristics analysis, modeling, and simulation;
Computational Method for complex Electromagnetic Environment;
Anti-Interference devices, systems, and techniques;
Linear and nonlinear properties of antenna and microwave components;
Electromagnetic interference of 5G communication system;
Interference characteristics analysis and protection in metamaterial/metasurface applications;
Interference characteristics analysis and protection in functional materials;
Electromagnetic radiation mechanism of Integrated circuit;
Electronic countermeasures investigation in complex environments;
Complex electromagnetic environment perception, interference reconnaissance, and pattern recognition technology;
Radar detection performance prediction, methods, clutter suppression in complex environments;
Radar interference suppression and interference identification;
Anti-Interference waveform design, signal, and information processing methods.

Prof. Dr. Yongjun Xie
Prof. Dr. Fayu Wan
Prof. Dr. Rui Yang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

electromagnetic interference characteristics analysis, modeling, and simulation
multiphysics modeling in electromagnetic interference analysis and protection simulation
clutter characteristics analysis, modeling, and simulation
computational method for complex electromagnetic environment
anti-interference devices, systems, and techniques
linear and nonlinear properties of antenna and microwave components
electromagnetic interference of 5g communication system
interference characteristics analysis and protection in metamaterial/metasurface applications
interference characteristics analysis and protection in functional materials
electromagnetic radiation mechanism of integrated circuit
electronic countermeasures investigation in complex environments
complex electromagnetic environment perception, interference reconnaissance, and pattern recognition technology
radar detection performance prediction, methods, clutter suppression in complex environments
radar interference suppression and interference identification
anti-interference waveform design, signal, and information processing methods

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Corona Breakdown Suppression of Microstrip Coupled-Line Filter Using Lacquer Coating

by Ming Ye, Shaoguang Hu, Rui Wang, Yong Zhang and Yongning He

Electronics 2024, 13(15), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152910 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

Due to its potential harm to space payload, microwave corona breakdown of microstrip circuits has attracted much attention. This work describes an efficient way to suppress corona breakdown. Since the corona breakdown threshold is determined by the highest electric field intensity at the surface of microstrip circuits, lacquer coating with a thickness of tens of microns is sprayed on top of microstrip circuits. The applied dielectric coating is used to move the discharge location away from the circuit’s surface, which is equivalent to reducing the highest electric field intensity on the interface of solid/air of the circuit and thus results in a higher breakdown threshold. Two designs of a classic coupled-line bandpass filter were used for verification. Corona experimental results at 2.5 GHz show that in the low-pressure range of interest (100 to 4500 Pa), a 5.3 dB improvement of the microwave corona breakdown threshold can be achieved for a filter with a narrowest gap of 0.2 mm, while its electrical performances like insertion loss and Q-factor are still acceptable. A threshold improvement prediction method is also presented and validated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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16 pages, 5709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Domain Decomposition Hybrid Implicit–Explicit Algorithm with Higher-Order Perfectly Matched Layer Formulation for Electrical Performance Evaluation under Low-Pressure Discharge Phenomenon

by Rui Wang, Wanzhao Cui, Le Zhang, Yuming Wang and Huan Wei

Electronics 2024, 13(12), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122364 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 438

Abstract

Low-pressure discharge events have a major impact on a satellite’s electrical performance. Most notably, a number of serious issues arise from the inability to directly modify satellite systems that operate in orbit. Accurate analysis of electrical performance is crucial for mitigating the issues arising from the low-pressure discharge phenomenon. Complex structures, such as intricate features and curved structures, are frequently used in satellite systems’ enormous microwave components. In this case, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach proposes the hybrid implicit–explicit (HIE) algorithm with a domain decomposition method to effectively simulate complex structures under the low-pressure discharge phenomenon. The bilinear transform method is adjusted in accordance with the implicit equations for the anisotropic magnetized plasma environment caused by the discharge. To end unbounded lattices, a higher-order perfectly matched layer is used at the boundary. An example of a microwave connector structure is used to show how well the algorithm performs electrically. According to the findings, the suggested algorithm behaves in a way that is consistent with both the traditional algorithm and the experiments. Furthermore, the phenomenon of low-pressure discharge has a notable impact on the electrical performance of microwave components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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27 pages, 14100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Environment Assessment and Safety Research of Electrified High-Speed Railway Carriages

by Lei Shi, Junyi Liang, Yazhi Liu, Yuanyuan Zhao and Xinran Li

Electronics 2024, 13(4), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040740 - 12 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

