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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 22868

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dongdong Feng

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Guest Editor

School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
Interests: carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS); hydrogen production from biomass with high-efficiency and clean energy (hydrogen energy); efficient use of solar energy (nano photocatalysis); construction and application of functional carbon (optical-electric-magnetic-energy storage); micro-nano mesoscopic scale reaction simulation and control (computational simulation)
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Dr. Jian Sun

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
Interests: synthesis solid sorbent for CO₂ capture; thermocatalytic and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction; catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂; redox cycle and calcium looping for thermochemical energy storage (TCES); low corbon energy synthesis; pollutant control from fossil energy utilization
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Dr. Zijian Zhou

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: flue gas; coal combustion; catalyst; heavy metal; NOx; VOCs
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, increasing anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ are identified as the major driver of global warming. Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is broadly recognised as one of the near-term to mid-term solutions, which plays a key role with respect to climate change mitigation. This Special Issue titled “Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)” invites articles that address state-of-the-art technologies and new developments for CCUS, including but not limited to precombustion carbon capture; post-combustion carbon capture; oxy-fuel or chemical looping combustion; CO₂ conversion to generate synthetic fuels; biomass thermal conversion; CO₂ storage; BECCUS; and other negative emissions technologies. Articles that engage with the latest research topics with respect to CCUS are particularly encouraged, such as direct air capture, electrochemical and thermochemical CO₂ catalytic reduction, biological conversion of CO₂, etc. Moreover, articles that discuss and drive the research directions of CCUS would be of particular interest.

Dr. Dongdong Feng
Dr. Jian Sun
Dr. Zijian Zhou
Guest Editors

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Keywords

CO2 capture
CO2 conversion and reduction
biomass thermal conversion
Oxy-fuel or chemical looping combustion
CO2 storage
CO2 mineralization
other greenhouse gas emissions control

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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25 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Separation for an Innovative Energy Concept towards Low-Emission Glass Melting

by Sebastian Gärtner, Thomas Marx-Schubach, Matthias Gaderer, Gerhard Schmitz and Michael Sterner

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052140 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

The currently still high fossil energy demand is forcing the glass industry to search for innovative approaches for the reduction in CO

_{2}

emissions and the integration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a novel power-to-methane concept is presented and discussed for [...] Read more.

The currently still high fossil energy demand is forcing the glass industry to search for innovative approaches for the reduction in CO

_{2}

emissions and the integration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a novel power-to-methane concept is presented and discussed for this purpose. A special focus is on methods for the required CO

_{2}

capture from typical flue gases in the glass industry, which have hardly been explored to date. To close this research gap, process simulation models are developed to investigate post-combustion CO

_{2}

capture by absorption processes, followed by a techno-economic evaluation. Due to reduced flue gas volume, the designed CO

_{2}

capture plant is found to be much smaller (40 m

^{3}

absorber column volume) than absorption-based CO

_{2}

separation processes for power plants (12,560 m

^{3}

absorber column volume). As there are many options for waste heat utilization in the glass industry, the waste heat required for CO

_{2}

desorption can be generated in a particularly efficient and cost-effective way. The resulting CO

_{2}

separation costs range between 41 and 42 EUR/t CO

_{2}

, depending on waste heat utilization for desorption. These costs are below the values of 50–65 EUR/t CO

_{2}

for comparable industrial applications. Despite these promising economic results, there are still some technical restrictions in terms of solvent degradation due to the high oxygen content in flue gas compositions. The results of this study point towards parametric studies for approaching these issues, such as the use of secondary and tertiary amines as solvents, or the optimization of operating conditions such as stripper pressure for further cost reductions potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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24 pages, 13644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of External Mineral Addition on PM Generated from Zhundong Coal Combustion

by Shizhang Wang, Junjie Wang, Yu Zhang, Linhan Dong, Heming Dong, Qian Du and Jianmin Gao

Energies 2023, 16(2), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020730 - 8 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1223

