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Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems
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Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2024) | Viewed by 12542

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mehmet C. Kulan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Interests: applied electromagnetics; magnetic materials; thermal management of electrical machines; finite element modelling of electric motors; alternators for various applications, including e-mobility and aerospace
Dr. Nick Baker

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Interests: electromagnetic design of novel topology electrical machines for wave energy, automotive and aerospace; numerical modelling and optimization of three-dimensional flux machines; grid integration of renewable energy; linear machines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nur Sarma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Interests: condition monitoring; fault analysis and fault mitigation strategies for renewable energy systems; modelling and analysis of electrical systems and machines; electrical power systems modelling, analysis and design; drive and electric generator systems; development and implementation of advanced control strategies for electrical drive and power systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, electrical machines have been the subject of massive developments in order to improve their performance and reliability, and to create new design concepts to expand their applications in different fields. They are considered important components in electricity generation and consumption, making contributions of more than 90% and 50% to them, respectively. Their importance is increasing even more alongside the desire to create a more sustainable, carbon-neutral economy, which can be achieved by advancing electrification in renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, including electric on-road (cars, trolleybuses, buses, trucks, and bicycles), air, marine, and rail vehicles. 

Modern electrical machines are required to demonstrate reduced emissions, better performance, and more reliable operation. As a result, there is constant demand for new and innovative electrical machinery concepts and technologies to meet emerging needs. Innovations in material science and novel thermal management concepts have provided many exciting features in advanced electric machines. Additionally, additive manufacturing, known as 3D printing, has created new opportunities for low-volume designs.

This Special Issue will focus on the advanced modelling of electric motors and generators for application in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Finite element method (FEM) designs, including coupled electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical analyses, will suit the scope of this Special Issue. The application of newly developed thermal management materials in electrical machines; reliability-focused electric motor design and analysis; novel stator housing manufacturing, considering improved cooling schemes; and additive metal manufacturing with a focus on improved cooling technologies will be acknowledged within this Special Issue.  We welcome any original research papers on the modelling of electrical machines.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Finite element modelling and analysis of radial, axial and transverse flux motors and generators for e-mobility and renewable energy systems;
  • Multi-physics electrical machine design, considering electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical aspects;
  • Coupled electromagnetic–thermal finite element modelling and optimization of electrical machines;
  • Electrical machine design, considering thermal management aspects;
  • Heat transfer in electrical machines with thermal calculations, lumped parameter thermal networks, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD);
  • Machine loss analysis coupled with thermal finite element and CFD simulations;
  • The effect of manufacturing methods on the performance of electrical machines;
  • Manufacturing challenges in electrical machines;
  • Additively manufactured motor and generator components used to improve heat transfer in electric vehicles;
  • Reliability-based electrical machine design for electric vehicles and renewable energy systems;
  • Aging of electrical machines due to thermal and electrical stresses;
  • Accelerated life tests in modern electrical machines.

Dr. Mehmet C. Kulan
Dr. Nick Baker
Dr. Nur Sarma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric motors
  • electric vehicles
  • generators
  • automotive alternators
  • thermal management
  • cooling techniques in electric machines
  • condition monitoring in electrical machines
  • multi-physics optimization
  • reliability in electrical machines
  • renewable energy systems

