Energies

Research

17 pages, 4941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Size Design of Shaft Protection Rock/Coal Pillars in Thick Soil and Thin Rock Strata

by Jihuan Han, Jiuqun Zou, Chenchen Hu and Weihao Yang

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132553 - 2 Jul 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3391

To prevent serious shaft deflection disasters under asymmetric mining conditions, it is urgent to solve the problem of designing shaft protection rock pillar (SPRP) sizes in thick soil and thin rock strata. In this paper, based on the parallel mining model and the [...] Read more.

To prevent serious shaft deflection disasters under asymmetric mining conditions, it is urgent to solve the problem of designing shaft protection rock pillar (SPRP) sizes in thick soil and thin rock strata. In this paper, based on the parallel mining model and the perpendicular mining model, a dynamic prediction model that can describe the horizontal movement of the shaft was established by the probability integration method and the Knothe time function. Next, according to the measured data of the shaft deflection in the Guotun Coal Mine, a back analysis was used to calculate the prediction parameters that were suitable for the deep soil strata. Based on the mining model, the variation law of the horizontal deflection displacement of the shaft and SPRP size was obtained. The results showed that the final displacements of the shaft under the two ideal mining models were equal, while the parallel mining model was superior to the perpendicular mining model at the initial stage of mining. The horizontal displacement of the shaft head had a nonlinear negative correlation with the SPRP, and the SPRP size in thick soil and thin rock strata calculated by the parallel mining model was more reasonable. For the Guotun Coal Mine, when the soil movement angle was 57.8% of the actual value, the horizontal displacement of the main shaft head was reduced by 87%. The results have important theoretical and practical value in preventing shaft deflection in thick soil and thin rock strata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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24 pages, 9876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mining Stress Distribution and Fault-Slip Behavior: A Case Study of Fault-Influenced Longwall Coal Mining

by Peng Kong, Lishuai Jiang, Jiaming Shu and Lu Wang

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132494 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3796

Abstract

It is well accepted that faults have significant impacts on the safe production of underground coal mines; however, the fault-slip mechanism during longwall mining through a fault still needs to be investigated. In this study, the distribution of microseismicity events during panel mining [...] Read more.

It is well accepted that faults have significant impacts on the safe production of underground coal mines; however, the fault-slip mechanism during longwall mining through a fault still needs to be investigated. In this study, the distribution of microseismicity events during panel mining through a fault is analyzed, and 3-dimensional fast Lagrangian analysis of continua was used to study the mining stress distribution and fault-slip behavior under the two different mining directions, i.e., mining the panel through the fault from the footwall, or mining the panel through the fault from the hanging wall. The research shows that when the panel is mined through the fault from the footwall, the shear displacement of the fault is significantly greater than those created by mining the panel through the fault from the hanging wall. Under the two mining directions, the variation behaviors of the normal stress and shear stress on the fault are quite different, and fault-slips mainly occur in fault areas where the normal stress decreases. When mining the panel through the fault from the footwall, the slip mainly occurs in the coal-seam roof fault, and when mining the panel through the fault from the hanging wall, the slip mainly occurs in the coal-seam floor fault. According to the variations in the normal stress and shear stress of the fault during the period of mining the panel through the fault, the mechanism of the fault slip can be divided into three categories. 1: Normal stress and shear stress decrease abruptly, but the reduction of the normal stress is greater than that of the shear stress. 2: The normal stress is continuously reduced, the shear strength of the fault is decreased, and the shear stress is suddenly increased. 3: Both the normal stress and the shear stress increase, but the increase in the shear stress is greater than that of the normal stress. These research results can provide a reference for the layout of panels and for fault-slip-induced disaster prevention under similar conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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20 pages, 8311 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Novel Segmented Roadside Plugging-Filling Mining Method and Overlying Rock Mechanical Mechanism Analyses

by Wenqiang Mu, Lianchong Li, Zhongping Guo, Zhaowen Du and Sixu Wang

Energies 2019, 12(11), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112073 - 30 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3099

Abstract

The no-pillar mining method is widely used in coal mining engineering because of its superiority in resolving mine pressure hazards and protecting natural resources. In view of the geological conditions of stable strata in a coal mine of the Shandong Coal Zone, a [...] Read more.

