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Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 29147

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Djamila Rekioua

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Guest Editor

Laboratory LT2I, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
Interests: renewable energy (photovoltaic, wind turbine, fuel cells and hybrid systems); modeling; control of AC machines and electric drives; batteries; supercapacitors; supervision and power (energy) control management; optimization

Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhilef

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Guest Editor

1. School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
2. Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Interests: power conversion techniques; control of power converters; maximum power point tracking (MPPT); renewable energy; energy efficiency; smart grid; microwave and wireless technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Youcef Soufi

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering, University Larbi Tebessi, Tebessa 12002, Algeria
Interests: wind turbines; renewable energy; energy engineering; grid integration; energy conversion; electrical power engineering; power electronics; power converters; power systems analysis; microgrids optimization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As a result of the increase in population and economic growth in developing countries, the world's energy demand is increasing dramatically, depleting fossil fuel reserves while hurting the environment and jeopardizing sustainability. Scientists worldwide are working toward attaining sustainable development, which means creating renewable energy for societal growth while minimizing environmental impact. Renewable energy, particularly solar and wind energy, is becoming more widely recognized to achieve a safe and secure environment. This will assist us in reducing our carbon footprint on the environment. However, further research in solar and wind energy technologies is required to create next-generation renewable energy technologies that will ensure the widespread use of renewable energy in the future.

This Special Issue will feature recent advances in solar and wind energy technologies, focusing on efficient and dependable renewable energy conversion, transmission, storage, and consumption for a sustainable society. Original contributions, review papers, and tutorials on modeling, control, and operation of wind and solar PV energy systems to conform with grid codes and offer network support are invited for consideration for publication in this special issue. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Wind and solar PV system modelling, control, and optimization
Grid integration methods for Wind and PV system
Stability issues due to high penetration of Wind and PV power into the grid
Onshore, offshore, and floating wind farms
Coordination between wind/solar PV farms and energy storage systems to provide ancillary services
Fault ride-through capability of Wind and PV system
Hybrid energy systems (e.g., PV+ESS; Wind+ESS, others) and their modeling and control
LCOE and LCA analysis comparison
Control and dynamics of wind farms HVDC transmission systems
Future grid code proposals
Forecasting methods for PV and Wind power
MPPT algorithms for extracting maximum power from PV and Wind farms
DC-DC and DC-AC converters topology and control
Applications of PV and Wind systems in smart grid and microgrid systems
Techno-economic analysis of PV and Wind farms based renewable energy systems

Prof. Dr. Djamila Rekioua
Prof. Dr. Saad Mekhilef
Prof. Dr. Youcef Soufi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

wind energy
solar energy
grid codes
control
modelling
cost analysis
environmental impact
frequency stability
voltage stability
energy storage systems
techno-economic

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 7358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Artificial Neural Network-Based Approach for Real-Time Hybrid Wind–Solar Resource Assessment and Power Estimation

by Imran Shafi, Harris Khan, Muhammad Siddique Farooq, Isabel de la Torre Diez, Yini Miró, Juan Castanedo Galán and Imran Ashraf

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4171; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104171 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

The precise prediction of power estimates of wind–solar renewable energy sources becomes challenging due to their intermittent nature and difference in intensity between day and night. Machine-learning algorithms are non-linear mapping functions to approximate any given function from known input–output pairs and can be used for this purpose. This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based method to predict hybrid wind–solar resources and estimate power generation by correlating wind speed and solar radiation for real-time data. The proposed ANN allows optimization of the hybrid system’s operation by efficient wind and solar energy production estimation for a given set of weather conditions. The proposed model uses temperature, humidity, air pressure, solar radiation, optimum angle, and target values of known wind speeds, solar radiation, and optimum angle. A normalization function to narrow the error distribution and an iterative method with the Levenberg–Marquardt training function is used to reduce error. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach against the existing wind, solar, or wind–solar estimation methods. It is envisaged that such an intelligent yet simplified method for predicting wind speed, solar radiation, and optimum angle, and designing wind–solar hybrid systems can improve the accuracy and efficiency of renewable energy generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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20 pages, 4054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of PV-STATCOM Devices in Distribution Systems for Energy Losses Minimization and Voltage Profile Improvement via Hunter-Prey-Based Algorithm

by Abdullah M. Shaheen, Ragab A. El-Sehiemy, Ahmed Ginidi, Abdallah M. Elsayed and Saad F. Al-Gahtani

