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Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems
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Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (6 November 2023) | Viewed by 10554

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Paulo Fernando Ribeiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Electrical Systems and Energy, Federal University of Itajuba, Itajuba 37500-903, MG, Brazil
Interests: power quality; smart grids; signal processing; philosophy of technology; energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yuri Rodrigues

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Engineering and Computer Science, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
Interests: PMUs; microgrids; renewable energy; power systems; electrical engineering
Dr. Maira Monteiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Electrical Systems and Energy, Federal University of Itajuba, Itajuba 37500-903, MG, Brazil
Interests: power system restoration using microgrids; the integration of distributed and renewable generation; power system coherence critical areas; short-term stability

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increasing frequency and severity of cyberattacks are imposing significant risks to national security and leading to meaningful economic losses. These attacks are typically directed toward entities providing critical services to public welfare, national security and economy. Among these entities, power systems have been a major target of this escalating conflict, and are currently ill-equipped to compete with adversaries’ sophisticated strategies. This is expected to become even more critical as recent advancements in power systems situation awareness and automation significantly increase the number of access points and vulnerabilities which are exploitable to cyber threats.

This Special Issue aims to provide new concepts, methods, strategies, technologies and implementation experiences in modern power system cyber security, including active distribution networks (ADNs), microgrids, smart grids, and bulk power systems. Published works will establish clear procedures to address cyberattack detection, mitigation, and correction, as well as cyber security in power systems planning, operation and control. This includes state estimation, event detection, forecasting, control, and protection, among other preventive, corrective and restorative strategies necessary to ensure a safe, reliable, economical, and sustainable energy supply.

The developed solutions will provide a solid groundwork for the cyber-secure operation of modern power systems. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Cyber system categorization and maturity models.
  • Preparation, detection and analysis of cyber events.
  • Containment, eradication and evidence collection of cyberattacks.
  • Incident response and recovery (IRR) plans.
  • Virtualizing hardware for cyber events recovery.
  • Cyber-secure information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) networks.
  • Cyber-secure communication, monitoring, control, protection and restoration strategies.
  • Cyber-secure active distribution networks (ADNs), microgrids, smart grids, and bulk power systems (BPSs).
  • Cyber-secure strategies (state estimation, forecasting, protection, management, etc.).
  • Cyber-secure supply-chain management.
  • Case studies, experiences and lessons learned based on tests, exercises and post-incident activities (e.g., drills, tabletop, operational exercises, events and incidents).

Prof. Dr. Paulo Fernando Ribeiro
Dr. Yuri Rodrigues
Dr. Maira Monteiro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cyber security
  • cyberattacks
  • Incident response and recovery (IRR) plans
  • power systems
  • microgrids
  • smart grids
  • planning
  • operation
  • control
  • monitoring