The no-pillar mining method is widely used in coal mining engineering because of its superiority in resolving mine pressure hazards and protecting natural resources. In view of the geological conditions of stable strata in a coal mine of the Shandong Coal Zone, a novel segmented roadside plugging-filling mining method is proposed by introducing the filling coefficient into roadside filling. The operation process is designed with a new grouting filling forming device. Based on the relationship between the theoretical deflection of a cantilever beam and geometric settlement and parallel settlement models, strength formulas applicable to the segmented roadside plugging-filling (SRPF) method at different migration stages are obtained, and the deformation formulas of a roadway toward a rock slab are solved by an elastic equivalent model. Further, the determination procedure of the filling mode under the mining method is clarified. The SRPF method was implemented on a test stope, and the test results indicated that the theoretical deformation produced by the SRPF method was small and can meet the mining requirements. Through on-site test monitoring, the deformation of surrounding rock was 0–160 mm and the filling body under the SRPF method could maintain its own strength and the stability of the surrounding rock. In addition, entire successful mining been completed in the working stope, which further proves the applicability of this method. The backfilling cost of the gob-side filling was reduced by approximately 50%, and the backfilling efficiency was improved in the mine. The description of the novel mining method may provide theoretical and practical guidance for coal mining in similar geological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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15 pages, 5798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coal Mine Inclined Shaft Advanced Detection Method and Physical Model Test Based on Shield Cutterhead Moving Array Electrodes

by Shuanfeng Zhao, Mingle Wei, Chuanwei Zhang, Wei Guo and Zhengxiong Lu

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091671 - 2 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3883

Abstract

Using tunnel boring machine (TBM) to construct inclined shafts in coal mines has become the main way for large-scale coal mines to enter deep mining faces. However, some engineering disasters such as water in rush and rock burst will occur when TBM crosses [...] Read more.

Using tunnel boring machine (TBM) to construct inclined shafts in coal mines has become the main way for large-scale coal mines to enter deep mining faces. However, some engineering disasters such as water in rush and rock burst will occur when TBM crosses the aquifer and weak broken rock strata. For the sake of efficient tunneling and advanced optimization of the safety plan and supporting measures, it is critically important to detect the anomalous geological conditions in front of the driving face during the service of TBM. Based on the bore-tunneling electrical ahead monitoring (BEAM) system, this paper proposes a coal mine inclined shaft advanced detection method based on shield cutterhead moving array electrodes. First, as the BEAM system cannot image owing to its low utilization rate on spatial distribution information, a diversified excitation and measurement mode with the cutters on the cutterhead as the exciting electrode and measuring electrode is proposed to provide a calculation condition for inversion imaging of the geological condition in front of the driving face. Then, in order to improve the speed of inversion imaging, a virtual grounding electrode equivalent model is proposed to replace the original guard electrode model. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the method, the influence of the virtual grounding electrode on the inversion results at different positions is studied through a physical model test and a numerical inversion test. The results show that the method can better reflect the position of anomalous body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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16 pages, 5205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Control for Gob-Side Entry Retaining with Supercritical Retained Entry Width in Thick Coal Seam Longwall Mining

by Zizheng Zhang, Xianyang Yu, Hai Wu and Min Deng

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071375 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

Taking gob-side entry retaining with large mining height (GER-LMH) of the 4211 panel in the Liujiazhuang coal mine as the engineering background, a numerical simulation was conducted to study the surrounding rock deformation, stress, and plastic zone distribution of GER-LMH with respect to [...] Read more.

Taking gob-side entry retaining with large mining height (GER-LMH) of the 4211 panel in the Liujiazhuang coal mine as the engineering background, a numerical simulation was conducted to study the surrounding rock deformation, stress, and plastic zone distribution of GER-LMH with respect to retained entry width. The concept of critical retained entry width of GER-LMH was proposed. In view of the deformation characteristics of surrounding rock, an innovative approach to determine the critical width of GER-LMH based on the cusp catastrophe theory was proposed. The cusp catastrophe functions were set up by approximate roadside backfill body rib convergence and roof subsidence series with respect to different retained entry widths. The critical retained entry width of GER-LMH was 4.0 m according to bifurcation set equations. Surrounding rock stability control principle and technique of GER-LMH was proposed, including “rib strengthening and roof control”: road-in support with high pre-stress rockbolts and anchor cables, roadside backfill body construction technology with high-water quick consolidated filling materials and counter-pulled rockbolt, road-in reinforced support technology with hydraulic prop support and roof master. Field test and field monitoring results show that GER-LMH with supercritical retained entry width in the 4211 panel could meet the requirements for ventilation when the 4211 panel was retreating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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11 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Studies of Rock Bursts in Tectonic Areas with Facies Change

by Weiyao Guo, Qingheng Gu, Yunliang Tan and Shanchao Hu

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071330 - 8 Apr 2019

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3286

Abstract

Although tectonic areas with facies change (i.e., variation of coal seam thickness, coal seam dip angle, or coal quality) are one of the three major geological structures that induce rock bursts, case studies of rock bursts in these tectonic structures are rare. The [...] Read more.

