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Improvements of the Electricity Power System II

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 11853

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Prof. Dr. Tomasz Popławski

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: energy; power system analysis; electrical power engineering; power system simulation; photovoltaics; power system modelling; power engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Marek Kurkowski

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: energy; power system analysis; electrical power engineering; power system simulation; energy efficiency; safe operation of systems and installations; lighting technique

Prof. Dr. Enrique Romero-Cadaval

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Guest Editor

Power Electrical and Electronics System Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Interests: power engineering computing; PWM rectifiers; active filters; automotive electrics; computerised monitoring; decision support systems; electric vehicles; energy conservation; graphical user interfaces; home automation; power factor; power filters; harmonic distortion; power harmonic filters; compensation; invertors; mean square error methods; passive filters; photovoltaic cells; photovoltaic power systems; power conversion harmonics; power station control; pulse width modulation; reactive power; synchronisation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

World turbulences with access to hydrocarbon energy resources force the development of technologies enabling energy to be obtained from renewable sources around the world. This technology is inextricably linked with the increasing use of rare earth metals for the creation of new and improved materials for processes related to energy production, transforming energy into a different form and enhancing its storage. Rising energy prices are forcing changes in the paradigms of power system operation. National power systems are starting to play a different role in the global energy market. Virtual power plants (VPPs) or power cooperatives are considered as possible solutions. Activities related to increasing energy efficiency and energy savings are critical, while efforts to increase its quality and accessibility to everyone are also ongoing.

In this Special Issue of Energies, we would like to highlight the following issues:

Problems in power system operation in the raw material crisis;
Issues related to the functioning of renewable energy sources in the power system;
Hydrogen technologies;
The issue of energy storage;
Virtual power plants on the electricity market;
Issues related to the operation of local power systems;
Smart grid and smart metering in the power system;
Material processing, functional materials, rare earth metals;
Energy efficiency and energy saving;
Safe operation of systems and installations;
Optimization, forecasting and IT software in power systems.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Popławski
Dr. Marek Kurkowski
Prof. Dr. Enrique Romero-Cadaval
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric power system
energy efficiency
energy quality
energy saving
energy storage
hydrogen technologies
safe operation of systems
safe operation of installations
material processing, rare earth metals
functional materials

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 7197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Photovoltaic-Green Distributed Generation for Maximizing the Performance of Electrical Distribution Networks

by Ammar Abbas Majeed, Mohamed Abderrahim and Afaneen Anwer Alkhazraji

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061376 - 13 Mar 2024

Viewed by 554

Abstract

Renewable energy sources provide an environmentally sustainable solution to meet growing energy demands. Consequently, photovoltaics (PV) is regarded as a promising form of green distributed generation (GDG). The penetration of PV-GDG into distribution networks (DNs) is crucial, presenting a significant opportunity to improve power grid quality and reduce power losses. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to determine the optimal location, number, and capacity of PV-GDG penetrations with DN to achieve these objectives. Therefore, employing the Newton–Raphson (NR) technique and particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach for case studies, the analysis focused on the IEEE 33 bus test system as a benchmark test and the Iraq–Baghdad DN at 11 kV and 0.416 kV as a real case study. The outcomes revealed that integrating 4 × 1 MW PV-GDG units in a centralized configuration at bus 13 of the 11 kV Rusafa DN in the first scenario significantly reduced power losses and alleviated voltage drops across the network. In contrast, the second scenario entailed the utilization of dispersed PV panels with a capacity of 10 kW installed on rooftops at all 400 consumer load points with a cumulative capacity of 4 MW. This approach exemplified the enhancement of DN performance by significantly maximizing the power loss reduction and minimizing the voltage drops across the buses, exceeding the results achieved in the first scenario. The software applications employed in the practical implementation of this study included the CYMDist 9.0 Rev 04 program, PVsyst 7.2.20 software, and MATLAB R2022b. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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21 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synthesis of a Bifilar Short Electric Network for a Submerged Arc Furnace with Delta-Connected Electrodes

by Bernard Baron, Tomasz Kraszewski, Dariusz Kusiak, Tomasz Szczegielniak and Zygmunt Piątek