Abstract

The effect of intrinsic metal mineral elements in the combustion process of pulverized coal on the formation and transformation mechanism of PM was investigated in a drop-tube furnace in air atmospheres at 1200 °C, which laid a solid foundation for the control of particulate pollutants. The results show that reducing the evaporation of mineral elements or the generated PM₁ aggregating to form PM_1–10 or particles bigger than 10µm can reduce the emission of PM₁ in the coal combustion process. The amount of PM_0.2, PM_0.2–1, PM_1–2.5 and PM_2.5 produced by the raw coal-carrying Mg are reduced by 36.7%, 17.4%, 24.6% and 21.6%, respectively. The amount of PM₁₀ is almost unchanged. The addition of Mg increases the viscosity of submicron particles effectively, making it easier to aggregate and bond together to form ultra-micron particles. The amount of PM_0.2, PM_0.2–1, PM_1–2.5, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ produced by the raw coal-carrying Ca are reduced by 36.3%, 33.0%, 42.8%, 38% and 17.7%, respectively. The effect of adding Ca compounds on the particles is better than that of Mg. The amount of PM_0.2, PM_0.2–1, PM_1–2.5, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ produced by the raw coal-carrying Fe are reduced by 15.6%, 16.2%, 31.1%, 22.4% and 5%, respectively. While the production of PM_2.5–10 increased from 0.17 mg/g to 0.34 mg/g, it is clear that a significant fraction of the submicron particles produced during the combustion of the raw coal-carrying Fe are transformed into ultra-micron particles. After comparing the particulate matter produced by raw coal-carrying Mg, Ca and Fe, it shows that the addition of these three elements can effectively reduce the ash melting point, so that during the process of coal combustion, part of the sub-micron are transformed into ultra-micron particles, which are easy to remove. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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10 pages, 1431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature and Chemical Speciation of Mineral Elements on PM10 Formation during Zhundong Coal Combustion

by Qiaoqun Sun, Zhiqi Zhao, Shizhang Wang, Yu Zhang, Yaodong Da, Heming Dong, Jiwang Wen, Qian Du and Jianmin Gao

Energies 2023, 16(1), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010310 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) pollution from coal combustion is a leading contributor to the influence of atmospheric visibility, photochemical smog, and even global climate. A drop tube furnace was employed to explore the effects of temperature and chemical speciation of mineral elements on PM formation during the combustion of Zhundong coal. Chemical fractionation analysis (CFA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were used to investigate the chemical and physical characteristics of the solid samples. It can be indicated that the combustion of similarly sized coal particles yielded more PM10 when the combustion temperature was increased from 1000 to 1400 °C. Zhundong coal is fractionated with deionized water, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid, and pulverized coal, after fractionation, is burned to study the influence of mineral elements with different occurrence forms, such as water-soluble mineral elements, exchangeable ion elements, hydrochloric acid soluble elements and acid-insoluble elements, on the formation of particles. The results show that water-soluble salts play an important role in forming ultrafine particles (PM0.2); Fe, Ca, and other elements in organic form are distributed in flue gas through evaporation during pulverized coal combustion. When the flue gas temperature decreases, PM1 is formed through homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous condensation, resulting in the distribution of these two elements on PM1. Different fractionation methods do not significantly affect the distribution of Si and Al in the PM1–10 combustion process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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16 pages, 3828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Micron and Submicron Particle Trapping by Single Droplets with Electrostatic Fields

by Qiaoqun Sun, Wei Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yaodong Dan, Heming Dong, Jiwang Wen, Qian Du and Jianmin Gao

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8487; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228487 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

Wet electrostatic precipitators have problems such as uneven water distribution and poor economy in applying ultra-clean particulate matter emissions from coal-fired boilers. Upgrading the droplets in wet dust removal to charged mobile collectors can effectively compensate for these shortcomings. In this paper, the effects of particle sphericity, particle size, and charge on the capture efficiency of a single droplet for capturing micron and submicron particles are qualitatively studied by simulating the process of particle capture by charged droplets in a turbulent flow field. The simulation results show that the trapping efficiency of charged droplets is positively correlated with the sphericity and the amount of charge. The particle size significantly impacts the capture efficiency, and the increase in size increases the capture efficiency, and the capture efficiency of 5.49 μm particles reaches 100%. The effect of particle movement speed on the capture efficiency needs to be considered in combination with particle size. For micron particles, the capture efficiency is close to 100% when the movement speed is 0.3 m/s and 0.5 m/s. For submicron particles, the aggregation morphology is lower at lower speeds. Simple non-spherical particles have greater capture efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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13 pages, 2734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation and Emission Characteristics of Fine Particles Generated by Power Plant Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

by Heming Dong, Yu Zhang, Qian Du, Jianmin Gao, Qi Shang, Dongdong Feng and Yudong Huang

Energies 2022, 15(19), 6892; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196892 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

The generation and emission characteristics of fine particulates (PM_2.5) from three 300 MW power plant circulating fluidized bed boilers were investigated. One boiler had an external bed and used an electrostatic precipitator, the other two used an electrostatic filter precipitator and fabric filter, respectively. The particle size distribution of fine particles was performed by an electrical low-pressure impactor. PM_2.5 samplers were used at the same time to collect fine particles for subsequent laboratory analysis. The results show that the number size distributions of fine particles presented one single peak, but there was no peak in mass size distributions. The mass concentrations of three CFB boilers were similar, but the number concentration of the external bed CFB boiler was much higher than that of the general CFB boiler. The minimum removal efficiencies of the precipitator appeared between 0.1~1 μm, but the locations of the minimum point were different. The morphology of fine particles was mostly irregular. The highest content of fine particles was insoluble oxides and the content of S element was also high. Different precipitators have different removal effects on Si, Al, Ca, S and Fe in fine particles, but they all have poor removal effects on Na and K as well as OC and EC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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13 pages, 8985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Solubilizer and Magnetic Field during Crystallization Induction of Ammonium Bicarbonate in New Ammonia-Based Carbon Capture Process

by Linhan Dong, Dongdong Feng, Yu Zhang, Heming Dong, Zhiqi Zhao, Jianmin Gao, Feng Zhang, Yijun Zhao, Shaozeng Sun and Yudong Huang