Although tectonic areas with facies change (i.e., variation of coal seam thickness, coal seam dip angle, or coal quality) are one of the three major geological structures that induce rock bursts, case studies of rock bursts in these tectonic structures are rare. The main objective of this study is to illustrate this issue and provide case studies that may inspire future research. Based on several typical cases of rock bursts induced by tectonic areas with facies change, the conditions conducive for these bursts are introduced and investigated in detail. Subsequently, numerical simulation is performed, showing that stress concentration exists in regions with variable coal seam thicknesses or dip angle. When stoping or tunnelling approaches this region, the peak stress increases rapidly. Thus, the burst occurs via a mechanism involving the superposition of high in-situ stress from tectonic areas with facies change and abutment pressure from stoping or tunnelling, leading to high stress concentration. Strategies for mitigating rock bursts are also provided. Rock bursts induced by tectonic areas with facies change can be mitigated by avoiding regions of high tectonic stress concentration and reducing mining induced stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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10 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Inhibition Effect of Gas–Solid Two-Phase Inhibitors on Methane Explosion

by Yan Wang, Xiangqing Meng, Wentao Ji, Bei Pei, Chendi Lin, Hao Feng and Ligang Zheng

Energies 2019, 12(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030398 - 27 Jan 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3435

Abstract

In order to study the inhibition effect of gas–solid two-phase inhibitors on a methane explosion, the influence of these parameters was investigated and compared with that of single-phase inhibitors. The results show that the inhibition effect of gas–solid two-phase inhibitors on a methane [...] Read more.

In order to study the inhibition effect of gas–solid two-phase inhibitors on a methane explosion, the influence of these parameters was investigated and compared with that of single-phase inhibitors. The results show that the inhibition effect of gas–solid two-phase inhibitors on a methane explosion is better than the added effect of two single-phase inhibitors, indicating that a synergistic effect can be obtained by gas–solid two-phase inhibitors. The two-phase inhibitors which are composed of NaHCO₃ (BC) powders and inert gas have a better suppressing property than those composed of NH₄H₂PO₄ (ABC) powders and inert gas. The two-phase inhibitors composed of CO₂ and powders have a better suppressing property than those composed of N₂ and powders. The 9.5% premixed methane–air mixture can be completely inhibited by 0.10 g/L BC powders mixed with 8% CO₂. The suppression mechanisms of the gas–solid two-phase inhibitors on the methane explosion were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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14 pages, 9160 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Control Effects of Five Common Solid Waste Backfilling Materials on In Situ Strata of Gob

by Peng Huang, Sam Spearing, Feng Ju, Kashi Vishwanath Jessu, Zhongwei Wang and Pai Ning

Energies 2019, 12(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010154 - 2 Jan 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3376

Abstract

Solid backfill mining as a green mining method has already been successfully applied in many mine sites. Higher requirements for the backfilling materials have been put forward in special regions, such as shallow coal seams, ecologically susceptible areas, and sites with building on [...] Read more.

Solid backfill mining as a green mining method has already been successfully applied in many mine sites. Higher requirements for the backfilling materials have been put forward in special regions, such as shallow coal seams, ecologically susceptible areas, and sites with building on the surface. The control effects of common backfilling materials on in situ strata of gob need to be studied and compared to ensure the suitable materials are applied in the mine. The meso-structure, stress variation, energy dissipation, and backfilling effects of the five common solid backfilling materials, which are Aeolian sand, gangue, mineral waste residue, coal ash, and loess are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the Aeolian sand and gangue are densely packed and internally hard when compared to other backfill materials. The deformation of the five materials to absorb the same amount of energy in the order of higher to lower was determined as Aeolian sand, gangue, mineral waste residue, coal ash and loess. The Aeolian sand’s strain energy density is 1.67 times larger than the loess, however, the Aeolian’s strain energy density in front of working face is just 32.2% of the loess, which is important to ensure the safety of the working face. The stress changes were monitored in situ with Aeolian sand and gangue as backfill materials. The monitoring results show that the Aeolian sand stress increase rate is quicker than gangue, which can support the roof effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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12 pages, 3244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Movement and Evolution of Overburden Strata Under Reamer-Pillar Coal Mining Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Monitoring

by Chunde Piao, Shaogang Lei, Jiakun Yang and Lihong Sang

Energies 2019, 12(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010077 - 28 Dec 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2982

Abstract

Focusing on the deterioration of the surface ecological environment caused by large-scale exploitation of the Jurassic coal field in northern Shaanxi, the three-dimensional similar material test model is made to simulate the extraction of shallow coal seam. Using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) [...] Read more.

