Energies

Research

12 pages, 1715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production Concepts for Inductive Power Transfer Systems for Vehicles

by Alexander Kuehl, Maximilian Kneidl, Johannes Seefried, Michael Masuch, Michael Weigelt and Joerg Franke

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7911; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217911 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

The option of wireless energy transmission in electric vehicles can become the main market driver for electric vehicles due to its distinct advantages, such as range, weight, or costs, over conventional conductive charging solutions. In addition to the great potential, which different research [...] Read more.

The option of wireless energy transmission in electric vehicles can become the main market driver for electric vehicles due to its distinct advantages, such as range, weight, or costs, over conventional conductive charging solutions. In addition to the great potential, which different research work and realized systems have already shown, there are new requirements for the associated production networks in the automotive industry which must be addressed at an early stage. Furthermore, no solutions currently exist for the industrial production of these components. This paper presents the main components for the feasibility of wireless power transmission in electric vehicles. In addition, the required value chains and processes for the new components of the inductive power transfer systems, and the final assembly for induction coils, which has been developed at the FAU, will be presented. These include the developing of a winding process on a 15-axis special machine, ultrasonic crimping of the litz wire ends, and vacuum potting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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25 pages, 8637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Planning Inductive Charging Infrastructures for Electric Service Vehicles on Airport Aprons

by Niklas Pöch, Inka Nozinski, Justine Broihan and Stefan Helber

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6510; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186510 - 6 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Dynamic inductive charging is a contact-free technology to provide electric vehicles with energy while they are in motion, thus eliminating the need to conductively charge the batteries of those vehicles and, hence, the required vehicle downtimes. Airport aprons of commercial airports are potential [...] Read more.

Dynamic inductive charging is a contact-free technology to provide electric vehicles with energy while they are in motion, thus eliminating the need to conductively charge the batteries of those vehicles and, hence, the required vehicle downtimes. Airport aprons of commercial airports are potential systems to employ this charging technology to reduce aviation-induced CO₂ emissions. To date, many vehicles operating on airport aprons are equipped with internal combustion engines burning diesel fuel, hence contributing to CO₂ emissions and the global warming problem. However, airport aprons exhibit specific features that might make dynamic inductive charging technologies particularly interesting. It turns out that using this technology leads to some strategic infrastructure design questions for airport aprons about the spatial allocation of the required system components. In this paper, we experimentally analyze these design questions to explore under which conditions we can expect the resulting mathematical optimization problems to be relatively hard or easy to be solved, respectively, as well as the achievable solution quality. To this end, we report numerical results on a large-scale numerical study reflecting different types of spatial structures of terminals and airport aprons as they can be found at real-world airports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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15 pages, 3262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Wireless Charging System Connected to the AC Grid for an E-Bike

by Emin Yildiriz and Murat Bayraktar

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124262 - 9 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2375

Abstract

This paper aims to design an IPT for wireless charging of an e-bike and to control the charge of the e-bike from the primary-side. Optimum IPT design has been made according to the 36 V battery bank requirements. The no-load condition test has [...] Read more.

This paper aims to design an IPT for wireless charging of an e-bike and to control the charge of the e-bike from the primary-side. Optimum IPT design has been made according to the 36 V battery bank requirements. The no-load condition test has been performed before charging started in the IPT system connected to the AC grid. The primary-side DC-link voltage of 4–5 V required for this test is provided by the designed forward converter. The charge control has been also made from the forward converter on the primary-side. For this, the forward converter’s operation in peak current mode (PCM) has been used. Finally, a prototype has been implemented that works at a maximum DC/DC efficiency of 87.52% in full alignment and 83.63% in 3 cm misalignment. The proposed control algorithm has been tested in this prototype at different load stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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29 pages, 6635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Proposed Controllable Crowbar for a Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance Generator, a Grid-Integrated Wind Turbine

by Mahmoud Rihan, Mahmoud Nasrallah, Barkat Hasanin and Adel El-Shahat

Energies 2022, 15(11), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113894 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1381

Abstract

Brushless doubly fed reluctance generators (BDFRGs) are hopeful generators for using inside variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs), as these generators introduce a promising economical value because of their lower manufacturing and maintenance costs besides their higher reliability. For integrating WT generators, global networks [...] Read more.