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176231 - 26 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

As a chemical absorption method, the new ammonia carbon capture technology can capture CO₂. Adding ethanol to ammonia can reduce the escape of ammonia to a certain extent and increase the absorption rate of CO₂. The dissolution and crystallization of ethanol can realize the crystallization of ammonium bicarbonate and generate solid products. The induction of the crystallization process is influenced by many parameters, such as solution temperature, supersaturation, and solvating precipitant content. The basic nucleation theory is related to the critical size of nucleation. Accurate measurement of the induction period and investigating relevant factors can help to assess the nucleation kinetics. The effects of solubilizer content, temperature, and magnetic field on the induction period of the crystallization process of ammonium bicarbonate in the ethanol–H₂O binary solvent mixture and determining the growth mechanism of the crystal surface by solid–liquid surface tension and surface entropy factor are investigated. The results indicate that under the same conditions of mixed solution temperature, the crystallization induction period becomes significantly longer, the solid–liquid surface tension increases, and the nucleation barrier becomes more significant and less likely to form nuclei as the content of solvating precipitants in the components increases. At the same solubilizer content, there is an inverse relationship between the solution temperature and the induction period, and the solid–liquid surface tension decreases. The magnetic field can significantly reduce the induction period of the solvate crystallization process. This gap tends to decrease with an increase in supersaturation; the shortening reduces from 96.9% to 84.0%. This decreasing trend becomes more and more evident with the rise of solvent content in the solution. The variation of surface entropy factor under the present experimental conditions ranges from 0.752 to 1.499. The growth mode of ammonium bicarbonate in the ethanol–H₂O binary solvent mixture can be judged by the surface entropy factor as continuous growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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18 pages, 5013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation of CO₂ Storage Potential in the Offshore Atlantic Lower Cretaceous Strata, Southeastern United States

by Dawod S. Almayahi, James H. Knapp and Camelia Knapp

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4890; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134890 - 4 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2294

Abstract

The geological storage of CO₂ in the Earth’s subsurface has the potential to significantly offset greenhouse gas emissions for safe, economical, and acceptable public use. Due to legal advantages and vast resource capacity, offshore CO₂ storage provides an attractive alternative to onshore options. Although offshore Lower Cretaceous reservoirs have a vast expected storage capacity, there is a limited quantitative assessment of the offshore storage resource in the southeastern United States. This work is part of the Southeast Offshore Storage Resource Assessment (SOSRA) project, which presents a high-quality potential geological repository for CO₂ in the Mid- and South Atlantic Planning Areas. This is the first comprehensive investigation and quantitative assessment of CO₂ storage potential for the Lower Cretaceous section of the outer continental shelf that includes the Southeast Georgia Embayment and most of the Blake Plateau. An interpretation of 200,000 km of legacy industrial 2D seismic reflection profiles and geophysical well logs (i.e., TRANSCO 1005-1-1, COST GE-1, and EXXON 564-1) were utilized to create structure and thickness maps for the potential reservoirs and seals. We identified and assessed three target reservoirs isolated by seals based on their effective porosity values. The CO₂ storage capacity of these reservoirs was theoretically calculated using the DOE-NETL equation for saline formations. The prospective storage resources are estimated between 450 and 4700 Mt of CO₂, with an offshore geological efficiency factor of dolomite between 2% and 3.6% at the formation scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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19 pages, 5361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

System Performance Analyses of Supercritical CO₂ Brayton Cycle for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor

by Min Xie, Jian Cheng, Xiaohan Ren, Shuo Wang, Pengcheng Che and Chunwei Zhang

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103555 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

