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15 pages, 3882 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hybrid Energy Storage System Dispatch Optimization for Cost and Environmental Impact Analysis

by Miguel Preto, Alexandre Lucas and Pedro Benedicto

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2987; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122987 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 621

Abstract

Incorporating renewables in the power grid presents challenges for stability, reliability, and operational efficiency. Integrating energy storage systems (ESSs) offers a solution by managing unpredictable loads, enhancing reliability, and serving the grid. Hybrid storage solutions have gained attention for specific applications, suggesting higher [...] Read more.

Incorporating renewables in the power grid presents challenges for stability, reliability, and operational efficiency. Integrating energy storage systems (ESSs) offers a solution by managing unpredictable loads, enhancing reliability, and serving the grid. Hybrid storage solutions have gained attention for specific applications, suggesting higher performance in some respects. This article compares the performance of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) to a single battery, evaluating their energy supply cost and environmental impact through optimization problems. The optimization model is based on a MILP incorporating the energy and degradation terms. It generates an optimized dispatch, minimizing cost or environmental impact of supplying energy to a generic load. Seven technologies are assessed, with an example applied to an industrial site combining a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and lithium battery considering the demand of a local load (building). The results indicate that efficiency and degradation curves have the highest impact in the final costs and environmental functions on the various storage technologies assessed. For the simulations of the example case, a single system only outperforms the hybrid system in cases where lithium efficiency is higher than approximately 87% and vanadium is lower approximately 82%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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23 pages, 4319 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimal Scheduling of a Cascade Hydropower Energy Storage System for Solar and Wind Energy Accommodation

by Yuanyuan Liu, Hao Zhang, Pengcheng Guo, Chenxi Li and Shuai Wu

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2734; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112734 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 692

Abstract

The massive grid integration of renewable energy necessitates frequent and rapid response of hydropower output, which has brought enormous challenges to the hydropower operation and new opportunities for hydropower development. To investigate feasible solutions for complementary systems to cope with the energy transition [...] Read more.

The massive grid integration of renewable energy necessitates frequent and rapid response of hydropower output, which has brought enormous challenges to the hydropower operation and new opportunities for hydropower development. To investigate feasible solutions for complementary systems to cope with the energy transition in the context of the constantly changing role of the hydropower plant and the rapid evolution of wind and solar power, the short-term coordinated scheduling model is developed for the wind–solar–hydro hybrid pumped storage (WSHPS) system with peak shaving operation. The effects of different reservoir inflow conditions, different wind and solar power forecast output, and installed capacity of pumping station on the performance of WSHPS system are analyzed. The results show that compared with the wind–solar–hydro hybrid (WSH) system, the total power generation of the WSHPS system in the dry, normal, and wet year increased by 10.69%, 11.40%, and 11.27% respectively. The solar curtailment decreased by 68.97%, 61.61%, and 48.43%, respectively, and the wind curtailment decreased by 76.14%, 58.48%, and 50.91%, respectively. The high proportion of wind and solar energy connected to the grid in summer leads to large net load fluctuations and serious energy curtailment. The increase in the installed capacity of the pumping station will promote the consumption of wind and solar energy in the WSHPS system. The model proposed in this paper can improve the operational flexibility of hydropower station and promote the consumption of wind and solar energy, which provides a reference for the research of cascade hydropower energy storage system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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20 pages, 6645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

by Ivan Župan, Viktor Šunde, Željko Ban and Branimir Novoselnik

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 865

Abstract

Energy savings in electric rail transport are important in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint. This can be achieved by storing and using the energy generated during regenerative braking. The system described in this paper consists of a supercapacitor [...] Read more.

Energy savings in electric rail transport are important in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint. This can be achieved by storing and using the energy generated during regenerative braking. The system described in this paper consists of a supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS), a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and an algorithm to control the energy flow. The proper design of the algorithm is critical for maximizing energy savings and stabilizing the power grid, and it affects the lifetime of the SC ESS. This paper presents an energy flow control algorithm based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle that balances maximum energy savings with maximum SC ESS lifetime. The algorithm also performs SC ESS recharging while the rail vehicle stops on inclines to reduce the impact of its next acceleration on the power grid. To validate the algorithm, offline simulations are performed using real tram speed measurements. The results are then verified with a real-time laboratory emulation setup with HIL simulation. The tram and power grid are emulated with LiFePO4 batteries, while the SC ESS is emulated with a supercapacitor. The proposed algorithm controls a three-phase converter that enables energy exchange between the batteries and the supercapacitor. The results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible in real time and that it can be used under real operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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21 pages, 2940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Management for PV Powered Hybrid Storage System in Electric Vehicles Using Artificial Neural Network and Aquila Optimizer Algorithm

by Namala Narasimhulu, R. S. R. Krishnam Naidu, Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski, Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari and Upendra Roy

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8540; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228540 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

In an electric vehicle (EV), using more than one energy source often provides a safe ride without concerns about range. EVs are powered by photovoltaic (PV), battery, and ultracapacitor (UC) systems. The overall results of this arrangement are an increase in travel distance; [...] Read more.