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 11581 KiB  
Article
Design and Calculation of Multi-Physical Field of Ultra-High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motor
by Ming Cheng, Zhiye Li, Shibo Xu and Ruilin Pei
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133072 - 21 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 862
Abstract
Ultra-high-speed permanent magnet motors (UHSPPMs) are gradually increasing in the number of scenarios to realize energy saving and emission reduction due to their advantages such as high power density and fast response speed, and their accurate design and analysis are becoming more and [...] Read more.
Ultra-high-speed permanent magnet motors (UHSPPMs) are gradually increasing in the number of scenarios to realize energy saving and emission reduction due to their advantages such as high power density and fast response speed, and their accurate design and analysis are becoming more and more important. UHSPMMs need to consider the effects of multiple physical fields such as electromagnetism, force, and heat on their performance and structure due to their high rotational speed and small size. In this paper, firstly, the loss of each component of the motor is accurately calculated, and the distribution of the flow field and temperature field inside the motor is obtained by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the limiting working conditions of each component of the motor. Secondly, the mechanical stresses of the rotor are calculated at different limiting working conditions, especially the checking of the stresses of the permanent magnets and the sleeves when they are working at different temperature gradients, in order to improve the reliability of the ultra-high-speed rotor. Furthermore, the dynamics analysis is performed for the whole rotor system to ensure stable operation for a long time at the rated working conditions. Finally, the dynamics of the whole rotor system is analyzed to ensure that the ultra-high-speed permanent magnet rotor can operate stably for a long period of time at the rated operating conditions. Based on the theoretical calculations and analyses, a 25 kW, 95 krpm prototype was designed and fabricated, and relevant experimental studies were carried out. The correctness of the calculation of rotor mechanical properties under extreme working conditions (extreme speed and extreme temperature) is verified through tests, which achieved the target of design accuracy within 5%, and can provide great help to further improve the high-precision design of UHSPMMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems)
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26 pages, 10054 KiB  
Article
Design Optimization of Induction Motors with Different Stator Slot Rotor Bar Combinations Considering Drive Cycle
by Farshid Mahmouditabar and Nick J. Baker
Energies 2024, 17(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010154 - 27 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1444
Abstract
In this paper, a sequential Taguchi method for design optimization of an induction motor (IM) for an electric vehicle (EV) is presented. First, a series of empirical and mathematical relationships is systematically applied to reduce the number of possible stator slot rotor bar [...] Read more.
In this paper, a sequential Taguchi method for design optimization of an induction motor (IM) for an electric vehicle (EV) is presented. First, a series of empirical and mathematical relationships is systematically applied to reduce the number of possible stator slot rotor bar (SSRB) combinations. Then, the admissible optimal combinations are investigated and compared using finite element (FE) simulation over the NEDC driving cycle, and the three best combinations are selected for further analysis. Each topology is optimized over the driving cycle using the k-means clustering method to calculate the representative working points over the NEDC, US06, WLTP Class 3, and EUDC driving cycles. Then, using the Design of Experiment (DOE)-based Taguchi method, a multi-objective optimization is carried out. Finally, the performance of the optimized machines in terms of robustness against manufacturing tolerances, magnetic flux density distribution, mechanical stress analysis, nominal envelope curve and efficiency map is carried out to select the best stator slot rotor bar combination. It is also found that the K-means clustering method is not completely robust for the design of electric machines for electric vehicle traction motors. The method focuses on regions with high-density working points, and it is possible to miss the compliant with the required envelope curve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems)
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24 pages, 3064 KiB  
Article
Derating of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Due to Rotating Harmonics in Power Voltage Supply
by Tomasz Drabek
Energies 2023, 16(2), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020735 - 8 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
This paper presents a method for determining the load capacity of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors supplied with a balanced distorted voltage containing rotating harmonics (1st, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th,...). The method is based on the dependence of the motor load capacity on the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a method for determining the load capacity of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors supplied with a balanced distorted voltage containing rotating harmonics (1st, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th,...). The method is based on the dependence of the motor load capacity on the load power losses in the rotor cage. The load capacity was determined based on motor short-circuit measurements made for frequencies equal to harmonic frequencies. To evaluate the load capacity, a factor with the proposed name Harmonic Losses Factor (HLF) was introduced. Its expression is a generalization of the well-known HVF expression. However, it has been shown that a more accurate estimation of the load capacity is obtained using the sum of load power losses in the rotor cage from higher harmonics. Measurements and calculations were carried out for a low-voltage squirrel-cage motor with a rated power of 22 kW and a synchronous speed of 1500 rpm. Calculations showed that the derating power curves given in the IEC 60034-17 and NEMA MG1 standards are incorrect for the tested motor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 5191 KiB  
Article
Solid-Rotor Induction Motor Modeling Based on Circuit Model Utilizing Fractional-Order Derivatives
by Jan Staszak
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176371 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2044
Abstract
This paper presents the Park model of a solid-rotor induction motor. In this model, the dynamic state of the motor is described by integer and noninteger order differential equations. The skin effect in the solid rotor was represented by resistance and inductance with [...] Read more.
This paper presents the Park model of a solid-rotor induction motor. In this model, the dynamic state of the motor is described by integer and noninteger order differential equations. The skin effect in the solid rotor was represented by resistance and inductance with lumped constants, and the fractional inductance was dependent on the frequency of the eddy current induced in the rotor. The parameters of the equivalent circuit were determined by the standstill frequency response test with the stationary machine on the basis of the finite element method analysis of the electromagnetic field. A simulation of the dynamic states of the induction motor with a solid rotor was carried out based on the calculated parameters. The simulation was carried out using a program written in the Matlab environment. The simulations show that the electromagnetic moment during the motor start-up is about 2 times greater than the initial torque in the steady state. On the other hand, the maximum value of the stator current during the start-up is about 1.5 times greater than the effective value of the inrush current in the steady state. A good agreement was obtained between the results calculated from the distribution of the magnetic field by the finite element method and the results obtained on the basis of the equivalent circuit and, in the case of the electromagnetic torque, with the results obtained from the transient state during motor reversal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems)
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Review

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20 pages, 21077 KiB  
Review
Thermal Analysis and Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor, a Review
by Sameer Madhavan, Raunak Devdatta P B, Edison Gundabattini and Arkadiusz Mystkowski
Energies 2022, 15(21), 8127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218127 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4021
Abstract
Induction motors have gained a renewed interest due to this new shift from conventional power sources to electric power. These motors are known for their high commencing torque, adequate speed control and reasonable overload capacity. However, induction motors have an innate thermal issue [...] Read more.
Induction motors have gained a renewed interest due to this new shift from conventional power sources to electric power. These motors are known for their high commencing torque, adequate speed control and reasonable overload capacity. However, induction motors have an innate thermal issue wherein their lifespan and performance are strongly temperature dependent. Hence, it is highly essential to focus on the thermal management aspect of these motors to ensure reliability and enhance performance. Thus, the major purpose of the paper is to comprehensively review various approaches and methods for thermal analysis, including finite element analysis, lumped parameter thermal network and computational fluid dynamics tools. Moreover, it also presents various cooling strategies commonly adopted in induction motors. Furthermore, this study also suggests an integrated approach with two or more cooling strategies to be the need of the hour. These will combine the benefits of the individual system while helping to counter their drawbacks. This study will help to serve members of the scientific community, manufacturers or motors users who are interested in the thermal management of induction motors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems)
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