The system performance of the supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle for the Sodium Fast Reactor with a partial-cooling layout was studied, and an economic analysis was carried out. The energetic, exergetic, and exergoeconomic analyses are presented, and the optimized results were compared with the recompression cycle. The sensitivity analyses were conducted by considering the variations in the pressure ratios and inlet temperatures of the main compressor and the turbine. The exergy efficiency of the partial-cooling cycle reached 63.65% with a net power output of 34.39 MW via optimization. The partial-cooling cycle obtained a minimum total cost rate of 2230.36 USD/h and exergy efficiency of 63.65% when the pressure ratio was equal to 3.50. The inlet temperature of the main compressor was equal to 35 °C, and the inlet temperature of the turbine was equal to 480 °C. The total cost of recuperators decreased with the increase in the pressure ratio and the inlet temperatures of the main compressor. In addition, the total cost of recuperator could be reduced by increasing the outlet temperature of the turbine. The change in cost from exergy loss and destruction with the pressure ratio was substantially larger than with the inlet temperature of the turbine or the main compressor. Manipulating the pressure ratio is an essential method to guarantee good economy of the system. Moreover, capital investment, operation, and maintenance costs normally accounted for large proportions of the total cost rate, being almost double the cost from the exergy loss and destruction occurring in each condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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12 pages, 3878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupling Investigation of Furnace Side and Evaporation System in a Pulverized-Coal Oxy-Fuel Combustion Boiler

by Zixue Luo, Zixuan Feng, Bo Wu and Qiang Cheng

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072354 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2000

Abstract

A distributed parameter model was developed for an evaporation system in a 35 MW natural circulation pulverized-coal oxy-fuel combustion boiler, which was based on a computational fluid dynamic simulation and in situ operation monitoring. A mathematical model was used to consider the uneven distribution of working fluid properties and the heat load in a furnace to predict the heat flux of a water wall and the wall surface temperature corresponding to various working conditions. The results showed that the average heat flux near the burner area in the air-firing condition, the oxy-fuel combustion with dry flue gas recycling (FGR) condition, and the oxy-fuel combustion with wet flue-gas recycle condition were 168.18, 154.65, and 170.68 kW/m² at a load of 80%. The temperature and the heat flux distributions in the air-firing and the oxy-fuel combustion with wet FGR were similar, but both were higher than those in the oxygen-enriched combustion conditions with the dry FGR under the same load. This study demonstrated that the average metal surface temperature in the front wall during the oxy-fuel combustion condition was 3.23 °C lower than that under the air-firing condition. The heat release rate from the furnace and the vaporization system should be coordinated at a low and middle load level. The superheating surfaces should be adjusted to match the rising temperature of the flue gas while shifting the operation from air to oxy-fuel combustion, where the distributed parameter analytical approach could then be applied to reveal the tendencies for these various combustion conditions. The research provided a type of guidance for the design and operation of the oxy-fuel combustion boiler. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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8 pages, 1227 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Branched versus Linear Structure: Lowering the CO₂ Desorption Temperature of Polyethylenimine-Functionalized Silica Adsorbents

by Jannis Hack, Seraina Frazzetto, Leon Evers, Nobutaka Maeda and Daniel M. Meier

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031075 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2665

Abstract

Lowering the regeneration temperature for solid CO₂-capture materials is one of the critical tasks for economizing CO₂-capturing processes. Based on reported pKa values and nucleophilicity, we compared two different polyethylenimines (PEIs): branched PEI (BPEI) and linear PEI (LPEI). LPEI outperformed BPEI in terms of adsorption and desorption properties. Because LPEI is a solid below 73–75 °C, even a high loading amount of LPEI can effectively adsorb CO₂ without diffusive barriers. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) demonstrated that the desorption peak top dropped to 50.8 °C for LPEI, compared to 78.0 °C for BPEI. We also revisited the classical adsorption model of CO₂ on secondary amines by using in situ modulation excitation IR spectroscopy, and proposed a new adsorption configuration, R1(R2)-NCOOH. Even though LPEI is more expensive than BPEI, considering the long-term operation of a CO₂-capturing system, the low regeneration temperature makes LPEI attractive for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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Review

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29 pages, 9769 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Mini-Review on CO₂ Photoreduction by MgAl-LDH Based Materials

by Changqing Wang, Jie Xu and Zijian Zhou

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8117; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218117 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2355

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid consumption of fossil fuels has brought about the energy crisis and excess CO₂ emission, causing a series of environmental problems. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction technology can realize CO₂ emission reduction and fuel regeneration, which alleviates the energy crisis and environmental problems. As the most widely used LDH material in commercial application, MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) already dominates large-scale production lines and has the potential to be popularized in CO₂ photoreduction. The adjustable component, excellent CO₂ adsorption performance, and unique layer structure of MgAl-LDH bring specific advantages in CO₂ photoreduction. This review briefly introduces the theory and reaction process of CO₂ photocatalytic reduction, and summarizes the features and drawbacks of MgAl-LDH. The modification strategies to overcome the drawbacks and improve photocatalytic activity for MgAl-LDH are elaborated in detail and the development perspectives of MgAl-LDH in the field of CO₂ photoreduction are highlighted to provide a guidance for future exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS))

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