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062790 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 1972

Abstract

Incorporating photovoltaic (PV) inverters in power distribution systems via static synchronous compensators (PV-STATCOM) during the nighttime has lately been described as a solution to improve network performance. Hunter prey optimization (HPO) is introduced in this study for efficient PV-STATCOM device allocation in distribution systems. HPO generates numerous scenarios for how animals could act when hunting, some of which have been expanded into stochastic optimization. The PV-STATCOM device allocation issue in distribution networks is structured to simultaneously minimize the electrical energy losses and improve the voltage profile while accounting for variable 24 h loadings. The impacts of varying the number of installed PV-STATCOM devices are investigated in distribution systems. It is tested on two IEEE 33-node and 69-node distribution networks. The effectiveness of the proposed HPO is demonstrated in comparison to the differential evolution (DE) algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial rabbits algorithm (ARA), and golden search optimizer (GSO). The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed HPO in adequately allocating the PV-STATCOM devices in distribution systems. For the IEEE 33-node distribution network, the energy losses are considerably decreased by 57.77%, and the voltages variance sum is significantly reduced by 42.84%. The energy losses in the IEEE 69-node distribution network decreased by 57.89%, while voltage variations are reduced by 44.69%. Additionally, the suggested HPO is highly consistent than the DE, PSO, ARA, and GSO. Furthermore, throughout the day, the voltage profile at all distribution nodes surpasses the minimum requirement of 95%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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24 pages, 9685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Management Control of an Autonomous Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/Battery System

by Djamila Rekioua, Toufik Rekioua, Ahmed Elsanabary and Saad Mekhilef

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052286 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

The study presents an optimal control approach for managing a hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/Battery system in an isolated area. The system includes multiple energy sources connected to a DC bus through DC/DC converters for maximum power point tracking. The proposed hybrid MPPT approach (HMPPT) manages the energy production from different sources, while the power flow method is used to balance the load and renewable power. The study shows that integrating the HMPPT algorithm and power flow approach results in improved system performance, including increased power generation and reduced stress on the batteries. The study also proposes an accurate sizing method to further improve system efficiency. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach by presenting results for twelve different days with varying weather conditions. The results show that the proposed approach effectively manages the energy production and load, resulting in optimal system performance. This study provides valuable insights into the optimal control of hybrid renewable energy systems, and highlights the importance of considering different energy sources and optimal sizing for maximizing system efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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25 pages, 5144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno–Econo–Enviro Energy Analysis, Ranking and Optimization of Various Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Types in Different Climatic Regions of Iran

by Mehdi Jahangiri, Yasaman Yousefi, Iman Pishkar, Seyyed Jalaladdin Hosseini Dehshiri, Seyyed Shahabaddin Hosseini Dehshiri and Seyyed Mohammad Fatemi Vanani

Energies 2023, 16(1), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010546 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2320

Abstract

Iran is one of the most energy-consuming countries, especially in the construction sector, and more than 40% of its energy consumption is in the construction sector. Therefore, considering the very high potential of Iran in the field of solar energy, the need to pay attention to providing part of the energy required by buildings by solar energy seems necessary. The study of the effect of climate on the performance of a BIPV has not been done in Iran so far. Also, the use of ranking methods using the weighting of parameters affecting the performance of BIPV has not been done so far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the power supply of BIPV connected to the grid in the eight climates of Iran. Technical–economic–environmental energy analyses were performed by HOMER 2.81 software. In order to study different types of BIPV, four angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° were considered for the installation of solar cells. The effective output parameters of HOMER software were weighted by the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method based on the opinion of experts, and it was observed that payback time (year) has the highest weight among the studied criteria. Then, different cities were ranked using the evaluation based on distance from the average solution (EDAS) method. The results showed that Jask is the most suitable and Ramsar is the most unsuitable city. Also, the results of the EDAS method were confirmed by Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Weighted Aggregates Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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32 pages, 19737 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Distributed Mitigation Layers for Voltages and Currents Cyber-Attacks on DC Microgrids Interfacing Converters

by Ahmed H. EL-Ebiary, Mohamed Mokhtar, Atef M. Mansour, Fathy H. Awad, Mostafa I. Marei and Mahmoud A. Attia

