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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2024) | Viewed by 20143

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Prof. Dr. Yong Li

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Guest Editor

College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Interests: power system stability analysis and control; energy conversion systems and equipment; analysis and control of power quality; HVDC and FACTS technologies
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Dr. Weiyu Wang

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
Interests: stability analysis and control of hybrid AC/DC power systems; advanced control of renewable energies; cooperative control of multi-converters
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Dr. Junjie Ma

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Guest Editor

School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China
Interests: stability analysis of renewable power systems; advanced control in energy storage systems; big data analysis of modern power systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the structure of power systems has been rapidly altered due to the integration of power electronics-interfaced devices (PED), such as renewable energy sources (RES), HVDC links, energy storage devices (ES) and electrical vehicles (EV). Power systems with PEDs can operate in a more effective, economical, and flexible manner. However, the dynamic characteristics of these systems have also been drastically changed by PEDs, which introduce considerable challenges associated with system stability issues in several aspects. The integration of RESs and EVs reduces the rotating inertia of power systems and leads to a stochastic generation–supply balance, which exerts a greater pressure on frequency and voltage stability. Furthermore, complicated interactions between different devices are more prevalent than ever before due to the nonlinearities and multi-time scale dynamics of PEDs. Consequently, apart from conventional stability issues, modern power systems are also prone to wide-band oscillations and the chaos phenomenon, and sometimes even a small disturbance could lead to cascading failures. Uncertainties, nonlinearity, and multi-time scale dynamics make it more difficult to ensure the stability of modern power systems. Therefore, advanced analysis and control methodologies are required to reveal the stability mechanisms and guarantee system stability.

Understanding the mechanisms of multi-time scale interactions would significantly aid the stability control of modern power systems. In recent years, many advanced analysis techniques have been carried out and applied in power systems with a high penetration of PEDs, based on linear/nonlinear system theories or data-driven methods. With knowledge of the interaction and stability mechanisms, advanced control strategies can be designed to reduce adverse interactions and coordinate multiple devices to secure system stability. This Special Issue is devoted to collecting original contributions with state-of-the-art findings that cover advances in power system stability analysis and control from universities and industry. The potential topics of papers are summarized as the following:

Stability analysis of modern power systems under stochastic operations;
Nonlinear analysis and control techniques of power systems;
Interaction mechanism between different devices;
Wide-band oscillation mechanism and damping controller;
Distributed cooperative control of multiple converters;
Inertia support and frequency regulation of power systems;
Frequency and voltage stability control of microgrids;
Data-driven analysis and control methods of power systems;
Stability control of HVDC and FACTS;
Grid-friendly control of renewable energies;
Emergent power support from energy storage

Prof. Dr. Yong Li
Dr. Weiyu Wang
Dr. Junjie Ma
Guest Editors

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Keywords

stability analysis
nonlinear system theory
interaction mechanism
multi-time scale interaction
wide-band oscillation
stability control
damping control
distributed cooperative control
inertia support
frequency and voltage stability control
data-driven control

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Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems: 2nd Edition in Energies

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Research

20 pages, 3856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Self-Recovery Ignition Protection Circuit for High-Voltage Power Supply System Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm

by Jingyi Zhu, Wanlu Zhu, Haifeng Wei and Yi Zhang

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6332; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246332 - 16 Dec 2024

