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19 pages, 5265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy-Logic-Controlled Hybrid Active Filter for Matrix Converter Input Current Harmonics

by Asare Koduah and Francis Boafo Effah

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7640; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207640 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

The proliferation of matrix converter interfaces coupled with traditional loads produces nonstandard and high-frequency harmonics in the range of (2 to 150) kHz in the power system. Although several research works have been conducted on passive and active filter solutions, most of these [...] Read more.

The proliferation of matrix converter interfaces coupled with traditional loads produces nonstandard and high-frequency harmonics in the range of (2 to 150) kHz in the power system. Although several research works have been conducted on passive and active filter solutions, most of these are low-frequency (below 2 kHz) solutions and are not effective under supraharmonic frequencies. An experimental study of a fuzzy-inference-system-controlled hybrid active power filter (HAPF) for the attenuation of higher frequency harmonics (above 8 kHz) is proposed. The compensational approach introduced is different from traditional approaches and the use of the fuzzy logic controller eliminates complexities involved in active filter designs. The proposed filter obtained a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1.16% of the fundamental 50 Hz supply frequency. The performance of the proposed hybrid filter was compared with that of the proportional and integral (PI) controlled topology. The results obtained indicated superior performance of the fuzzy logic controller over the PI in terms of compensational speed, accuracy, the THD of the supply current and the overall integrity of the matrix converter. Illustrative design blocks and simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment are provided to buttress these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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15 pages, 4987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source for Autonomous Power Supply System Based on Flow Battery

by Ivan Kuzmin, Alexey Loskutov, Evgeny Osetrov and Andrey Kurkin

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3027; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093027 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

The article deals with the urgent task of creating a technological and production basis for the development and serial production of energy storage systems with flow batteries and uninterruptible power systems based on them. Flow batteries are a highly efficient solution for long-term [...] Read more.

The article deals with the urgent task of creating a technological and production basis for the development and serial production of energy storage systems with flow batteries and uninterruptible power systems based on them. Flow batteries are a highly efficient solution for long-term energy storage in critical and alternative energy facilities. The main advantage of the flow batteries is the ability to create a system with the required power and capacity without redundant parameters due to the fact that the characteristics of the system are regulated by independent blocks, as in a fuel cell. Among flow batteries, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are of particular interest, as they have a long service life. The main elements of a flow battery are the stack, which determines the power of the battery and its efficiency, and the electrolyte, which determines the energy capacity of the battery and its service life. A stand for testing the operating modes of the flow battery stack has been developed. A 5 kW flow battery operating on an electrolyte with the addition of hydrochloric acid, which is a stabilizer in new generation electrolytes, has been tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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19 pages, 5780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Harmonic Current in Electrical Grids with Photovoltaic Power Integration Using a Nonlinear Autoregressive with External Input Neural Networks

by Adán Alberto Jumilla-Corral, Carlos Perez-Tello, Héctor Enrique Campbell-Ramírez, Zulma Yadira Medrano-Hurtado, Pedro Mayorga-Ortiz and Roberto L. Avitia

Energies 2021, 14(13), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14134015 - 3 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2023

Abstract

This research presents the modeling and prediction of the harmonic behavior of current in an electric power supply grid with the integration of photovoltaic power by inverters using artificial neural networks to determine if the use of the proposed neural network is capable [...] Read more.

This research presents the modeling and prediction of the harmonic behavior of current in an electric power supply grid with the integration of photovoltaic power by inverters using artificial neural networks to determine if the use of the proposed neural network is capable of capturing the harmonic behavior of the photovoltaic energy integrated into the user’s electrical grids. The methodology used was based on the use of recurrent artificial neural networks of the nonlinear autoregressive with external input type. Work data were obtained from experimental sources through the use of a test bench, measurement, acquisition, and monitoring equipment. The input–output parameters for the neural network were the current values in the inverter and the supply grid, respectively. The results showed that the neural network can capture the dynamics of the analyzed system. The generated model presented flexibility in data handling, allowing to represent and predict the behavior of the harmonic phenomenon. The obtained algorithm can be transferred to physical or virtual systems for the control or reduction of harmonic distortion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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21 pages, 3562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost of Industrial Process Shutdowns Due to Voltage Sag and Short Interruption

by Édison Massao Motoki, José Maria de Carvalho Filho, Paulo Márcio da Silveira, Natanael Barbosa Pereira and Paulo Vitor Grillo de Souza

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102874 - 16 May 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

The objective of this work is to propose and apply a methodology to obtain the cost of industrial process shutdowns due to voltage sag and short interruption. A field survey, aided by a specific questionnaire, was carried out in several industries connected to [...] Read more.