With the advent of modern, high-speed electrified rail systems, there has been increasing concern about electromagnetic safety in rail carriages. The aim of this study was to assess the electromagnetic safety of passengers on trains by utilizing advanced 3D electromagnetic simulation software. A comprehensive model of the electromagnetic environment experienced by passengers on a CR400AF train, specifically under the influence of catenary radiation, was constructed. We analyzed the magnetic field strength, electric field strength, and current density in the brains of 20 passengers in various positions in the train. The findings revealed that among the 20 passengers analyzed, the maximum and minimum magnetic induction intensity recorded in the brain were 8.41 and 0.01

μ T

, respectively. The maximum and minimum induced electric field intensities were 1110 and 10

μ V / m

, respectively. Lastly, the maximum and minimum induced current densities were 1200 and 10

{μ A / m}^{2}

, respectively. The results show that when people ride on the CR400AF train, the magnetic induction intensity, induced electric field strength, and induced current density in the brain are below the recommended basic limits of exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields in the guidelines of the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. The power frequency magnetic field generated by the catenary can be effectively shielded by the aluminum alloy car body. The final result of this study indicates that the electromagnetic exposure from the contact wire at the level 25 kV does not pose a threat to the health of passengers on the CR400AF train. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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15 pages, 13965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Characterization of a Hybrid Shielding Solution for Reducing Electromagnetic Interferences at Board Level

by Jorge Victoria, Adrian Suarez, Pedro A. Martinez, Andrea Amaro, Antonio Alcarria, Jose Torres, Roberto Herraiz, Victor Solera, Víctor Martinez and Raimundo Garcia-Olcina

Electronics 2024, 13(3), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030598 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 982

Abstract

The development of new advanced functionalities, miniaturization, and the aim of obtaining optimized performance in electronic devices significantly impacts their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As electronic components become more densely packed on a printed circuit board (PCB), unintended coupling between components can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI). These requirements result in design restrictions that make using a board level shield (BLS) essential in reducing intra-system EMI in PCB designs. This contribution focuses on studying and characterizing a BLS solution based on combining a noise suppression sheet (NSS) with an aluminum layer to reduce intra-system EMI coupling. This hybrid solution has the advantage of providing a shielding option that does not require any electronic redesign. It does not need a footprint or a ground connection as it can be affixed over the EMI source. The solution is expected to provide higher attenuation levels than using only an NSS by combining the absorbing properties of the magnetic material and the loss mechanism of the metal. In order to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid BLS proposed solution, the magnetic near-field emissions of an EMI source are analyzed in this study. The experimental measurements and simulated results demonstrate a significant increase (51.6 dB at 1 GHz) in the shielding effectiveness (SE) provided by the proposed solution compared to a conventional NSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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12 pages, 8106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Angle-Stable Ultra-Wideband Single-Layer Frequency Selective Surface Absorber

by Chonghuan Zhang, Siyuan Liu, Haizhi Ni, Renxuan Tan, Changjun Liu and Liping Yan

Electronics 2023, 12(18), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183776 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1217