Viewed by 523

Abstract

In order to solve the problems of traditional high-voltage power supply ignition protection circuits, such as non-essential start–stop power supply, a slow response speed, the system needing to be restarted manually, and so on, a high-voltage power supply system self-recovery ignition protection circuit was designed using an IGWO (improved grey wolf optimization) and PID control strategy designed to speed up the response speed, and improve the reliability and stability of the system. In high-voltage power supply operation, the firing discharge phenomenon occurs. Current transformers fire signal into a current signal through the firing voltage value and Zener diode voltage comparison to set the safety threshold; when the threshold is exceeded, the fire protection mechanism is activated, reducing the power supply voltage output to protect the high-voltage power supply system. When the ignition signal disappears, based on the IGWO-PID control of the ignition self-recovery circuit according to the feedback voltage, the DC supply voltage of the high-voltage power supply is adjusted, inhibiting the ignition discharge and, according to the ignition signal, “segmented” to restore the output of the initial voltage. MATLAB/Simulink was used to establish a system simulation model and physical platform test. The results show that the protection effect of the designed scheme is an improvement, in line with the needs of practical work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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11 pages, 2142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decentralized Robust Power System Stabilization Using Ellipsoid-Based Sliding Mode Control

by Ehab H. E. Bayoumi, Hisham M. Soliman and Farag A. El-Sheikhi

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4249; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174249 - 25 Aug 2024

Viewed by 973

Abstract

Power systems are naturally prone to numerous uncertainties. Power system functioning is inherently unpredictable, which makes the networks susceptible to instability. Rotor-angle instability is a critical problem that, if not effectively resolved, may result in a series of failures and perhaps cause blackouts (collapse). The issue of state feedback sliding mode control (SMC) for the excitation system is addressed in this work. Control is decentralized by splitting the global system into several subsystems. The effect of the rest of the system on a particular subsystem is considered a disturbance. The next step is to build the state feedback controller with the disturbance attenuation level in mind to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The algorithm for SMC design is introduced. It is predicated on choosing the sliding surface correctly using the invariant ellipsoid approach. According to the control architecture, the system motion in the sliding mode is guaranteed to only be minorly affected by mismatched disturbances in power systems. Furthermore, the proposed controllers are expressed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) using the Lyapunov theory. Lastly, an IEEE test system is used to illustrate how successful the suggested approach is. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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23 pages, 15440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Handling and Localization Strategy Based on Waveform Characteristics Recognition with Coordination of Peterson Coil and Resistance Grounding Method

by Zhengyang Li, Yijia Cao, Chun Chen, Yansha Li and Jinglu Li

Energies 2024, 17(14), 3510; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143510 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 716

Abstract

To address challenges in locating high-impedance grounding faults (HIGFs) and isolating fault areas in resonant grounding systems, this paper proposes a novel fault identification method based on coordinating a Peterson coil and a resistance grounding system. This method ensures power supply reliability by extinguishing the fault arc during transient faults with the Peterson coil. When a fault is determined to be permanent, the neutral point switches to a resistance grounding mode, ensuring regular distribution of zero-sequence currents in the network, thereby addressing the challenges of HIGF localization and fault area isolation. Fault calibration and nature determination rely on recognizing neutral point displacement voltage waveforms and dynamic characteristics, eliminating interference from asymmetric phase voltage variations. Fault area identification involves assessing the polarity of zero-sequence current waveforms attenuation during grounding mode switching, preventing misjudgments in grounding protection due to random initial fault angles and Peterson coil compensation states. Field experiments validate the feasibility of this fault location method and its control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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19 pages, 5006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inertia Identification and Analysis for High-Power-Electronic-Penetrated Power System Based on Measurement Data

by Zhentao Xu, Junjie Ma, Yousong Gao, Yong Li, Haifeng Yu and Lu Wang

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104101 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1299

Abstract

With the gradual increases in the use of wind power and photovoltaic generation, the penetration rate of power electronics has increased in recent years. The inertia characteristics of power-electronic-based power sources are different from those of synchronous generators, making the evaluation of inertia difficult. In this paper, the inertia characteristics of power-electronic-based power sources are analyzed. A measurement-based inertia identification method for power-electronic-based power sources, as well as for high-power-electronic-penetrated power systems, is proposed by fitting the frequency and power data. The inertia characteristics of different control strategies and corresponding control parameters are discussed in a case study. It was proven that the inertia provided by power-electronic-based power sources can be much higher than that provided by a synchronous generator of the same capacity. It was also proven that the inertia provided by power-electronic-based power sources is not a constant value, but changes along with the output power of the sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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16 pages, 4121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Automated and Interpretable Machine Learning Scheme for Power System Transient Stability Assessment

by Fang Liu, Xiaodi Wang, Ting Li, Mingzeng Huang, Tao Hu, Yunfeng Wen and Yunche Su

