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Energies
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Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems
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Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2021) | Viewed by 16739

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Lorenzo Peretto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Guglielmo Marconi, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: power quality analysis in power networks with distributed energy resources; calibration techniques and procedures of instrument transformers; diagnostics in power lines; instrumentation design for electrical power systems; uncertainty study in complex measurement systems
Prof. Roberto Tinarelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: power quality analysis in power networks; calibration of instrument transformers for power quality; diagnostic techniques for electric machines; instrumentation; uncertainty propagation in measurement algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is now a well-established principle that modern power systems (including Smart Grids, electric machines and drives, renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, fast charge power systems, etc.) require complex and accurate measurements for correct operation. Power systems technology is evolving rapidly; new challenges need to be faced and addressed consequently by metrologists and instrumentation designers. A new kind of instrument transformers (low-power devices), which feature higher bandwidth, lighter weights, and higher reliability, require different characterization procedures and techniques; Smart Grids with a high penetration of distributed energy resources require synchronized and highly accurate measurements; electric vehicles with a high presence of electrical and electronic components require the usage of onboard sensors and instrumentation specifically designed to meet rigorous requirements in terms of dimensions, environmental conditions, accuracy, and immunity. Instrumentation for diagnostics also represent a rapidly growing topic of interest among electric utilities and the industry, for instance, batteries SOC and SOH measurement or aging of electric assets and losses in power lines. Artificial intelligence capabilities will likely be required for future instrumentation for such technology.

The abovementioned is a non-complete list of open, hot topics and issues being addressed by metrologists and by the scientific community in this field. We invite original manuscripts on such topics to be submitted by authors for consideration for publication in this Special Issue.

Prof. Lorenzo Peretto
Prof. Roberto Tinarelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Instrumentation
  • Measurements in power systems
  • Instrument transformers
  • Sensors
  • Calibration
  • Uncertainty
  • Diagnostics of electric equipment
  • Synchronized measurements
  • Smart Grids
  • Measurements in electric vehicles

