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Energies
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Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging
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Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 5764

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jadwiga A. Jarzyna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Geology Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: petrophysics; well logging; rock modeling; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bogdan Mihai Niculescu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geological Engineering and Geophysics, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: well logging; formation evaluation; petrophysics; near surface geophysics
Dr. Edyta Puskarczyk

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Faculty of Geology Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: geophysics; petrophysics; laboratory measurements; well logging; rock physics; machine learning; statistics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The title of the Special Issue combines the subjects, which together, may turn out to be an efficient and effective tool in the prospection and recognition of new hydrocarbon and water resources.

Carbonates are reservoirs which host more than 50% of the world hydrocarbon reserves and produce almost twice the amount of hydrocarbons than sandstone reservoirs. They are also considered important water reservoirs (drinking and geothermal). Carbonates, with their specific porosity combined with fracturing, require a special approach in the prospection and determination of petrophysical properties and production of hydrocarbons and waters. Their pore space includes vugs (pores larger than grains), intergranular (between grains) and intragranular or cellular (within grains) porosity, and moldic and chalky porosity. An important part of the total porosity of carbonates are fractures, fissures, and cracks of different origins. The specific porosity influences permeability and makes the carbonate reservoir properties difficult to determine.

Well logging belongs to the group of geophysical methods which are carried out in boreholes and provide detailed information on the petrophysical parameters of rocks. There is a great variety of logs/methods due to their different physical bases. Well logging methods and their outcomes are in the middle between laboratory experiments and their point results at the micro scale on one side, and the surface, for instance, seismic projects with 3D cubes of parameters at the macro scale on the other. Working with data at the mezzo scale, well log analysts and petrophysicists closely cooperate with seismic specialists to scale and calibrate information by combining the data. Well logging is still developing, and new methods or sophistically improved older ones are applied to enhance the prospecting results. Now, they can also be applied with success to geothermal problems. There is also a huge amount of archive data which can be included in the reinterpretation. It is a great challenge to skillfully use these data together to save money and the environment and to avoid planning new wells any more than necessary.

Geothermal resources are important, natural components in the energy mix that are necessary to meet the needs of modern industry and everyday lives of people. In their acquisition, methods that have been developed and improved for hydrocarbon prospection over a hundred years may be utilized. Old solutions may be an inspiration for new ones.

In this Special Issue, we would like to present papers dealing with current problems related to measurements, processing, and interpretation of well logs used in various projects for the prospection of hydrocarbons in carbonates and for geothermal reservoirs. We invite authors specializing in technological novelties and those who would like to show statistical methodologies for processing big data sets and using old data together with the newest results for reinterpretation. Well logging should be seen in all its variety as a useful tool for carbonate reservoirs for hydrocarbon and geothermal waters.

Prof. Dr. Jadwiga A. Jarzyna
Dr. Bogdan Mihai Niculescu
Dr. Edyta Puskarczyk
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • results of well logging interpretation/reinterpretation in various projects, interesting case studies for carbonate reservoirs of hydrocarbons and waters
  • construction of digital models of carbonate rocks on the base of petrophysical parameters from well logs and laboratory measurements
  • using well logging (wireline, MWD, LWD, Production Logs, etc.) for prospection, completion, exploitation, and monitoring of geothermal reservoirs
  • calibrating and scaling problems: from laboratory geodata to field measurements
  • novelty in data mining with machine learning and artificial intelligence in determining porosity and permeability of carbonate reservoirs.