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9426; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249426 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1492

Abstract

The wide use of communication layers in DC microgrids to transmit voltage and current measurements of each distributed generator unit (DGU) increases the possibility of exposure to cyber-attacks. Cyber-attackers can manipulate the measured data to distort the control system of microgrids, which may lead to a shutdown. This paper proposes distributed mitigation layers for the false data injection attacks (FDIA) on voltages and currents of DGUs in meshed DC microgrids. The proposed control strategy is based on integrating two layers for cyber-attack detection and mitigation to immune the primary and the secondary control loops of each DGU. The first layer is assigned to mitigate FDIAs on the voltage measurements needed for the voltage regulation task of the primary control loop. The second layer is devoted to the mitigation of FDIAs on the DGU current measurements, which are crucial for the secondary control level to guarantee the proper current sharing of each DGU. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are employed to support these layers by estimating the authenticated measurements. Different simulation and experimental case studies are provided to demonstrate the proposed mitigation layers’ effectiveness in detecting and mitigating cyber-attacks on voltage and current measurements. The simulation and experimental results are provided to evaluate the dynamic performance of the suggested control approach and to ensure the accurate operation of DC microgrids despite the existence of cyber-attacks on the measurements employed in the control strategy. Moreover, the control strategy succeeds to keep the maximum voltage error and the maximum error in current sharing within tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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Review

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19 pages, 4238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Photovoltaic-Assisted Photo(electro)catalytic Hydrogen Production: A Review

by Mohamad Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudin

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5743; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155743 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

The idea of supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has inspired researchers around the world to explore more environmentally friendly energy generation and production methods, especially those related to solar and hydrogen energy. Among the various available sustainable energy technologies, photo(electro)catalytic hydrogen production has been competitively explored, benefiting from its versatile platform to utilize solar energy for green hydrogen production. Nevertheless, the bottleneck of this photo(electro)catalytic system lies within its high voltage required for water electrolysis (>1.23 V), which affects the economic prospects of this sustainable technology. In this regard, coupling the photo(electro)catalytic system with a solar-powered photovoltaic (PV) system (PV-PEC) to unleash the fascinating properties and readiness of this system has heightened attention among the scientific community. In this context, this review begins by elucidating the basic principles of PV-PEC systems, followed by an exploration of various types of solar PV technology and the different types of semiconductors used as photocatalysts in the PEC system. Subsequently, the main challenges faced by the PV-PEC system are presented, covering areas such as efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, this review delves into recent research related to PV-PEC systems, discussing the advancements and breakthroughs in this promising technology. Furthermore, this review provides a forecast for the future prospects of the PV-PEC system, highlighting the potential for its continued development and widespread implementation as a key player in sustainable hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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26 pages, 2053 KiB

Open AccessReview

Energy Storage Systems for Photovoltaic and Wind Systems: A Review

by Djamila Rekioua

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093893 - 4 May 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6441

Abstract

The study provides a study on energy storage technologies for photovoltaic and wind systems in response to the growing demand for low-carbon transportation. Energy storage systems (ESSs) have become an emerging area of renewed interest as a critical factor in renewable energy systems. The technology choice depends essentially on system requirements, cost, and performance characteristics. Common types of ESSs for renewable energy sources include electrochemical energy storage (batteries, fuel cells for hydrogen storage, and flow batteries), mechanical energy storage (including pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), gravity energy storage (GES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), and flywheel energy storage), electrical energy storage (such as supercapacitor energy storage (SES), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and thermal energy storage (TES)), and hybrid or multi-storage systems that combine two or more technologies, such as integrating batteries with pumped hydroelectric storage or using supercapacitors and thermal energy storage. These different categories of ESS enable the storage and release of excess energy from renewable sources to ensure a reliable and stable supply of renewable energy. The optimal storage technology for a specific application in photovoltaic and wind systems will depend on the specific requirements of the system. It is important to carefully evaluate these needs and consider factors, such as power and energy requirements, efficiency, cost, scalability, and durability when selecting an ESS technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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24 pages, 9445 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comparative Review on Single Phase Transformerless Inverter Topologies for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