The objective of this work is to propose and apply a methodology to obtain the cost of industrial process shutdowns due to voltage sag and short interruption. A field survey, aided by a specific questionnaire, was carried out in several industries connected to medium voltage networks, in the states of Espírito Santo and São Paulo in Brazil. The results obtained were the costs per event and the costs per demand in a total of 33 companies in 12 different types of activities. It is noteworthy that this survey brings a relevant technical contribution to the electricity sector, helping to fill, even partially, an existing gap in both national and international literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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16 pages, 7335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Mitigation Using Passive Harmonic Filters: Case Study in a Steel Mill Power System

by Byungju Park, Jaehyeong Lee, Hangkyu Yoo and Gilsoo Jang

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2278; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082278 - 18 Apr 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3371

Abstract

In this study, we mitigated the harmonic voltage in a power system that contained the roughing mill (RM) and finishing mill (FM) motor drives. AC/DC converter type RM drive is a non-linear, large-capacity varying load that adversely affects power quality, e.g., a flicker, [...] Read more.

In this study, we mitigated the harmonic voltage in a power system that contained the roughing mill (RM) and finishing mill (FM) motor drives. AC/DC converter type RM drive is a non-linear, large-capacity varying load that adversely affects power quality, e.g., a flicker, voltage distortion, etc. The voltage drop can be compensated within a certain limit by using the proper capacity of a power capacitor bank. In addition, the voltage distortion can be controlled as per the guidelines of IEEE Std. 519 using the passive harmonic filter corresponding to the characteristic harmonics of the motor drive load. The passive harmonic filter can provide an economical solution by mitigating the harmonic distortion with a proper reactive power supply. However, at the planning level, attention should be paid to avoid system overvoltage that is caused by the leading power under light load conditions and also the problem of parallel resonance between the harmonic filter and the step-down transformer. In addition, when designing the filter reactor, the K-factor and peak voltage must be considered; the filter capacitor also requires a dielectric material that considers the harmonic peak voltage. The purpose of this study was to acquire a better understanding of the filter applications as well as verify the field measurement, analysis, and design of harmonic filters together with its performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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17 pages, 5406 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Frequencies up to 50 kHz

by Stanislaw Czapp and Hanan Tariq

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061785 - 23 Mar 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

The use of residual current devices (RCDs) is obligatory in many types of low-voltage circuits. They are devices that ensure protection against electric shock in the case of indirect contact and may ensure additional protection in the case of direct contact. For the [...] Read more.

The use of residual current devices (RCDs) is obligatory in many types of low-voltage circuits. They are devices that ensure protection against electric shock in the case of indirect contact and may ensure additional protection in the case of direct contact. For the latter purpose of protection, only RCDs of a rated residual operating current not exceeding 30 mA are suitable. Unfortunately, modem current-using equipment supplied via electronic converters with a pulse width modulation produces earth fault currents composed of high-frequency components. Frequency of these components may have even several dozen kHz. Such components negatively influence the RCDs’ tripping level and, hence, protection against electric shock may be ineffective. This paper presents the results of the RCDs’ tripping test for frequencies up to 50 kHz. The results of the test have shown that many RCDs offered on the market are not able to trip for such frequencies. Such behavior was also noted for F-type and B-type RCDs which are recommended for the circuits of high-frequency components. Results of the test have been related to the requirements of the standards concerning RCDs operation. The conclusion is that these requirements are not sufficient nowadays and should be modified. Proposals for their modification are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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24 pages, 6464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Decision Trees for Optimal Allocation of Harmonic Filters in Medium-Voltage Networks

by Maciej Klimas, Dariusz Grabowski and Dawid Buła

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041173 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

The paper proposes a solution for the problem of optimizing medium voltage power systems which supply, among others, nonlinear loads. It is focused on decision tree (DT) application for the sizing and allocation of active power filters (APFs), which are the most effective [...] Read more.

The paper proposes a solution for the problem of optimizing medium voltage power systems which supply, among others, nonlinear loads. It is focused on decision tree (DT) application for the sizing and allocation of active power filters (APFs), which are the most effective means of power quality improvement. Propositions of some DT strategies followed by the results have been described in the paper. On the basis of an example of a medium-voltage network, an analysis of the selection of the number and allocation of active power filters was carried out in terms of minimizing losses and costs keeping under control voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) coefficients in the network nodes. The presented example shows that decision trees allow for the selection of the optimal solution, depending on assumed limitations, expected effects, and costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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18 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Power Filter Pre-Selection Tool to Enhance the Power Quality in Oil and Gas Platforms

by Lais Abrantes Vitoi, Danilo Brandao and Elisabetta Tedeschi

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041024 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

