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Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2023) | Viewed by 14645

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Massimo Cardone

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: fluid machinery; internal combustion engine; mixed fuel
Dr. Bonaventura Gargiulo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: volumetric machines; hybrid engines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the exceptional scientific focus and economical effort, the transition between combustion-based and full electric propulsive engines will be long and intricate, especially in the aeronautical field. Internal combustion engines (ICE) will still play a fundamental role in the coming years both as traditional engines and as part of hybrid power trains for all propulsive applications (automotive, marine, aeronautical).

The Guest Editors are inviting submissions to this Special Issue to appear in Energies dedicated to “Advances of ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence, and Combustion Features for HEV Applications”. Both the increasingly-strict pollutant emission standards and the ICE hybridization philosophy raise new challenges for the design and management of the last generation ICE for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) applications. The use of innovative green fuels (e.g. biodiesel), dual-fuel engines, and mixed fuel systems further amplify previously mentioned challenges, yet represent valuable innovative routes to be explored.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

  • Spark ignition and compression ignition ICE for HEV
  • ICE management adaptation to hybrid control strategies
  • Alternative fuels for HEV
  • Dual fuel and mixed fuel ICE

Prof. Dr. Massimo Cardone
Dr. Bonaventura Gargiulo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internal combustion engines
  • Direct injection systems
  • Bio-fuel combustion
  • Dual fuel engines
  • Engine control strategy
  • Power trains for HEV