by Md. Faruk Kibria, Ahmed Elsanabary, Kok Soon Tey, Marizan Mubin and Saad Mekhilef

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031363 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4025

Abstract

The uses of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters are increasing day by day due to the scarcity of fossil fuels such as coal and gas. On the other hand, due to their superior efficiency, lower cost, smaller size, and lighter weight when compared to inverters with transformers, transformerless inverters for low-voltage single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems have recently attracted more interest. However, there are some specific challenges, especially leakage current issues, which must be adequately addressed to ensure the safety standards of the grid codes. A variety of topologies has been presented in the literature to eliminate the leakage current using the decoupling or clamping technique. However, choosing an appropriate topology after comparison is challenging because each topology has a unique set of parameters. In this paper, the authors have selected a common set of parameters and simulated all the selected eighteen well-known topologies in MATLAB/Simulink to fairly analyze and compare their common mode characteristics and other output parameters. In addition, the power loss distribution of every switch of each of the eighteen topologies was calculated and presented to better understand the insight of the topologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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23 pages, 4141 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impacts of Terrestrial Wind Turbine’s Operation on Telecommunication Services

by Ukashatu Abubakar, Saad Mekhilef, Hazlie Mokhlis, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Alex Stojcevski and Muhyaddin Rawa

Energies 2023, 16(1), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010371 - 28 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1644

Abstract

This paper presents a compendious review for the evaluation and description of the mathematical modelling of the affected components in wind turbines which cause the scattering of communication signals. The impact of an adjacent wind farm operation on telecommunication signals is that it induces electromagnetic interference (EMI) in radar, television and radio signals, resulting from the complex rotating blade’s geometry of the wind turbines. Thus, altering the quality of the reflected signal, especially the capability of the radar detection. In all the modelling studies, the radar cross section (RCS) model of a wind turbine’s blade is found to be the most complex, due to its huge computational burden. However, clutter filtering is another interesting technique, which employs the Doppler signal processing to obviate the huge computational task in RCS. In this case, the rotating blades of the wind turbine produce Doppler echoes, which in turn are used to estimate the model of the blade by modelling the echo of the scattering points. Therefore, this review succinctly compiles the basic steps of theoretical analysis and simulations of the impact of wind turbines on communication signals, and the remedies to minimize the impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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28 pages, 4583 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Strategies to Mitigate Dust Deposition on Solar Photovoltaic Systems

by Gowtham Vedulla, Anbazhagan Geetha and Ramalingam Senthil

Energies 2023, 16(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010109 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4845

Abstract

In recent years, there has been an increased focus on developing and utilizing renewable energy resources due to several factors, including environmental concerns, rising fuel costs, and the limited supply of conventional fossil fuels. The most appealing green energy conversion technology is solar energy, and its efficient application can help the world achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7: Access to affordable, clean energy. Irradiance, latitude, longitude, tilt angle, and orientation are a few variables that affect the functioning of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Additionally, environmental factors like dust accumulation and soiling of panel surfaces impact the cost of maintaining and producing electricity from a PV system. Dust characteristics (kind, size, shape, and meteorological elements), one of the largest factors affecting PV panel performance, need to be investigated to devise specific solutions for efficiently harnessing solar energy. The essential findings of ongoing investigations on dust deposition on the surface of PV structures and various mitigating measures to tackle soiling issues are presented in this review study. This comprehensive assessment critically evaluates the current research on the soiling effect and PV system performance improvement techniques to determine the academic community’s future research priorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)

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