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217386 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 870

Abstract

In this paper, a non-linear programming method allowing for the optimization of the structure of high-current circuits that supply resistance-arc furnaces was presented. In the case of resistance-arc furnaces, two types of asymmetries most often occur: structural and operational ones. The structural asymmetry is related to the construction of a bifilar high-current busduct, which leads to the so-called short network. Knowing the parameters of the high-current busduct allows one to determine the operating characteristics of the arc furnace. It is also necessary to know the energy consumed in individual steps of the arc furnace operation. The method proposed in this paper makes it possible to establish guidelines for the modernization of a short network in order to eliminate asymmetry. The presented method was verified on a real object by conducting experimental tests on a furnace with a power of 12 MVA. Experimental tests were first carried out for a furnace with asymmetry, and then, by conducting simulation tests, guidelines for changing the design of the short network were determined. The measurements carried out after the modernization of the short network confirmed that the furnace was in a symmetrical operating condition and confirmed the correctness of the calculation method proposed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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24 pages, 3760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting of Energy Balance in Prosumer Micro-Installations Using Machine Learning Models

by Tomasz Popławski, Sebastian Dudzik and Piotr Szeląg

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6726; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186726 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1047

Abstract

It is indisputable that power systems are being transformed around the world to increase the use of RES and reduce the use of fossil fuels in overall electricity production. This year, the EU Parliament adopted the Fit for 55 package, which should significantly reduce the use of fossil fuels in the energy balance of EU countries while increasing the use of RES. At the end of 2022, the total number of prosumer installations in Poland amounted to about one million two hundred thousand. Such a high saturation of prosumer micro-installations in the power system causes many threats resulting from their operation. These threats result, among others, from the fact that photovoltaics are classified as unstable sources and the expected production of electricity from such installations is primarily associated with highly variable weather conditions and is only dependent on people to a minor extent. Currently, there is a rapid development of topics related to forecasting the volume of energy production from unstable sources such as wind and photovoltaic power plants. This issue is being actively developed by research units around the world. Scientists use a whole range of tools and models related to forecasting techniques, from physical models to artificial intelligence. According to our findings, the use of machine learning models has the greatest chance of obtaining positive prognostic effects for small, widely distributed prosumer installations. The present paper presents the research results of two energy balance prediction algorithms based on machine learning models. For forecasting, we proposed two regression models, i.e., regularized LASSO regression and random forests. The work analyzed scenarios taking into account both endogenous and exogenous variables as well as direct multi-step forecasting and recursive multi-step forecasting. The training was carried out on real data obtained from a prosumer micro-installation. Finally, it was found that the best forecasting results are obtained with the use of a random forest model trained using a recursive multi-step method and an exogenous scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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22 pages, 5744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Control Technique for Grid-Tied Hybrid Distributed Generation System Taking into Account Power Quality Issues

by Sohaib Abdeslam Boulanouar, Ameur Miloud Kaddouri, Abdellah Kouzou, Amar Benaissa, Ali Teta, Ahmed Hafaifa, Ralph Kennel and Mohamed Abdelrahem

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6565; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186565 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 919

Abstract

This paper proposes a new multifunctional control technique for a grid-connected hybrid distributed generation system composed of a photovoltaic system and a wind power system based on a voltage source converter (VSC). Indeed, aside from the generation and the injection of energy into the grid, the proposed system deals with power quality issues caused by harmonics generated by non-linear loads in order to keep the source current uncontaminated. The VSC serves to first ensure that the power generated from the hybrid renewable energy source is fed to the utility grid and acts as a shunt active power filter in case an abnormal increase in the THD of the source current above the standard permissible values is detected due to the non-linear load connection. The two sources of the hybrid system are connected to a common DC bus to simplify the control and reduce the cost of the system, and a maximum power point tracking controller is used for both sources. The major advantage of this novel proposed multifunctional control technique is its ability to inject harvested power into the grid while simultaneously ensuring the compensation of the harmonics and reactive power. The proposed multifunctional control technique is validated through an extensive simulation analysis using MATLAB/Simulink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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19 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Lossy Y-Type Two-Port Circuit Models under Measurement Uncertainties: Closed-Form Solution and Statistical–Perturbative Characterization

by Simone Fiori and Cheikh Cisse

Energies 2023, 16(16), 6037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166037 - 17 Aug 2023