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041956 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2041

Abstract

Many repeated manual feature adjustments and much heuristic parameter tuning are required during the debugging of machine learning (ML)-based transient stability assessment (TSA) of power systems. Furthermore, the results produced by ML-based TSA are often not explainable. This paper handles both the automation and interpretability issues of ML-based TSA. An automated machine learning (AutoML) scheme is proposed which consists of auto-feature selection, CatBoost, Bayesian optimization, and performance evaluation. CatBoost, as a new ensemble ML method, is implemented to achieve fast, scalable, and high performance for online TSA. To enable faster deployment and reduce the heavy dependence on human expertise, auto-feature selection and Bayesian optimization, respectively, are introduced to automatically determine the best input features and optimal hyperparameters. Furthermore, to help operators understand the prediction of stable/unstable TSA, an interpretability analysis based on the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), is embedded into both offline and online phases of the AutoML framework. Test results on IEEE 39-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, and a practical large-scale power system, demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves more accurate and certain appropriate trust solutions while saving a substantial amount of time in comparison to other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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23 pages, 4671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Definition of Power Grid Strength and Its Calculation Methods for Power Systems with High Proportion Nonsynchronous-Machine Sources

by Zheng Xu, Nan Zhang, Zheren Zhang and Ying Huang

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041842 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5677

Abstract

This paper studies the definition and calculation method of power grid strength in the environment of high-proportion nonsynchronous-machine sources, focusing on the effect of nonsynchronous-machine sources on voltage support strength and frequency support strength. By dividing the nonsynchronous-machine sources into four types, the equivalent circuits of each type under normal state and fault state are derived, respectively. Based on the Thevenin equivalent impedance of the power grid and the equivalent impedance of the connected device, the definition and calculation method of voltage support strength is given, and the new meaning of single-infeed short-circuit ratio and multi-infeed short-circuit ratio in the context of high proportion nonsynchronous-machine sources is presented. Based on the initial frequency change rate and the steady-state frequency deviation of any node in the power grid under the maximum expected active power disturbance, the equivalent inertia lifting factor and steady-state frequency deviation decreasing factor are defined, respectively, to describe the contribution of nonsynchronous-machine sources to the power grid frequency support strength, and the calculation methods of the equivalent inertia lifting factor and the steady-state frequency deviation decreasing factor are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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15 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Semi-Scheduling Mode of Multi-Energy System Considering Risk–Utility in Day-Ahead Market

by Xian Yang, Ye Cai, Yijia Cao, Shaowei Duan, Liang Tang and Zhijian Jia

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8147; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218147 - 1 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1658

Abstract

The large-scale development of renewable energy has an urgent demand for an adjustable power supply. For a multi-energy system with multiple types of heterogeneous power sources, including wind power, photovoltaic (PV) power, hydropower, thermal power and pumped storage, a novel semi-scheduling mode and a solution method were proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the load and the reserve demand during the peak load period, the semi-scheduling mode was adopted to determine the start-up combination of thermal power units. Furthermore, by predicting the generating/pumping power, the working state of pumped storage units was determined to realize the independent solution of discrete integer variables. Secondly, the risk–utility function was constructed to quantify the attitude of pumped storage towards the uncertainty of renewable energy output, which completed the quotation and clearing of the pumped storage in the ancillary service market. Finally, by taking the minimum total quotation cost as the objective, the wind–solar–hydro- thermal-pumped storage coordinated (WSHTPC) model was built in the day-ahead market. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model were verified through the simulation of a typical day with different renewable energy penetration rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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14 pages, 2704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Evolution Model of the Communication Network for Reducing Outage Risk of Power Cyber-Physical System

by Yuchen Fang, Xiafei Tang, Li Tang, Yang Chen and Weiyu Wang

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7876; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217876 - 24 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1494