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2630 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Propulsion in SI Engines for New Generation Motorcycles: A Numerical-Experimental Approach to Assess Power Requirements and Emission Performance
by Paolo Iodice, Enrico Fornaro and Massimo Cardone
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6312; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176312 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1402
Abstract
Worldwide mopeds and motorcycles are taking on a growing main role in private mobility with a direct impact on air pollution, particularly in urban contexts of many Asian and European countries. In a preceding experimental investigation, HC and CO emissions were measured in [...] Read more.
Worldwide mopeds and motorcycles are taking on a growing main role in private mobility with a direct impact on air pollution, particularly in urban contexts of many Asian and European countries. In a preceding experimental investigation, HC and CO emissions were measured in the exhaust of a last-generation motorcycle belonging to the Euro-3 legislative category. Since exhaust emissions and fuel consumption are very sensitive to variations in vehicles instantaneous speed and acceleration, in this research new experimental results are used to recognize the kinematic parameters that cause higher engine-out emissions. In this paper, the hybrid electric propulsion is proposed for motorcycle application to reduce exhaust emissions in particular driving conditions which include high levels of acceleration with resultant rapid steep increase in engine speed. In such operating conditions, an enrichment of the air/fuel mixture is required, which affects the catalyst conversion efficiency. Subsequently, the power requirements and the grade of electrical assistance in such driving situations are calculated by a procedure based on both the measured exhaust emissions and the kinematic parameters of the driving dynamics collected during the experimental tests. Lastly, the share of CO and HC emissions that could be saved utilizing a hybrid motorcycle instead of a conventional thermal motorcycle is estimated through a specific environmental analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications)
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31 pages, 5976 KiB  
Article
Efficiency Advantages of the Separated Electric Compound Propulsion System for CNG Hybrid Vehicles
by Emiliano Pipitone and Salvatore Caltabellotta
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8481; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248481 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
As is widely known, internal combustion engines are not able to complete the expansion process of the gas inside the cylinder, causing theoretical energy losses in the order of 20%. Several systems and methods have been proposed and implemented to recover the unexpanded [...] Read more.
As is widely known, internal combustion engines are not able to complete the expansion process of the gas inside the cylinder, causing theoretical energy losses in the order of 20%. Several systems and methods have been proposed and implemented to recover the unexpanded gas energy, such as turbocharging, which partially exploits this energy to compress the fresh intake charge, or turbo-mechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, where the amount of unexpanded gas energy not used by the compressor is dedicated to propulsion or is transformed into electric energy. In all of these cases, however, maximum efficiency improvements between 4% and 9% have been achieved. In this work, the authors deal with an alternative propulsion system composed of a CNG-fueled spark ignition engine equipped with a turbine-generator specifically dedicated to unexpanded exhaust gas energy recovery and with a separated electrically driven turbocompressor. The system was conceived specifically for hybrid propulsion architectures, with the electric energy produced by the turbine generator being easily storable in the on-board energy storage system and re-usable for vehicle traction. The proposed separated electric turbo-compound system has not been studied in the scientific literature, nor have its benefits ever been analyzed. In this paper, the performances of the analyzed turbo-compound system are evaluated and compared with a traditional reference turbocharged engine from a hybrid application perspective. It is demonstrated that separated electric compounding has great potential, with promising overall efficiency advantages: fuel consumption reductions of up to 15% are estimated for the same power output level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications)
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24 pages, 6223 KiB  
Article
CFD Study and Experimental Validation of a Dual Fuel Engine: Effect of Engine Speed
by Roberta De Robbio, Maria Cristina Cameretti, Ezio Mancaruso, Raffaele Tuccillo and Bianca Maria Vaglieco
Energies 2021, 14(14), 4307; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144307 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
Dual fuel engines induce benefits in terms of pollutant emissions of PM and NOx together with carbon dioxide reduction and being powered by natural gas (mainly methane) characterized by a low C/H ratio. Therefore, using natural gas (NG) in diesel engines can [...] Read more.
Dual fuel engines induce benefits in terms of pollutant emissions of PM and NOx together with carbon dioxide reduction and being powered by natural gas (mainly methane) characterized by a low C/H ratio. Therefore, using natural gas (NG) in diesel engines can be a viable solution to reevaluate this type of engine and to prevent its disappearance from the automotive market, as it is a well-established technology in both energy and transportation fields. It is characterized by high performance and reliability. Nevertheless, further improvements are needed in terms of the optimization of combustion development, a more efficient oxidation, and a more efficient exploitation of gaseous fuel energy. To this aim, in this work, a CFD numerical methodology is described to simulate the processes that characterize combustion in a light-duty diesel engine in dual fuel mode by analyzing the effects of the changes in engine speed on the interaction between fluid-dynamics and chemistry as well as when the diesel/natural gas ratio changes at constant injected diesel amount. With the aid of experimental data obtained at the engine test bench on an optically accessible research engine, models of a 3D code, i.e., KIVA-3V, were validated. The ability to view images of OH distribution inside the cylinder allowed us to better model the complex combustion phenomenon of two fuels with very different burning characteristics. The numerical results also defined the importance of this free radical that characterizes the areas with the greatest combustion activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications)
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16 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
Modelling and Experimental Validation of a Hybrid Electric Propulsion System for Light Aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
by Massimo Cardone, Bonaventura Gargiulo and Enrico Fornaro
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3969; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133969 - 1 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3061
Abstract
This article presents a numerical model of an aeronautical hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS) based on an energy method. This model is designed for HEPS with a total power of 100 kW in a parallel configuration intended for ultralight aircraft and unmanned aerial [...] Read more.
This article presents a numerical model of an aeronautical hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS) based on an energy method. This model is designed for HEPS with a total power of 100 kW in a parallel configuration intended for ultralight aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The model involves the interaction between the internal combustion engine (ICE), the electric motor (EM), the lithium battery and the aircraft propeller. This paper also describes an experimental setup that can reproduce some flight phases, or entire missions, for the reference aircraft class. The experimental data, obtained by reproducing two different take-offs, were used for model validation. The model can also simulate anomalous operating conditions. Therefore, the tests chosen for the model validation are characterized by the EM flux weakening (“de-fluxing”). This model is particularly suitable for preliminary stages of design when it is necessary to characterize the hybrid system architecture. Moreover, this model helps with the choice of the main components (e.g., ICE, EM, and transmission gear ratio). The results of the investigation conducted for different battery voltages and EM transmission ratios are shown for the same mission. Despite the highly simplified model, the average margin of error between the experimental and simulated results was generally under 5%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications)
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Review

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18 pages, 4584 KiB  
Review
Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions
by Paolo Iodice and Massimo Cardone
Energies 2021, 14(13), 4034; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14134034 - 4 Jul 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5022
Abstract
Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions [...] Read more.
Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ICE In-Cylinder Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Features for HEV Applications)
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