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4506 KiB  
Article
A Kalman Filter-Based Distributed Cyber-Attack Mitigation Strategy for Distributed Generator Units in Meshed DC Microgrids
by Wenpei Li, Han Fu, Shun Wu, Bin Yang and Zhixiong Liu
Energies 2023, 16(24), 7959; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16247959 - 7 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1093
Abstract
To ensure fast dynamics and the stability of multiple distributed generator units (DGUs) in DC microgrids, communication links among the controllers of DGUs are generally adopted. However, those communication channels are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To alleviate this hassle, a Kalman Filter (KF)-based distributed [...] Read more.
To ensure fast dynamics and the stability of multiple distributed generator units (DGUs) in DC microgrids, communication links among the controllers of DGUs are generally adopted. However, those communication channels are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To alleviate this hassle, a Kalman Filter (KF)-based distributed cyber-attack mitigation strategy, which is highly involved in both primary and secondary control, is proposed in this paper. The KF, as a robust state estimator, is utilized to accurately estimate the authentic terminal voltages and currents of the DGUs. Based on the discrepancies between the estimated and measured parameters of the systems under cyber-attacks, the proposed control can adaptively compensate the attack signals via an adaptive proportional integral (API) controller and a fractional API (FAPI) controller in cyber-attack-mitigation layers. The main advantage of using the proposed control scheme compared to conventional schemes is the fast dynamic response. The simulation results verify this merit by comparing the adopted KF and comparing it with conventional artificial neural networks (ANN), while the experimental results validate that effectiveness of the proposed control and showcase the superiority of the FAPI control in terms of its perfect compensation for different types of cyber-attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems)
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16 pages, 2197 KiB  
Article
On the Feasibility of Market Manipulation and Energy Storage Arbitrage via Load-Altering Attacks
by Juan Ospina, David M. Fobes and Russell Bent
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041670 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1716
Abstract
Around the globe, electric power networks are transforming into complex cyber–physical energy systems (CPES) due to the accelerating integration of both information and communication technologies (ICT) and distributed energy resources. While this integration improves power grid operations, the growing number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) [...] Read more.
Around the globe, electric power networks are transforming into complex cyber–physical energy systems (CPES) due to the accelerating integration of both information and communication technologies (ICT) and distributed energy resources. While this integration improves power grid operations, the growing number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) controllers and high-wattage appliances being connected to the electric grid is creating new attack vectors, largely inherited from the IoT ecosystem, that could lead to disruptions and potentially energy market manipulation via coordinated load-altering attacks (LAAs). In this article, we explore the feasibility and effects of a realistic LAA targeted at IoT high-wattage loads connected at the distribution system level, designed to manipulate local energy markets and perform energy storage (ES) arbitrage. Realistic integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) systems are used to demonstrate the effects that LAAs have on locational marginal prices at the transmission level and in distribution systems adjacent to the targeted network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems)
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18 pages, 3523 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Artificial Immune Systems and Fuzzy Logic for Active Distribution Systems Reconfiguration
by Guillermo Alonso, Ricardo F. Alonso, Antonio Carlos Zambroni Zambroni De Souza and Walmir Freitas
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9419; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249419 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1278
Abstract
Nowadays, the high penetration of automation on smart grids challenges electricity companies in providing an efficient distribution networks operation. In this sense, distribution system reconfiguration (DSR) plays an important role since it may help solve real-time problems. This paper proposes a methodology to [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the high penetration of automation on smart grids challenges electricity companies in providing an efficient distribution networks operation. In this sense, distribution system reconfiguration (DSR) plays an important role since it may help solve real-time problems. This paper proposes a methodology to solve the DSR problem using artificial immune systems (AIS) based on a new, efficient, and robust approach. This new methodology, called Enhanced Artificial Immune Systems (EAIS), uses the values of the currents in wires for intelligent mutations. The problem is accomplished by a multi-objective optimization with fuzzy variables, minimizing power losses, voltage deviation, and feeders load balancing. A comparison with other DSR solution methods is presented. The method is compared with two other previously proposed methods with the help of the 33-bus, 84-bus, and 136-bus distribution systems. Different scenarios are analyzed, including the optimal location of the Distributed Generation (DG). The results show the applicability of the proposed algorithm for the simultaneous solution of DSR and location or dispatch of DGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems)
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25 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Expert-Guided Security Risk Assessment of Evolving Power Grids
by Seppo Borenius, Pavithra Gopalakrishnan, Lina Bertling Tjernberg and Raimo Kantola
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093237 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2678
Abstract
Electric power grids, which form an essential part of the critical infrastructure, are evolving into highly distributed, dynamic networks in order to address the climate change. This fundamental transition relies on extensive automation solutions based on communications and information technologies. Thus, it also [...] Read more.
Electric power grids, which form an essential part of the critical infrastructure, are evolving into highly distributed, dynamic networks in order to address the climate change. This fundamental transition relies on extensive automation solutions based on communications and information technologies. Thus, it also gives rise to new attack points for malicious actors and consequently, increases the vulnerability of the electric energy system. This study presents a qualitative assessment of power grid cybersecurity through expert interviews across countries in Europe and the U.S. to gain understanding of the latest developments and trends in the cybersecurity of future electric energy systems. The horizon of the assessment is 10 years spanning until the early 2030s. Thereafter, the study identifies how and to which extent the risks identified to be most significant are understood and addressed in the latest research and industry publications aiming at identifying areas deserving specific further attention. The most significant threats based on the assessment are False Data Injection (FDI), Denial of Service (DoS) supply chain, and ransomware and malware attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems)
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Review

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34 pages, 2505 KiB  
Review
Cybersecurity in Cyber–Physical Power Systems
by Luiz Fernando Ribas Monteiro, Yuri R. Rodrigues and A. C. Zambroni de Souza
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4556; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124556 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2122
Abstract
The current energy transition combined with the modernization of power systems has provided meaningful transformations in the transmission, distribution, operation, planning, monitoring, and control of power systems. These advancements are heavily dependent on the employment of new computing and communications technologies, which, combined [...] Read more.
The current energy transition combined with the modernization of power systems has provided meaningful transformations in the transmission, distribution, operation, planning, monitoring, and control of power systems. These advancements are heavily dependent on the employment of new computing and communications technologies, which, combined with traditional physical systems, lead to the emergence of cyber–physical systems (CPSs). In this sense, besides the traditional challenges of keeping a reliable, affordable, and safe power grid, one must now deal with the new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks that emerge with the advancement of CPSs. Aware of this perspective and the severity of the ongoing challenges faced by the industry due to cyberattacks, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature on cybersecurity in cyber–physical power systems. For this, clear definitions, historical timelines, and classifications of the main types of cyberattacks, including the concepts, architectures, and basic components that make up, as well as the vulnerabilities in managing, controlling, and protecting, a CPS are presented. Furthermore, this paper presents defense strategies and future trends for cybersecurity. To conduct this study, a careful search was made in relevant academic and industrial databases, leading to a detailed reporting of key works focused on mitigating cyberattacks and ensuring the cybersecurity of modern CPSs. Finally, the paper presents some standards and regulations that technical and international institutions on cybersecurity in smart grids have created. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems)
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