Brushless doubly fed reluctance generators (BDFRGs) are hopeful generators for using inside variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs), as these generators introduce a promising economical value because of their lower manufacturing and maintenance costs besides their higher reliability. For integrating WT generators, global networks codes require enabling these generators to stay connected under grid disturbances. The behavior of the BDFRG is strongly affected by grid disturbances, due to the small rating of the used partial power converters, as these converters cannot withstand high faults currents which leads to quick tripping of BDFRG. VSWTs can be safeguarded against faults using the crowbar. Usually, the conventual crowbar is shunt connected across the converter to protect it, but this configuration leads to absorbing reactive power with huge amounts from the grid, leading for more voltage decaying and more power system stability deterioration. This study proposes a simpler self-controllable crowbar to enhance the ability of the BDFRG to remain in service under faults. The operation technique of the proposed crowbar is compared to other crowbar operation techniques, the effectiveness of the proposed system would be analyzed. Through the simulation results and behavior analysis, the proposed crowbar technique demonstrates a decent improvement in the conduct of the studied system under faults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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20 pages, 8528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Phase Universal Power Compensator with an Equal VAR Sharing Approach

by Nishant Patnaik, Richa Pandey, Raavi Satish, Balamurali Surakasi, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz and Adel El-Shahat

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103769 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1361

Abstract

In this manuscript, we propose a single-phase UPC (universal power compensator) system to extensively tackle power quality issues (voltage and current) with an equal VAR (volt-ampere reactive) sharing approach between the series and shunt APF (active power filter) of a UPC system. The [...] Read more.

In this manuscript, we propose a single-phase UPC (universal power compensator) system to extensively tackle power quality issues (voltage and current) with an equal VAR (volt-ampere reactive) sharing approach between the series and shunt APF (active power filter) of a UPC system. The equal VAR sharing feature facilitates the series and shunt APF inverters to be of an equal rating. An SRF (synchronous reference frame)-based direct PA (power angle) calculation technique is implemented to realize equal VAR sharing between the APFs of the UPC. This PA estimation utilizes d and q axis current parameters derived for the reference signal generation of the shunt APF. An SRF-based method is highly useful for power estimations in distorted supply voltage conditions compared with other conventional methods, i.e., the PQ method. It comprises a reduced complexity and estimations with an easiness to retain two APF inverters of equal rating. A rigorous simulation analysis is performed with MATLAB/SIMULINK and a real-time digital simulator (OPAL-RT) for addressing different power quality-disturbing elements such as current harmonics, voltage harmonics, voltage sag/swell and load VAR demand with the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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17 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Social, Economic, Political and Technical Factors Significant to the Success of Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems through a Process of Stakeholder Engagement

by Shamala Gadgil, Karthikeyan Ekambaram, Huw Davies, Andrew Jones and Stewart Birrell

Energies 2022, 15(3), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030930 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

Globally and regionally, there is an increasing impetus to electrify the road transport system. The diversity and complexity of the road transport system pose several challenges to electrification in sectors that have higher energy usage requirements. Electric road systems (ERS) have the potential [...] Read more.

Globally and regionally, there is an increasing impetus to electrify the road transport system. The diversity and complexity of the road transport system pose several challenges to electrification in sectors that have higher energy usage requirements. Electric road systems (ERS) have the potential for a balancing solution. An ERS is not only an engineering project, but it is also an innovation system that is complex and composed of multiple stakeholders, requiring an interdisciplinary means of aligning problems, relations, and solutions. This study looked to determine the political, economic, social, and technical (PEST) factors by actively engaging UK stakeholders through online in-depth and semi-structured discussions. The focus is on dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) due to its wider market reach and on the basis that a comprehensive review of the literature indicated that the current focus is on the technical challenges and hence there is a gap in the knowledge around application requirements, which is necessary if society is to achieve its goals of electrification and GHG reduction. Qualitative analysis was undertaken to identify factors that are critical to the success of a DWPT system. The outcome of this study is knowledge of the factors that determine the function and market acceptance of DWPT. These factors can be grouped into six categories: vehicle, journey, infrastructure, economic, traffic and behaviour. These factors, the associated probability distributions attributable to these factors and the relations between them (logic functions), will form the basis for decision making when implementing DWPT as part of the wider UK electric vehicle charging infrastructure and hence support the ambition to electrify all road transport. The results will make a significant contribution to the emerging knowledge base on ERS and specifically DWPT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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10 pages, 5092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Posture and Coil Position on the Safety of a WPT System While Recharging a Compact EV

by Valerio De Santis, Luca Giaccone and Fabio Freschi

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7248; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217248 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1519

Abstract

In this study, the human exposure to the magnetic field emitted by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system during the static recharging operations of a compact electric vehicle (EV) is evaluated. Specifically, the influence of the posture of realistic anatomical models, both in [...] Read more.