Focusing on the deterioration of the surface ecological environment caused by large-scale exploitation of the Jurassic coal field in northern Shaanxi, the three-dimensional similar material test model is made to simulate the extraction of shallow coal seam. Using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) optical fiber distributed sensing technology, this paper studied the strain distribution rule and movement characteristics of strata under reamer-pillar mining, analyzed the stability of the remaining coal pillars in the mining area, and obtained the strain contour graph of strata through calculations. The research result shows that the deformation of coal pillars in a safety-critical state under reamer-pillar mining experiences three stages. The stratum deformation is distributed in the shape of a pyramid with the mining area as the center. On the basis of the strain distribution of strata, the settlement curve and subsidence curve of strata deformation are determined to obtain the rupture angle and angle of draw. After being compared with the measured data, the angle values are almost the same. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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13 pages, 5213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cyclic Lateral Loading on the Compaction Behaviour of Waste Rock Backfill Materials in Coal Mines

by Meng Li, Jixiong Zhang, Baifu An, Deon M. Germain and Qianqian Xu

Energies 2019, 12(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010017 - 21 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3155

Abstract

Crushed waste rock (CWR) can be used as backfill for goafs allowing disposal of solid waste and control of surface subsidence. Waste rocks for backfilling (WRBs) have a certain density before use if cyclic lateral loads are applied to CWRs, therefore, by employing [...] Read more.

Crushed waste rock (CWR) can be used as backfill for goafs allowing disposal of solid waste and control of surface subsidence. Waste rocks for backfilling (WRBs) have a certain density before use if cyclic lateral loads are applied to CWRs, therefore, by employing a self-designed bidirectional loading test system for granular materials, the influence of the number of lateral loading cycles on the compaction characteristics of WRBs was explored. Through testing, changes in mechanical parameters of WRBs during lateral and axial loading were attained to analyse the influence of lateral loading on lateral strain, axial strain, porosity, and lateral pressure coefficient during their compaction. The test results showed that: (1) the lateral loading exerted a significant influence on the porosity, strain, and lateral pressure coefficient of crushed WRBs during lateral and axial loading; (2) under lateral load, the more cycles of lateral loading applied, the greater the lateral strain and the reduction in lateral porosity of samples; (3) during axial loading, for samples subjected to multiple cycles of lateral loading, owing to the porosity of WRBs having been decreased in advance to improve their density, the final axial strain was low; (4) after compaction, the particle size distributions of CWR samples after different numbers of cycles (1, 3, 5 and 7) of lateral loading all shifted upwards compared with those obtained before compaction, implying that rock particles were crushed. However, the number of cycles of lateral load did not affect crushing of particles before, and after, compaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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10 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Hazard of Endogenous Fires in Coal Mines—A Chemometric Approach

by Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter and Adam Smoliński

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113047 - 6 Nov 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

The most commonly used practice to assess fire hazard development in underground coal mines is based on the measurement of the concentration of selected gases in the mine’s air. The main goal of this study was present a strategy to monitor the gaseous [...] Read more.

The most commonly used practice to assess fire hazard development in underground coal mines is based on the measurement of the concentration of selected gases in the mine’s air. The main goal of this study was present a strategy to monitor the gaseous atmosphere in the mine in order to identify the onset of an endogenous fire in the coal seam. For that purpose, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied. The monitoring covers the measurements of concentration of CO, CO₂, H₂, O₂, N₂, and selected hydrocarbons, respectively throughout the whole of one year. The chemometric methods applied allow for effective exploration of the similarities between the studied samples collected both under fire hazard conditions and under safe conditions. Based on the constructed models, the groups of objects characterized with the highest content of ethylene, acetylene, propylene, and carbon monoxide were identified. These samples indicate the endogenic fire in coal mine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Coal Mining Techniques)

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