Viewed by 514

Abstract

The present paper treats a black-box estimation of the three independent parameters of a reciprocal lossy two-port network whose terminals are supposed to be accessible to an impedance measurement device. The discussed estimation method is based on the availability of a number of data pairs made of external load admittances paired to equivalent external admittances affected by measurement errors. The proposed method is framed as a squared-estimation-error minimization problem that leads to a system of three nonlinear equations in the three unknown parameters. A key observation is, however, that a core subsystem of two equations may be turned exactly to a linear form and hence may be solved in closed form. The purely real-valued case is treated first since it serves to clarify the optimization problem at hand and the structure of its solution. In the purely real-valued case, a statistical analysis is carried out as well, which affords the evaluation of the effects of the measurement errors. The results of the statistical analysis afford quantifying the dependence of the estimation errors from the number of samples and from the variance of the measurement errors. Subsequently, the full complex-valued case is treated. Results of numerical simulations complement and illustrate the theoretical findings. The obtained numerical results confirm the statistical analysis and that the proposed external identification method is effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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15 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Loads in Lighting Installations—Problems and Threats

by Tomasz Popławski and Marek Kurkowski

Energies 2023, 16(16), 6024; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166024 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

Distorted currents drawn by nonlinear loads used in power installations (including lighting) can cause many problems. With the constantly progressing increase in the number of these loads, these phenomena can accumulate, constituting significant causes of serious failures in both electrical and electronic devices, as well as installation components. The effects of disturbances introduced to the network by nonlinear loads may include, for example, line overloads, overheating of transformers and motors, capacitor failures, accelerated degradation of insulation, etc. The article presents examples of measurement results for luminaires with discharge and LED sources. Measurements of the electrical parameters of a three-phase outdoor lighting installation consisting of luminaires with low-power LED sources and luminaires with discharge sources are also discussed. Based on the recorded waveforms, the measurement results were determined. High harmonic values for the phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor were recorded. The results of measurements of the parameters of LED luminaires with control systems, the operation of which causes excessive heat generation, are presented. The methodology for cable selection in circuits with current harmonics is described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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22 pages, 8613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Type of Receiver on Electrical Energy Losses in Power Grids

by Zbigniew Kłosowski and Łukasz Mazur

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5660; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155660 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 859

Abstract

The development of power electronics, including high-efficiency power supply systems, changes the structure of perception of the types of electrical energy receivers connected to the power grid at each supply voltage level. In the past, the dominant type of receivers were constant impedance devices. Currently, more and more devices have power supplies, which are most often constant power receivers. The construction and technological diversity of receivers allows mixed receivers, which are a combination of constant power and constant impedance receivers, to be distinguished. Therefore, there is a need to determine the impact of the type of electrical energy receivers on the power grid, both in the context of the operation of a single receiver and in the case of a branched power grid with a high penetration of distributed generation. This article will discuss the impact of the type of electrical energy receivers on the operation of the power grid, with particular emphasis on the issue of electrical energy losses at changing voltages. To determine the impact of receivers, simulation studies were performed based on two case stages: the first is a fragment of a low-voltage power grid in a household that supplies a heating device, which is analyzed as a different type of receiver; the second is a fragment of a low-voltage power grid with various types of consumers and photovoltaic installations. The research was carried out on the basis of the mathematical model of the low-voltage power network developed by the authors using the electric multipole method and Newton’s method. The obtained results show that the type of receiver may have an impact on electrical energy losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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18 pages, 2232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Mode with Equivalent Control for Induction Motor Drive Based on Multi-Pulse VSC

by Carlos E. Castañeda, Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez, Hossam A. Gabbar and Onofre A. Morfín