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 41713 KiB  
Article
Examples of Paleokarst in Mesozoic Carbonate Formations in the Carpathian Foreland Area
by Anna Łaba-Biel, Kinga Filipowska-Jeziorek, Andrzej Urbaniec, Mariusz Miziołek, Robert Bartoń, Bogdan Filar, Agnieszka Moska and Tadeusz Kwilosz
Energies 2024, 17(4), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040838 - 9 Feb 2024
Viewed by 902
Abstract
A paleokarst system developed in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous carbonate complex has been recognized in the Carpathian Foreland area. Well logs testing and core data as well as an acoustic imager, a microresistivity scanner and six-arm dipmeter images were used to identify and [...] Read more.
A paleokarst system developed in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous carbonate complex has been recognized in the Carpathian Foreland area. Well logs testing and core data as well as an acoustic imager, a microresistivity scanner and six-arm dipmeter images were used to identify and analyze the character of the paleokarst features. A detailed interpretation of microresistivity and acoustic image logs allowed for the identification of different types of karst forms, such as caverns; multidirectional fractures, including fractures widened by dissolution; and the type of sediments filling them. The analysis of the seismic survey was conducted by linking the paleokarst characteristic features recognized in the seismic image to the karst intervals determined from borehole data. The set of seismic attributes calculated from the analyzed 3D seismic data, including the RMS amplitude, instantaneous frequency, consistent dip, variance, sweetness and relative acoustic impedance, helped to delineate the zones of the paleokarst distribution. Within the interpreted paleokarst surface developed in the carbonate formations in the study area, there are sinkholes, limestone pavements and valleys. Furthermore, in the northwestern part of the analyzed area, the development of paleokarst forms is related to the presence of a relatively deep branch of a paleovalley formed in the Paleogene, as well as to numerous discontinuities developed in carbonate formations. The development of this type of larger karst form was probably controlled primarily by tectonic faults. The research conducted by the authors of this paper showed the widespread presence of paleokarst features in Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous carbonate formations in the study area. A good spatial identification of the paleokarst surface can be important in a regional context, since the highest part of the profile of carbonate formations is the most important reservoir for geothermal or hydrocarbon resources in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging)
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29 pages, 11783 KiB  
Article
Groundwater Exploration in Carbonate Reservoirs Using Borehole Investigations: A Case Study from South Dobrogea, Romania
by Bogdan Mihai Niculescu, Maria Mădălina Bucur and Adrian Talmaciu
Energies 2024, 17(2), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020426 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1189
Abstract
The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (J3–K1) transboundary aquifer is the most important groundwater body in southern–southeastern Romania, shared with Bulgaria and hosted in karstic–fractured carbonates. We conducted an integrated evaluation of this aquifer by analyzing three 700 m deep groundwater [...] Read more.
The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (J3–K1) transboundary aquifer is the most important groundwater body in southern–southeastern Romania, shared with Bulgaria and hosted in karstic–fractured carbonates. We conducted an integrated evaluation of this aquifer by analyzing three 700 m deep groundwater exploration–exploitation boreholes, which intercepted it in the Cernavodă area (South Dobrogea region). The evaluation was based on geophysical wireline logging, drilling information, and borehole production tests. A K-means clustering of the logging data was performed for lithology typing, formation boundaries identification, and the delineation of probable producing intervals associated with secondary porosity development. Petrophysical interpretation was carried out via depth-constrained (zonal) inversion, using multimineral models, the estimated formation boundaries, and variable uncertainties for the main input logs. The optimal interpretation models were correlated with borehole testing results to gain insight into the hydrogeological properties of the aquifer complex. The fractured–vuggy interval with the highest water-producing potential was identified in the lower section of the J3-age Rasova Formation (639–700 m depth), comprising mainly undolomitized limestones. A southeast-to-northwest trend of increasing productivity of the boreholes, correlated with an increasing lateral dolomitization intensity within the Rasova Formation, suggests a highly heterogeneous character of the aquifer. The differences in productivity are due not only to local porosity variations but also to various degrees of pore space connectivity that are related to the amount of fracturing or karstification. The novel findings of this study have important practical implications for the optimal placement, design, and drilling program of future groundwater exploitation boreholes in the Cernavodă area and neighboring sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging)