In an electric vehicle (EV), using more than one energy source often provides a safe ride without concerns about range. EVs are powered by photovoltaic (PV), battery, and ultracapacitor (UC) systems. The overall results of this arrangement are an increase in travel distance; a reduction in battery size; improved reaction, especially under overload; and an extension of battery life. Improved results allow the energy to be used efficiently, provide a comfortable ride, and require fewer energy sources. In this research, energy management between the PV system and the hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including the battery, and UC are discussed. The energy management control algorithms called Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Aquila Optimizer Algorithm (AOA) are proposed. The proposed combined ANN–AOA approach takes full advantage of UC while limiting the battery discharge current, since it also mitigates high-speed dynamic battery charging and discharging currents. The responses’ behaviors are depicted and viewed in the MATLAB simulation environment to represent load variations and various road conditions. We also discuss the management among the PV system, battery, and UC to achieve the higher speed of 91 km/h when compared with existing Modified Harmony Search (MHS) and Genetic Algorithm-based Proportional Integral Derivative (GA-PID). The outcomes of this study could aid researchers and professionals from the automotive industry as well as various third parties involved in designing, maintaining, and evaluating a variety of energy sources and storage systems, especially renewable ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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20 pages, 100599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Inverter and Control Strategy for Enabling the PV Generation Dispatch Using Extra-Low-Voltage Batteries

by Luiz Henrique Meneghetti, Edivan Laercio Carvalho, Emerson Giovani Carati, Gustavo Weber Denardin, Jean Patric da Costa, Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein and Rafael Cardoso

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7539; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207539 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

This paper proposes a dispatchable photovoltaic (PV) hybrid inverter for output power tracking without any dependency on the converter’s efficiency and with no power closed loop. The system uses an extra-low-voltage battery energy storage system (BEES) based on a Li-ion battery pack to [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a dispatchable photovoltaic (PV) hybrid inverter for output power tracking without any dependency on the converter’s efficiency and with no power closed loop. The system uses an extra-low-voltage battery energy storage system (BEES) based on a Li-ion battery pack to be applicable for use inside homes and other installations close to the end-user. A bidirectional isolated current-fed dual-active bridge (CF-DAB) converter associated with the batteries provides a wide conversion voltage ratio and ensures safety for the users. The proposed control system shares the DC bus voltage controller between the ac grid interfacing converter (AC-DC) and CF-DAB (DC-DC), eliminating the converter’s efficiency in the reference equations. When dispatchable power is not required, or according to the user’s request, the battery’s charge/discharge current can be specified. A disturbance rejection technique avoids low-frequency current ripple on the battery side. It contributes to the battery’s lifespan. Experimental results presenting the dc bus voltage control, current disturbance rejection, and power dispatching are included to validate the proposal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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24 pages, 9771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Operation Strategy of ESS for Enhancing the Frequency Stability of the Inverter-Based Jeju Grid

by Jin-Yong Jung, Yoon-Sung Cho, Jae-Hyun Min and Hwachang Song

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093086 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2043

Abstract

As environmental pollution deteriorates, the acceleration of decarbonization worldwide is underway. Several countries, including Korea, are incorporating new and renewable energy into existing systems, and various methods of decarbonization are being researched. With changes in the control environment, the expansion of the system [...] Read more.

As environmental pollution deteriorates, the acceleration of decarbonization worldwide is underway. Several countries, including Korea, are incorporating new and renewable energy into existing systems, and various methods of decarbonization are being researched. With changes in the control environment, the expansion of the system linkage of new and renewable energy can cause system instability problems. This paper introduces an operation plan that uses the fast response characteristics of energy storage system(s) (ESS) to improve stability and review system stability as a result of the expansion of new and renewable energy on Jeju Island. Frequency stability was ensured through an analysis of frequency response characteristics in the event of a system accident, and an efficient ESS operation plan was simulated by changing the ESS parameters. Through this simulation, stable ESS operation and hunting in the frequency recovery process were minimized through cooperation between the existing and new ESS via a wide dead-band range and speed adjustment rate correction, and the lowest frequency was improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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Review

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27 pages, 6070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

PEM Fuel Cell Applications in Road Transport

by Antonio Nicolò Mancino, Carla Menale, Francesco Vellucci, Manlio Pasquali and Roberto Bubbico

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6129; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176129 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4908

Abstract

Fuel cell electric vehicles represent a possible solution to meet the objectives of the energy transition currently underway, which sees the replacement of combustion vehicles with low environmental impact vehicles. For this reason, this market is expected to markedly grow in the coming [...] Read more.

Fuel cell electric vehicles represent a possible solution to meet the objectives of the energy transition currently underway, which sees the replacement of combustion vehicles with low environmental impact vehicles. For this reason, this market is expected to markedly grow in the coming years. Currently, the most suitable fuel cell technology for both light and heavy transport applications is the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell. This review provides a comprehensive description of the state of the art of fuel cell electric vehicles at different levels: vehicle configuration, fuel cell stack, and all the necessary operation systems. The current advantages and limits of the mentioned technology are highlighted, referring to recent studies aimed at optimizing the efficiency of the system and providing future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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29 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comparative Review of Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion and Ultra-Capacitor Technologies and Their Degradation Mechanisms

by Ashleigh Townsend and Rupert Gouws

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4930; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134930 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6763

Abstract

As renewable energy sources, such as solar systems, are becoming more popular, the focus is moving into more effective utilization of these energy sources and harvesting more energy for intermittency reduction in this renewable source. This is opening up a market for methods [...] Read more.

As renewable energy sources, such as solar systems, are becoming more popular, the focus is moving into more effective utilization of these energy sources and harvesting more energy for intermittency reduction in this renewable source. This is opening up a market for methods of energy storage and increasing interest in batteries, as they are, as it stands, the foremost energy storage device available to suit a wide range of requirements. This interest has brought to light the downfalls of batteries and resultantly made room for the investigation of ultra-capacitors as a solution to these downfalls. One of these downfalls is related to the decrease in capacity, and temperamentality thereof, of a battery when not used precisely as stated by the supplier. The usable capacity is reliant on the complete discharge/charge cycles the battery can undergo before a 20% degradation in its specified capacity is observed. This article aims to investigate what causes this degradation, what aggravates it and how the degradation affects the usage of the battery. This investigation will lead to the identification of a gap in which this degradation can be decreased, prolonging the usage and increasing the feasibility of the energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy)

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