Energies 2023, 16(13), 4866; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134866 - 22 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854

Abstract

In this work, the application of a sliding mode equivalent control for an induction motor drive based on a multi-pulse Voltage Source Converter is proposed. This is accomplished by transforming the squirrel-cage induction motor mathematical model into a block control form. The equivalent control method is applied to the sliding manifold, where the voltages are obtained in the stationary reference frame to control the angular velocity of the motor. In addition, a proportional-integral control is designed and applied to the motor represented in this form in order to make performance comparisons with the equivalent control method. Multi-pulse converters of 6, 12, and 84 pulses are used directly to feed the plant that is being controlled. The outcomes of using these power electronics devices are used to perform comparisons among the velocity tracking performance, control voltages in stationary reference frame, tracking errors, and rejection of external disturbances. Furthermore a dynamic and steady-state analysis of the velocity tracking performance is executed. The energy profiles for the startup, torque variations, and steady-state are also obtained. Additionally, total harmonic distortion values are added. All comparisons are carried out using the established plan for the motor, both with and without the use of power electronics converters, and with both control algorithms. The obtained results demonstrate that the use of a high-quality voltage source converter, along with a good control strategy, allows for a general improvement in the overall system and a significant reduction in energy usage, whilst also reducing controller complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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18 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effective Field in the T(x) Hysteresis Model

by Krzysztof Roman Chwastek, Paweł Jabłoński, Dariusz Kusiak, Tomasz Szczegielniak, Václav Kotlan and Pavel Karban

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052237 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Hysteresis loops constitute the source of important information for the designers of magnetic circuits in power transformers. The paper focused on the possibility to interpret the phenomenological T(x) model in terms of effective field vs. magnetization dependence. The interdependence of anhysteretic curve and hysteresis loops was emphasized. The concept of the anhysteretic plane introduced at the end of the last century by Sablik and Langman was subject to a tangible interpretation within the hyperbolic model framework. A novel geometric interpretation of the “effective field” related to the concept of affine transformation was introduced. It was shown in the paper that minor hysteresis loops of grain-oriented electrical steel may be described with the proposed formalism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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37 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Consumption Analysis of the Selected Navigation Algorithms for Wheeled Mobile Robots

by Adam Rapalski and Sebastian Dudzik

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031532 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

The article presents the research on navigation algorithms of a wheeled mobile robot with the use of a vision mapping system and the analysis of energy consumption of selected navigation algorithms, such as RRT and A-star. Obstacle maps were made with the use of an RGBW camera, and binary occupation maps were also made, which were used to determine the traffic path. To recreate the routes in hardware, a programmed Pure Pursuit controller was used. The results of navigation were compared on the basis of the forward kinematics model and odometry measurements. Quantities such as current, except (x, y, phi), and linear and angular velocities were measured in real time. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the RRT star algorithm consumes the least energy to reach the designated target in the designated environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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30 pages, 2616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Mobile Wheeled Robot in Terms of Energy Consumption, Travelling Time and Path Matching Accuracy

by Piotr Szeląg, Sebastian Dudzik and Anna Podsiedlik

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031210 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1227

Abstract

The task of controlling a wheeled mobile robot is an important element of navigation algorithms. The control algorithm manages the robot’s movement in accordance with the path determined by the planner module, where the accuracy of mapping the given route is very important. Most often, mobile robots are battery-powered, which makes minimizing energy consumption and shortening travel time an important issue. For this reason, in this work, the mobile robot control algorithm was tested in terms of energy consumption, travel time and path mapping accuracy. During the research, a criterion was developed, thanks to which it was possible to select the optimal parameters of the pure pursuit algorithm that controls the movement of the tested robot. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Intelligent Mobile Robots using the QBot2e mobile robot operating on the basis of differential drive kinematics. As a result of the research, optimal values of the control parameters were obtained, minimizing the travel time, energy consumption and mapping error of the given paths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements of the Electricity Power System II)

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