In this study, the human exposure to the magnetic field emitted by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system during the static recharging operations of a compact electric vehicle (EV) is evaluated. Specifically, the influence of the posture of realistic anatomical models, both in standing and lying positions, either inside or outside the EV, is considered. Aligned and misaligned coil configurations of the WPT system placed both in the rear and front position of the car floor are considered as well. Compliance with safety standards and guidelines has proven that reference levels are exceeded in the extreme case of a person lying on the floor with a hand close to the WPT coils, whereas the system is always compliant with the basic restrictions, at least for the considered scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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20 pages, 5622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double-Coil Dynamic Shielding Technology for Wireless Power Transmission in Electric Vehicles

by Yuan Li, Shumei Zhang and Ze Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5271; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175271 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2190

Abstract

During wireless charging, the transmission distance of electric vehicles varies, resulting in different levels of electromagnetic field leakage. An improved active shielding technology, the double-coil dynamic shielding technology, is proposed in this paper for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with different transmission distances. [...] Read more.

During wireless charging, the transmission distance of electric vehicles varies, resulting in different levels of electromagnetic field leakage. An improved active shielding technology, the double-coil dynamic shielding technology, is proposed in this paper for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with different transmission distances. Modeling, simulation, and experiments are performed for the WPT system with a double-coil dynamic shielding scheme and compared with other cases. The results show that the proposed double-coil dynamic shielding scheme is able to shield approximately 70% of the electromagnetic field leakage for WPT systems at different transmission distances. In addition, it essentially causes no degradation in transmission efficiency (only 3.1%). The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme are verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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20 pages, 4882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Cogging Torque in Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor by Adapting Rotor Magnetic Displacement

by T. A. Anuja and M. Arun Noyal Doss

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102861 - 15 May 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4026

Abstract

Cogging torque is a critical dilemma in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors. In medium-low power PMBLDC motors, redundant vibrations and forbidding noises arise as a result of the harmonic magnetic forces created by cogging torque. This paper introduces a simple approach for [...] Read more.

Cogging torque is a critical dilemma in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors. In medium-low power PMBLDC motors, redundant vibrations and forbidding noises arise as a result of the harmonic magnetic forces created by cogging torque. This paper introduces a simple approach for minimizing cogging torque in PMBLDC motors by applying placement irregularities in rotor magnets. An angle shift in the rotor magnets in surface-mounted PMBLDC motors helps to attain magnet displacement. This displacement imparts an asymmetrical magnet structure to the rotor. Maintaining pole arc to pole pitch ratio (L/τ) of between 0.6 and 0.8, shifting angles from 1° to 8° were considered in order to analyze the effect of the angle shift on the rotor magnets. An analytical expression was also derived for finding the shifting angle with the minimum cogging torque in the PMBLDC motor by using the Virtual Work Method (VWM). The optimization of the shifting angle with minimum cogging torque was investigated using 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA). A comparison of the simulation and analytical results of cogging torque was carried out. It was determined that the reduction of cogging torque in the analytical results showed good agreement with the FEA analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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26 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Dynamic Scheduling of Electric Vehicles in a Parking Lot Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm

by George S. Fernandez, Vijayakumar Krishnasamy, Selvakumar Kuppusamy, Jagabar S. Ali, Ziad M. Ali, Adel El-Shahat and Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236384 - 3 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

In this paper, the optimal dynamic scheduling of electric vehicles (EVs) in a parking lot (PL) is proposed to minimize the charging cost. In static scheduling, the PL operator can make the optimal scheduling if the demand, arrival, and departure time of EVs [...] Read more.

In this paper, the optimal dynamic scheduling of electric vehicles (EVs) in a parking lot (PL) is proposed to minimize the charging cost. In static scheduling, the PL operator can make the optimal scheduling if the demand, arrival, and departure time of EVs are known well in advance. If not, a static charging scheme is not feasible. Therefore, dynamic charging is preferred. A dynamic scheduling scheme means the EVs may come and go at any time, i.e., EVs’ arrival is dynamic in nature. The EVs may come to the PL with prior appointments or not. Therefore, a PL operator requires a mechanism to charge the EVs that arrive with or without reservation, and the demand for EVs is unknown to the PL operator. In general, the PL uses the first-in-first serve (FIFS) method for charging the EVs. The well-known optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization and shuffled frog leaping algorithms are used for the EVs’ dynamic scheduling scheme to minimize the grid’s charging cost. Moreover, a microgrid is also considered to reduce the charging cost further. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed solution methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles)

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