This paper proposes a preliminary design tool for active power filters’ (APFs) solutions to be applied in offshore oil and gas platforms, where power quality indices are typically low, and reactive power compensation and current harmonic mitigation are often desired. The proposed approach [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a preliminary design tool for active power filters’ (APFs) solutions to be applied in offshore oil and gas platforms, where power quality indices are typically low, and reactive power compensation and current harmonic mitigation are often desired. The proposed approach considers that APF selection and rating is a trade-off between performance and size, and that both component and system aspects need to be optimized to achieve a well-tailored solution. As size and weight are critical constraints in offshore applications, possible benefits of using Silicon Carbide (SiC) switches for the APF implementation are investigated. Moreover, different compensation strategies are compared, varying the connection point of the APF between two different voltage levels and assigning the APFs different compensation goals. Improvements in power quality indices, as well as APFs rating, number of components, power losses, and filter size, have been considered for both SiC and Silicon-based solutions to identify the best trade-offs suitable for the considered, energy intensive industrial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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17 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cluster-Based Method to Determine Base Values for Short-Term Voltage Variation Indices

by Paulo Vitor Grillo de Souza, José Maria de Carvalho Filho, Daniel Furtado Ferreira, Jacques Miranda Filho, Homero Krauss Ribeiro Filho and Natanael Barbosa Pereira

Energies 2021, 14(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010149 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1468

Abstract

This paper proposes a methodology for establishing base values for short-term voltage variation indices. The work is focused on determining which variables best describe the disturbance and based on that, establish clusters that allow a more adequate definition of base values for the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a methodology for establishing base values for short-term voltage variation indices. The work is focused on determining which variables best describe the disturbance and based on that, establish clusters that allow a more adequate definition of base values for the indices. To test the proposed methodology, real data from 19 distribution systems belonging to a Brazilian electricity utility were used and consequently the index presented in the country standard was considered. This study presents a general methodology that can be applied to all distribution systems in Brazil and could serve as a guide for the regulatory agencies in other countries, to establish base values for their indices. Furthermore, the objective is to show through the results that, with the database used is possible to establish clusters of distribution systems related to the voltage sag and with these establish a base impact factor, distinct for each distribution system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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29 pages, 8084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Considerations on Current and Voltage Unbalance of Nonlinear Loads in Residential and Educational Sectors

by Gabriel Nicolae Popa, Angela Iagăr and Corina Maria Diniș

Energies 2021, 14(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010102 - 27 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2220

Abstract

Most often, electrical consumers in the residential and educational sectors are different from industrial electrical consumers. Whereas the vast majority of industrial electrical consumers are low-voltage, three-phase (with three or four wires), electrical consumers in the residential and educational sectors are low-voltage, single-phase. [...] Read more.

Most often, electrical consumers in the residential and educational sectors are different from industrial electrical consumers. Whereas the vast majority of industrial electrical consumers are low-voltage, three-phase (with three or four wires), electrical consumers in the residential and educational sectors are low-voltage, single-phase. However, in practice, electrical consumers in the residential and educational sectors are in large numbers. Usually, current and voltage unbalances are lower in the industrial sector compared to the residential and educational sectors, where there are a large number of low-voltage, single-phase consumers that are connected/disconnected in an uncontrollable way and that need to be wired and balanced on each phase of power transformers from power substations. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of electrical balance and improve the power factor in the power substation from residential and educational sectors. The paper investigates the current and voltage unbalance of nonlinear con sumers in the residential and educational sectors. For this purpose, we performed measurements in the laboratory and the power substation to investigate the unbalance in the three-phase system. Laboratory measurements were made in the unbalanced operation of the single-phase electrical consumers connected at three-phase system. The measurements from power substation were carried out after the electrical consumers were uniformly spread among the three phases from the low-voltage power network, on two different days: a workday and a weekend day. The current and apparent power unbalance were reduced and the power factor was improved using the capacitive single-phase electric consumers (e.g., personal computers, which are in large numbers in such sectors) evenly across the phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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Review

Jump to: Research

14 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Electric Power Quality through Analysis and Experiment

by Gabriel Nicolae Popa

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7947; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217947 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1444

Abstract

The quality of electrical energy is of particular importance for power engineering. This study presents an analysis of articles made in the Special Issue “Analysis and Experiments for Electric Power Quality”. As techniques and technology advance, electrical consumers and equipment become more sensitive [...] Read more.

The quality of electrical energy is of particular importance for power engineering. This study presents an analysis of articles made in the Special Issue “Analysis and Experiments for Electric Power Quality”. As techniques and technology advance, electrical consumers and equipment become more sensitive to disturbances in the electrical network (in particular, low- and medium-voltage). It can lead to costly outages and lost production, which affect productivity. The analyzed articles present interesting technical studies made on industrial and nonindustrial consumers, of low- and medium-voltage, from the point of view of the quality of electricity. Voltage and current harmonics, voltage sags and swells, interruptions, unbalance, and low power factor will lead to higher electricity bills, overloading, and rapid aging of electrical networks and electric equipment. The power quality depends not only on the supplier but also on all consumers connected to the same power network; some can cause disruptive influences in the supply network, affecting the operation of other consumers. Ensuring the power quality of industrial and nonindustrial applications is an objective difficult to achieve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Experiment for Electric Power Quality)

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