Abstract

An ultra-wideband polarization-insensitive frequency selective surface (FSS) absorber is proposed for S to K-band applications. The absorber comprises two compensation slabs, a lossy FSS layer and a grounded dielectric plate. The FSS unit cell is a combination of a second-order Chinese knot and a cross. To enhance the bandwidth and angular stability of the single-layer FSS absorber, a compensation layer composed of FR4 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slabs is incorporated. The proposed FSS absorber demonstrates a remarkable absorption rate of over 90% within the frequency range of 3.1–22.1 GHz, exhibiting a fractional bandwidth of 150.8%. Even when subjected to an oblique incidence of 45°, the absorber maintains an 80% absorption rate in the frequency range of 4.4–19.1 GHz for both TE and TM polarizations. The total thickness of the FSS absorber is 0.0848 λ_L (the wavelength at the lowest cutoff frequency), and only 1.08 times the Rozanov limit. To validate the design, a prototype of the proposed absorber was fabricated and measured. Good agreements were observed between the simulations and measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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21 pages, 11594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Distribution Problem in the Operating State of an Electromagnetic Railgun: Radio Fuse Disturbance, Field Characteristics, and Susceptible

by Ruihu Wen, Ping Li and Haibin Wang

Electronics 2023, 12(13), 2914; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132914 - 3 Jul 2023

Viewed by 922

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the front door coupling effect that may occur in the projectile receiver due to the discharge pulse radiation in electromagnetic railguns, and to simulate the discharge pulse interference. This phenomenon will have an impact on the launch of the projectile, causing its fuse to be disturbed, ultimately affecting the weapon performance of the electromagnetic railgun. Discharge refers to when the armature carrying the projectile is fired out of the chamber, and the armature connected between the two rails detaches, causing a circuit break in the electrical circuit during the operation of the electromagnetic railgun. The current flowing through the armature is disturbed, causing an instantaneous high voltage to penetrate the air gap between the two rails, generating nanosecond pulse width discharge voltage pulse radiation, with a spectrum of up to tens of megahertz. In this paper, we establish a receiving antenna model on the projectile, which is essentially a horn antenna, receiving electromagnetic pulses from the discharge process, and coupling the pulse interference through its front door. During the analysis and calculation, we established an antenna receiver model located in the C-band with a frequency of 6 GHz for simulation, analyzed and calculated the actual interference loaded on the projectile after front door coupling, and verified the correctness of the simulation settings and results by comparing with the literature. Finally, we found that because the main energy spectrum of the pulse is at MHz level, when the front door of the C-band horn antenna is coupled, the standing wave ratio of the antenna is very large and the gain is very small, so the pulse interference is filtered, which can make the interference finally loaded on the projectile insufficient to affect the normal operation of the projectile. At the same time, it is recommended to add an RF filter to the receiving channel to further enhance anti-interference ability, so as to ultimately enable the electromagnetic railgun to function properly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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16 pages, 2034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unconditionally Stable System Incorporated Factorization-Splitting Algorithm for Blackout Re-Entry Vehicle

by Yi Wen, Junxiang Wang and Hongbing Xu

Electronics 2023, 12(13), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132892 - 30 Jun 2023

Viewed by 714

Abstract

A high-temperature plasma sheath is generated on the surface of the re-entry vehicle through the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal and chemical energy across a strong shock wave at the hypersonic speed. Such a condition results in the forming of a blackout which significantly affects the communication components. To analyze the re-entry vehicle at the hypersonic speed, an unconditionally stable system incorporated factorization-splitting (SIFS) algorithm is proposed in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) grids. The proposed algorithm shows advantages in the entire performance by simplifying the update implementation in multi-scale problems. The plasma sheath is analyzed based on the modified auxiliary difference equation (ADE) method according to the integer time step scheme in the unconditionally stable algorithm. Higher order perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation is modified to simulate open region problems. Numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm from the aspects of target characteristics and antenna model. From resultants, it can be concluded that the proposed algorithm shows considerable accuracy, efficiency, and absorption during the simulation. Meanwhile, plasma sheath significantly affects the communication and detection of the re-entry vehicle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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13 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Anti-Interference Cooperative NOMA System for Aviation Data Links

by Xuefeng Zhang and Na Lv

Electronics 2023, 12(10), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102182 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1044