Abstract

The deep integration of power grids and communication networks is the basis for realizing the complete observability and controllability of power grids. The communication node or link is always built according to the physical nodes. This step is alternatively known as “designing with the same power tower”. However, the communication networks do not form a “one-to-one correspondence” relationship with the power physical network. The existing theory cannot be applied to guide the practical power grid planning. In this paper, a local evolution model of a communication network based on the physical power grid topology is proposed in terms of reconnection probabilities. Firstly, the construction and upgrading of information nodes and links are modeled by the reconnection probabilities. Then, the power flow entropy is employed to identify whether the power cyber-physical system (CPS) is at the self-organized state, indicating the high probability of cascading failures. In addition, on the basis of the cascading failure propagation model of the partially dependent power CPS, operation reliabilities of the power CPS are compared with different reconnection probabilities using the cumulative probability of load loss as the reliable index. In the end, a practical provincial power grid is analyzed as an example. It is shown that the ability of the power CPS to resist cascading failures can be improved by the local growth evolution model of the communication networks. The ability is greater when the probability of reconnection is p = 0.06. By updating or constructing new links, the change in power flow entropy can be effectively reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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18 pages, 7944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Stability Control Based on Angular Indexes from Stationary Analysis

by Gabriel J. Lopez, Jorge W. González, Idi A. Isaac, Hugo A. Cardona and Oscar H. Vasco

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197255 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1876

Abstract

This paper presents a novel methodology for the calculation of angular indexes of an electrical system from stationary analysis, using load flow and nose curves (P–V) in each of the buses of the system to perform control actions and preserve or improve voltage stability. The control actions are proposed considering a novel method based on the concepts of the cutset angle (CA) and center of angle (COA). The target is a fast estimation of voltage-stability margins through an appropriate angular characterization of the whole system and for each load bus with a complete network and N-1 contingency criteria. The most significant enhancement is that the angular characterization is based on the COA, which is related to the angular dynamics of the system, and indirectly reflects the inertia and the respective angles of the generator rotor, as well as the impact on the angular equivalent-system model. Simulations showed that the COA is an important index to determine the location of occurrence of the events. The COA can also help aim where control actions, like the amount of load shedding, should be carried out to remedy the voltage problems. The proposed method is assessed and tested in the benchmark IEEE 39-bus system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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21 pages, 2923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Classification of the 330 kV Nigerian Power Network Using a New Voltage Stability Pointer

by Tayo Uthman Badrudeen, Funso Kehinde Ariyo, Saheed Lekan Gbadamosi and Nnamdi I. Nwulu

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7247; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197247 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

The incessant power outages that characterize the Nigerian power network (NGP), as in all developing countries, are not limited to the shortage of fuel for power generation. However, differential power shortages between the generated power and the load demand are alarming. In this study, we propose a new voltage stability pointer (NVSP) based on a reduced one-line power network to act as a classifier. The NVSP was trained with a support vector machine (SVM) using a medium Gaussian kernel classification toolbox (mGkCT) in the MATLAB environment. This classification is based on the power network susceptibility to voltage instability. NGP 28-bus 330 kV data were extracted and modeled in the MATLAB environment and tested with the NVSP-mGkCT classifier. The NVSP-mGkCT was able to classify the lines viz. stable and unstable lines for the base and contingency cases. Similarly, the linear load dynamics and non-linear load dynamics were evaluated on the basis of critical buses using the NVSP. The aim of this work was to help the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) and the National Control Centre (NCC) to be pre-emptive with respect to possible voltage collapse due to voltage instability. The simulation results show that NVSP was able to flag vulnerable lines in the NGP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stability Analysis and Control of Power Systems)

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