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15 pages, 11777 KiB  
Article
Integration of Well Logging and Seismic Data for the Prognosis of Reservoir Properties of Carbonates
by Weronika Kaczmarczyk-Kuszpit and Krzysztof Sowiżdżał
Energies 2024, 17(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020355 - 10 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Due to the complex nature of the pore system and the diversity of pore types, carbonate rocks pose a challenge in terms of their spatial characterization. Unlike sandstones, permeability in carbonates is often not correlated conclusively with porosity. A methodology for preliminary qualitative [...] Read more.
Due to the complex nature of the pore system and the diversity of pore types, carbonate rocks pose a challenge in terms of their spatial characterization. Unlike sandstones, permeability in carbonates is often not correlated conclusively with porosity. A methodology for preliminary qualitative spatial characterization of reservoirs in carbonate rocks is presented in this article, with a focus on interparametric relationships. It endeavors to apply this methodology to a reservoir situated within the Main Dolomite formation in the Polish Lowlands. Fundamental analyses rely on data plotted within rock physics templates (RPT), specifically, cross-plots of acoustic impedance as a function of the product of compressional and shear wave velocities in well log profiles. The analysis of interparametric relationships was conducted on well log profiles and subsequently integrated with seismic data using neural network techniques. Areas with the greatest potential for hydrocarbon accumulation and areas potentially exhibiting enhanced reservoir properties were identified based on the outcomes of the well log profile analysis and parametric models. The qualitative assessment of the reservoir, rooted in interparametric dependencies encompassing lithofacies characteristics and elastic and petrophysical parameters, together with reservoir fluid saturation, forms the basis for further, more detailed reservoir analysis, potentially focusing on fracture modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging)
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19 pages, 15993 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Geothermal Potential of Selected Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs Based on Geological Modeling and Machine Learning Tools
by Tomasz Topór, Małgorzata Słota-Valim and Rafał Kudrewicz
Energies 2023, 16(13), 5211; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135211 - 6 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1991
Abstract
The study evaluates the geothermal energy potential of two depleted oil and gas reservoirs representing two different lithostratigraphic formations—the carbonate formation of the Visean age from the basement of the Carpathian Flysch and the Rotliegend sandstone formation from the Eastern part of the [...] Read more.
The study evaluates the geothermal energy potential of two depleted oil and gas reservoirs representing two different lithostratigraphic formations—the carbonate formation of the Visean age from the basement of the Carpathian Flysch and the Rotliegend sandstone formation from the Eastern part of the Foresudetic Monocline, Poland. Advanced modeling techniques were employed to analyze the studied formations’ heat, storage, and transport properties. The obtained results were then used to calculate the heat in place (HIP) and evaluate the recoverable heat (Hrec) for both water and CO2 as working fluids, considering a geothermal system lifetime of 50 years. The petrophysical parameters and Hrec were subsequently utilized in the generalized c-means (GFCM) clustering analysis, which helped to identify plays with the greatest geothermal potential within the studied formations. The central block emerged as the most promising area for the studied carbonate formation with Hrec values of ~1.12 and 0.26 MW when H2O and CO2 were used as working fluids, respectively. The central block has three wells that can be easily adapted for geothermal production. The area, however, may require permeability enhancement techniques to increase reservoir permeability. Two prospective zones were determined for the analyzed Rotliegend sandstone formation: one in the NW region and the other in the SE region. In the NW region, the estimated Hrec was 23.16 MW and 4.36 MW, while in the SE region, it was 19.76 MW and 3.51 MW, using H2O and CO2 as working fluids, respectively. Both areas have high porosity and permeability, providing good storage and transport properties for the working fluid, and abundant wells that can be configured for multiple injection-production systems. When comparing the efficiency of geothermal systems, the water-driven system in the Visean carbonate formation turned out to be over four times more efficient than the CO2-driven one. Furthermore, in the case of the Rotliegend sandstone formation, it was possible to access over five times more heat using water-driven system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonate Reservoirs, Geothermal Resources and Well Logging)
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