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Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I2: Energy and Combustion Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 8432

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Dr. Joonsik Hwang

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Mechanical Engineering & Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems (CAVS), Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
Interests: optical diagnostics of thermal fluids; air–fuel mixing; spray breakup; plasma ignition; alternative fuels; lean-burn
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Internal combustion engines are achieving high-efficiency clean emissions thanks to advances in novel experimental and CFD modelling. Even though some level of electrification of vehicle system is inevitable, we believe the internal combustion engine will be the primary power source for transportation system in the future. Based on recent understandings of spray and combustion process in the engine, it is believed thermal efficiency over 50% can be accomplished. Many of fundamental studies related to high-speed optical imaging on internal/external nozzle flow, advance diagnostics using laser and x-ray and 3D computational modelling have been carried out to support engine design and development.

This special issue invites contributions from both experimental and computational approaches in the topic of fuel sprays and combustion characterization for internal combustion engines. This topic is applied in the field of conventional automotive engine, gas turbine, and rig test under relevant ambient conditions. Both original research paper as well as review article are welcome.

Dr. Joonsik Hwang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Gasoline/diesel engines
Gas turbines
Ignition
Plasma-assisted combustion
Alternative fuels
Internal nozzle flow
Multi-phase flow
Fuel sprays
Micro/macroscopic spray visualization
High-speed optical imaging
Laser/X-ray diagnostics
Spray/combustion modelling
RANS/LES simulation
Droplet measurement
Spray breakup
Soot measurement

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 9215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breakup Mechanism of a Jet in the L-Shape Crossflow of a Gas Turbine Combustor

by Myeung Hwan Choi, Jeongwoo An and Jaye Koo

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093360 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

Experimental investigations are conducted to determine the mechanism and characteristics of a jet in an L-shape crossflow simulating the radial swirl injector of a lean premixed-prevaporized (LPP) combustor. To simplify the radial flow of the actual injector while ignoring the centrifugal effect, the L-shaped 2D-channel is used for the crossflow, and water is used as a fuel simulant. The jet breakup is captured using a high-speed camera, and the density gradient magnitude is post-processed to clarify the spray. The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray is measured via a laser diffraction method with a helium–neon laser optical system (HELOS). The characteristics of the jet in the L-shape crossflow are compared with the characteristics of the jet in a typical crossflow through the flat channel. The results for different outlet heights of the L-shape channel (

H / d_{0}

) and different injector positions (

L / d_{0}

) are presented. A dimensionless number (

τ

) consisting of a time ratio is introduced to describe the jet characteristics. In a previous work, the spraying tendency was demonstrated for different injector positions. In addition, the effect of the recirculation area on

H / d_{0}

was empirically shown.

H / d_{0}

determines the size of the recirculation area, and the range of τ determines the jet breakup mechanism inside the L-shape channel. The results of this study present the breakup mechanism of the jet in the L-shape channel flow, which simulates a jet in a radial swirler injector for gas turbine engines. It is expected that these results can be used to assist in designing gas turbine engines with more combustion efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines)

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16 pages, 10243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Multi-Stage Split Injection on Efficiency and Emissions of Light-Duty Diesel Engine

by Seungwoo Kang, Sanguk Lee and Choongsik Bae

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2219; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062219 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

The efficiency of light-duty diesel engines should be improved for further emissions regulation. Multi-stage split injection with five injection events was investigated for improvement in efficiency at low-load conditions. The injection timing and quantity were adjusted to achieve a smooth in-cylinder pressure rise and continuous heat release. The multi-stage split injection was compared to injection strategies involving two-pilot and single-main injections. A 0.5 L single-cylinder diesel engine experiment was conducted under low-load conditions. Two multi-stage split injection processes with different combustion phases were developed. The multi-stage split injections yielded a smooth in-cylinder pressure trace and a lower peak heat release rate than the two-pilot injection process. The combustion duration was shorter for multi-stage split injection with an advanced combustion phase, and the fuel consumption was reduced by 1.78% with lower heat transfer, exhaust heat, and combustion loss. The multi-stage split injection flame penetration was shorter than the two-pilot injections. The shorter flame penetration and lower tip velocity reduced the heat transfer to the combustion chamber. The PM emissions were also reduced by 30% under the same NOx emissions, because increased PM oxidation and divided fuel injection prevented flame diffusion and improved air utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines)

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22 pages, 9417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Divided Exhaust Period in a High Efficiency TGDI Engine

by Heechang Oh, Dongwon Jung, Jinwook Son, Soohyung Woo, David Roth, Jerry Song, Youngmyung Kweon and Joonsik Hwang

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6343; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196343 - 4 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1549

Abstract

The divided exhaust period (DEP) concept was applied to a high-efficiency gasoline engine and its impact on various engine performance aspects were investigated. To this end, key design parameters of DEP components were optimized through 1-D engine simulation. The designed DEP components were fabricated and experimental verification was performed through an engine dynamometer test. The developed DEP engine shows suitable performance for electrified vehicles, with a maximum thermal efficiency of 42.5% as well as a wide sweet spot area of efficiency over 40%. The improvement in thermal efficiency was mainly due to a reduction in pumping loss. Notably, the reduction in pumping loss was achieved under high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) flow conditions, where further improvements in fuel consumption could be achieved through a synergistic combination of DEP implementation and high dilution combustion. Furthermore, a significantly improved catalyst light-off time, uncharacteristic in turbocharged engines, was confirmed through a simulated cold-start catalyst heating engine test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines)

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18 pages, 3510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Cavitation and Friction-Induced Heating Effects of Diesel Fuel during the Needle Valve Early Opening Stages for Discharge Pressures up to 450 MPa

by Konstantinos Kolovos, Phoevos Koukouvinis, Robert M. McDavid and Manolis Gavaises

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102923 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2331

Abstract

An investigation of the fuel heating, vapor formation, and cavitation erosion location patterns inside a five-hole common rail diesel fuel injector, occurring during the early opening period of the needle valve (from 2 μm to 80 μm), discharging at pressures of up to 450 MPa, is presented. Numerical simulations were performed using the explicit density-based solver of the compressible Navier–Stokes (NS) and energy conservation equations. The flow solver was combined with tabulated property data for a four-component diesel fuel surrogate, derived from the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EoS), which allowed for a significant amount of the fuel’s physical and transport properties to be quantified. The Wall Adapting Local Eddy viscosity (WALE) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model was used to resolve sub-grid scale turbulence, while a cell-based mesh deformation arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation was used for modelling the injector’s needle valve movement. Friction-induced heating was found to increase significantly when decreasing the pressure. At the same time, the Joule–Thomson cooling effect was calculated for up to 25 degrees K for the local fuel temperature drop relative to the fuel’s feed temperature. The extreme injection pressures induced fuel jet velocities in the order of 1100 m/s, affecting the formation of coherent vortical flow structures into the nozzle’s sac volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines)

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Experimental/Computational Analysis of Spray and Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines

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