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1531 KiB  
Article
Temperature Rise Characteristics and Error Analysis of a DC Voltage Divider
by Zhengyun Fang, Yi Luo, Shaolei Zhai, Bin Qian, Yaohua Liao, Lei Lan and Dianlang Wang
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071914 - 30 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2084
Abstract
Measurement accuracy is an important performance indicator for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) voltage dividers. The temperature rise effect for a HVDC voltage divider’s internal resistance has an adverse effect on measurement accuracy. In this paper, by building a solid model of a DC [...] Read more.
Measurement accuracy is an important performance indicator for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) voltage dividers. The temperature rise effect for a HVDC voltage divider’s internal resistance has an adverse effect on measurement accuracy. In this paper, by building a solid model of a DC voltage divider, the internal temperature rise characteristic and error caused by the temperature rise in a resistance voltage divider were theoretically simulated. We found that with the increase in height and working time, the internal temperature of the voltage divider increased. The results also showed that the lowest temperature was near the lower flange and the highest temperature was near the upper flange in the middle of the voltage divider. The error caused by the temperature rise increased first and then decreased gradually with divider height, increasing with its working time. The measurement error caused by the internal temperature difference in steady state reached a maximum of 158.4 ppm. This study provides a theoretical basis to determine the structure and accuracy improvement for a resistive voltage divider, which is helpful for the selection of components and the optimization of the heat dissipation structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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15 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Modeling Stray Capacitances of High-Voltage Capacitive Dividers for Conventional Measurement Setups
by Alessandro Mingotti, Federica Costa, Lorenzo Peretto, Roberto Tinarelli and Paolo Mazza
Energies 2021, 14(5), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051262 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
Stray capacitances (SCs) are a serious issue in high-voltage (HV) applications. Their presence can alter the circuit or the operation of a device, resulting in wrong or even disastrous consequences. To this purpose, in this work, we describe the modeling of SCs in [...] Read more.
Stray capacitances (SCs) are a serious issue in high-voltage (HV) applications. Their presence can alter the circuit or the operation of a device, resulting in wrong or even disastrous consequences. To this purpose, in this work, we describe the modeling of SCs in HV capacitive dividers. Such modeling does not rely on finite element analysis or complicated geometries; instead, it starts from an equivalent circuit of a conventional measurement setup described by the standard IEC 61869-11. Once the equivalent model including the SCs is found, closed expressions of the SCs are derived starting from the ratio error definition. Afterwards, they are validated in a simulation environment by implementing various circuit configurations. The results demonstrate the expressions applicability and effectiveness; hence, thanks to their simplicity, they can be implemented by system operators, researchers, and manufacturers avoiding the use of complicated methods and technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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19 pages, 4108 KiB  
Article
Advanced Monitoring and Control System for Virtual Power Plants for Enabling Customer Engagement and Market Participation
by Behnaz Behi, Ali Arefi, Philip Jennings, Arian Gorjy and Almantas Pivrikas
Energies 2021, 14(4), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041113 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3277
Abstract
To integrate large-scale renewable energy into energy systems, an effective participation from private investors and active customer engagement are essential. Virtual power plants (VPPs) are a very promising approach. To realize this engagement, an efficient monitoring and control system needs to be implemented [...] Read more.
To integrate large-scale renewable energy into energy systems, an effective participation from private investors and active customer engagement are essential. Virtual power plants (VPPs) are a very promising approach. To realize this engagement, an efficient monitoring and control system needs to be implemented for the VPP to be flexible, scalable, secure, and cost-effective. In this paper, a realistic VPP in Western Australia is studied, comprising 67 dwellings, including a 810 kW rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a 700 kWh vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), a heat pump hot water system (HWS), an electric vehicle (EV) charging station, and demand management mechanisms. The practical and detailed concept design of the monitoring and control system for EEBUS-enabled appliances, and also for the PV and VRFB system, with smart inverters, is proposed. In addition, a practical fog-based storage and computing system is developed to enable the VPP owner to manage the PV, VRFB, and EV charging station for maximizing the benefit to the customers and the VPP owner. Further, the proposed cloud-based applications enable customers to participate in gamified demand response programs for increasing the level of their engagement while satisfying their comfort level. All proposed systems and architecture in this paper have the capability of being implemented fully and relevant references for practical devices are given where necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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19 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
Energy Metering Integrated Circuit Behavior beyond Standards Requirements
by Renan Quijano Cetina, Yljon Seferi, Steven M. Blair and Paul S. Wright
Energies 2021, 14(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020390 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2024
Abstract
During the last few years, the accuracy of static electricity meters (SEM) has been questioned. Significant metering deviations with respect to a reference meter have been observed at customer premises, and laboratory experimental tests results support such findings. The root cause of such [...] Read more.
During the last few years, the accuracy of static electricity meters (SEM) has been questioned. Significant metering deviations with respect to a reference meter have been observed at customer premises, and laboratory experimental tests results support such findings. The root cause of such errors remains unknown, as there are multiple elements that could affect the accuracy of electricity meters. Furthermore, standard compliant meters exposed to distorted signals may produce negligible, positive or negative relative error depending on the instrument design. Distorted current signals with fast amplitude transitions have produced the highest error in SEMs reported in the literature. In this paper, the accuracy of an energy metering Integrated Circuit (IC) is evaluated beyond the limits of the standards requirements employing a selection of distorted signals from the standards, real-world captured signals and a set of waveforms designed to test the IC under fast changing currents conditions, which are representative of the waveforms resulting from power electronic devices. The experimental results reveal an accuracy boundary imposed by Gibb’s phenomenon for fast changing current signals and a strong relationship between the IC’s measurement error and two key parameters of the measured waveform: signal slope and phase angle. This paper therefore provides a methodology for the comprehensive analysis of SEMs in future power systems which are dominated with power electronic-controlled electrical demand and contributes to the search for the root cause of error in SEMs exposed to distorted waveforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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17 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
Power Quality Measurement and Active Harmonic Power in 25 kV 50 Hz AC Railway Systems
by Yljon Seferi, Steven M. Blair, Christian Mester and Brian G. Stewart
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5698; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215698 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4030
Abstract
Railway electrical networks rated at 25 kV 50 Hz are characterised by significant levels of voltage and current harmonics. These frequency components are also time varying in nature due to the movement of trains and changing operational modes. Processing techniques used to evaluate [...] Read more.
Railway electrical networks rated at 25 kV 50 Hz are characterised by significant levels of voltage and current harmonics. These frequency components are also time varying in nature due to the movement of trains and changing operational modes. Processing techniques used to evaluate harmonic results, although standardised, are not explicitly designed for railway applications, and the smoothing effect that the standard aggregation algorithms have on the measured results is significant. This paper analyses the application accuracy of standardised power quality (PQ) measurement algorithms, when used to measure and evaluate harmonics in railway electrical networks. A shorter aggregation time interval is proposed for railway power quality measurement instruments, which offers more accurate estimated results and improved tracking of time varying phenomena. Harmonic active power present in railway electrical networks is also evaluated in order to quantify the impact it has on the energy accumulated by electrical energy meters installed on-board trains. Analysis performed on 12 train journeys shows significant levels of non-fundamental active power developed for short periods of time. As an energy meter will inadvertently absorb the financial cost of non-fundamental energy produced by other trains or other external power flows, results are provided to support recommendations for future standards to measure only fundamental frequency energy within train energy measurement meters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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13 pages, 2014 KiB  
Communication
A Contemplation on Electricity Meters In-Service Surveillance Assisted by Remote Error Monitoring
by Žilvinas Nakutis and Paulius Kaškonas
Energies 2020, 13(20), 5245; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205245 - 9 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
In this paper, remote error monitoring techniques for electricity meters are overviewed suggesting their utilization for in-service surveillance assistance. It is discussed that in-service error observation could provide valuable input, contributing to the timely detection of batches of meters reaching nonconformance status. The [...] Read more.
In this paper, remote error monitoring techniques for electricity meters are overviewed suggesting their utilization for in-service surveillance assistance. It is discussed that in-service error observation could provide valuable input, contributing to the timely detection of batches of meters reaching nonconformance status. The payback period analysis of the deployment of a remote error monitoring solution is considered. However, it is pointed out that such an analysis lacks input information describing the relationship between the remote monitoring system’s performance and its ability to detect nonconformance of the batch. It is also noticed that there is no published methodology for grading the status of an entire batch of meters referring to error estimates of a subset of the meters, when the uncertainty of estimation is rather high. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Sensors and Instrumentation for Electrical Power Systems)
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