Abstract

In collaborative combat operations, the challenges posed by communication adversities in aviation data links have become increasingly conspicuous. Ensuring the reliable connectivity of data links has thus emerged as a critical issue, particularly in light of growing interference effects on communication link outage. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology that aims to enhance interference tolerance and strengthen stable communication capabilities in data links. To achieve these goals, an anti-interference collaborative NOMA system model applicable to aviation data links is established, and the anti-interference performance of collaborative NOMA technology is analyzed under Rice fading channel conditions. The analysis centers on the system’s outage probability, for which a closed-form expression is derived. Numerical analysis methods are employed to calculate and solve the expression, while simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the effect of factors such as transmission power, cooperative forwarding power, interference power, communication distance, and allocation coefficients on the system’s outage probability. The results show that the aviation data link system using a collaborative NOMA scheme has better anti-interference performance than a non-collaborative scheme, and adjusting the above parameters can effectively improve the system’s stable communication performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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7 pages, 3518 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Dual Circular Polarization Fabry–Pérot Resonant Antennas Based on Meta-Surface

by Jianfeng Li and Xiaoyan Huang

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010173 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1396

Abstract

A dual circular polarization Fabry–Pérot resonant antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a microstrip antenna radiator and meta-surface. Meta-surface is applied into the design of a Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonant cavity for generating two circularly polarized (CP) beams. When the meta-surface functions as a partially reflecting surface with a top C-gaps array, dielectric substrate with holes periodically arranged around the atoms and bottom metal plate with strip gaps, the proposed design would split an LP wave from the feed into the left-hand CP and right-hand CP waves by rotating the top C-gaps to form prescribed phase gradients. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed antenna is capable of generating left-hand CP and right-hand CP radiation beams pointing at 18° and −18° at 14.9 GHz with a stable gain of over 22.7 dBic and an aperture efficiency of 25.7%. The proposed technique offers an efficient way to fulfill FP resonant antennas with specific characteristics using meta-surface for more advanced functionalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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10 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Active Echo Cancellation Effects Using the ARCS Concept

by Jianxin Ding, Yongjun Xie, Jian Zhang, Jie Gao and Peiyu Wu

Electronics 2022, 11(23), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233891 - 24 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

Active echo cancellation is an efficient method for reducing the target detected probability. The radar cross section (RCS) of the target detected by radar after using the active echo cancellation method is defined as the active radar cross section (ARCS). The ARCS concept, which may be used to evaluate reflection of the target under the effect of multiple antennas, is employed to design and achieve echo cancellation. In this paper, numerical simulation for active echo cancellation using antennas is designed. The direction of the radiation source is obtained by means of dual antenna angle measurement. Active echo cancellation is implemented by adjusting the radiation power and phase of the echo cancellation antenna. By using the proposed dual antenna structure, ARCS in the direction of the object facing the radiation source and its vicinity is significantly reduced. In addition, the effect of antenna position on reflection cancellation is discussed. From these simulation results, we conclude that the proposed method is efficient in reducing the target scattering intensity. Such investigation can be extensively applied into designing active echo cancellation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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9 pages, 2867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Ultra High Aperture Efficiency Surface Wave Antenna Array Based on the Three-Dimensional Aperture Principle

by Ke Pang, Yongjun Xie, Legen Dai and Peiyu Wu

Electronics 2022, 11(21), 3515; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213515 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1590

Abstract

To overcome the conflict between limited space and the requirement for high gain antennas, a novel high aperture efficiency antenna array consisting of surface wave end-fire antennas is proposed based on the three-dimensional aperture principle. By introducing longitudinal dimension into the calculation of the regular aperture antenna gain, the two-dimensional aperture principle is expanded into the three-dimensional aperture principle. Meanwhile, the directivity and gain of the array could increase without increasing the aperture area. The aperture efficiency of the array could be more than 100% in this situation. The gain of the surface wave end-fire element antenna is 9.5 dBi. The proposed 3 × 3 square antenna array with the size of 1.5λ × 1.5λ × 2.24λ obtains a gain of 15.3 dBi and its aperture efficiency reaches 120%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electromagnetic Interference and Protection)

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